Note 39 — ANTIENT HEROES.

[1] In all antient accounts of the Romans the term was expressed Poini, and Poinicus. Poinei stipendia pendunt. Poinei sunt soliti suos sacrificare puellos. Ennius. Annal. vii. Afterwards it was changed to Pœnus, and Punicus.

[2] Simon the Canaanite. Matth. c. 10. v 4. Also the woman of Canaan. Matthew. c. 15. v. 22.

[3] Ausonius. Epigram. 25. Ph'Anac, the Great Lord.

[4] Apuleius. l. xi. p. 246.

[5] Zachlas adest Ægyptius, propheta primarius,—et cum dicto juvenem quempiam linteis amiculis intectum, pedesque palmeis baxeis indutum, et adusque deraso capite, producit in medium. Apuleius. l. 2. p. 39.

[6] Pedes ambrosios tegebant soleæ, palmæ victricis foliis intextæ. Ibid. l. 11. p. 241.

[7] Euripides in Ione. v. 920.

[8] Cantic. c. 7. v. 6.

[9] Psalm 93. v. 12.

[10] Plutarch Symposiac. l. 8. c. 4. Adversus pondera resurgit. Gellius. l. 3. c. 6.

[11] Pliny. Hist. Nat. l. 13. c. 4. Ἱερον Ἑλιου το φυτον, αγηρων τε ον. Juliani Imp. Orat. v. p. 330.

[12] Revelations. c. 7. v. 9. Περιβεβλημενοι στολας λευκας, και Φοινικες εν ταις χερσιν αυτων.

[13] John. c. 12. v. 13.

[14] Ἑκκαιδεκατη δυναστεια Ποιμενες Ἑλληνες Βασιλεις. Syncellus. p. 61.

[15] The Lords of the Philistines; and the Princes of the Philistines. 1 Samuel. c. 29. v. 2, 3, 4.

[16] Ezekiel. c. 26. v. 16.

[17] Isaiah. c. 23. v. 8.

Ezekiel. c. 28. v. 2.

[18] Herodotus brings the Phœnicians from the Mare Erythræum; by which he means the Sinus Persicus. l. 7. c. 89. l. 1. c. 1.

[19] Philo, mentioning the march of the Israelites towards the Red Sea, and the Amalekites, adds: νεμονται δ' αυτην Φοινικες. De V. Mosis. vol. 2. p. 115.

Φοινικων κωμη, in Edom. Procopius. Persic. l. 1. c. 19.

[20] Phœnicus, in Crete. Steph. Byzant.

[21] Αφροι Φοινικες. Glossæ.

[22] Κατα Βουθρωτον Φοινικη. Strabo. l. 7. p. 499.

Mount Olympus, in Lycia, was styled, by way of eminence, Phoinic. Ολυμπος πολις μεγαλη και ορος ὁμωνυμον, ὁ και Φοινικους καλειται. Strabo. l. 14. p. 982. Bochart supposes Phœnic and Phœnices (Φοινικες) to be derived from Beni Anac, changed to Pheni Anac, i.e. the sons of Anac: but how can this be applicable to a mountain, or to the Palm tree? I am happy, however, that in a part of my etymology, and that a principal part, I am countenanced by that learned man.

Bishop Cumberland derives it from Anac torquis. Orig. p. 302.

[23] Hesychius.

[24] A city and mountain in Bœotia, called Phœnice: the natives, Phœnicians. Strabo. l. 9. p. 629.

[25] Chron. p. 27.

[26] Syncellus. p. 126. from Eusebius.

[27] Βηλος απ' Ευφρηταο. κτλ. Nonnus.

[28] Bochart. Hierazoican. l. 2. c. 7.

[29] Gellius. l. 2. c. 26.

[30] Gellius. Ibidem.

[31] Iliad ψ. v. 454.

[32] John. c. 12. v. 13.

[33] 1 Maccab. c. 13. v. 51.

[34] Ibidem. c. 13. v. 37.

[35] Varro apud Nonium Marcellum.

[36] Horapollo. l. 1. c. 7. p. 11.

[37] Ælian de Animalibus. l. 7. c. 60.

He cites Hermippus and Aristotle for vouchers.

[38] Εθνος ειναι φασιν Αιθιοπων, ὁπου, κυων βασιλευει, και βασιλευς προσαγορευται, και ἱερα και τιμας εχει βασιλεων. Ανδρες δε πρασσουσιν, ἁπερ ἡγεμοσι πολεων προσηχει, και αρχουσιν. Plutarch adversus Stoïcos. vol. 2. p. 1064.

[39] Ibid.

[40] Lycophron. v. 439.

[41] Comment. upon Lycophron. p. 68.

[42] Lucan. Pharsalia. l. 9. v. 787.

[43] Ausa Jovi nostro latrantem opponere Anubim. Propert. l. 3. El. 11.

Ἑξης δε εστιν ὁ κυνοπολιτις νομος, και Κυνων πολις, εν ᾑ Ανουβις τιμᾳται, και τοις κυσι τιμη, και σιτις τετακται τις ἱερα. Strabo. l. 17. p. 1166.

[44] Σεληνην δε γραφοντες, Η ΟΙΚΟΥΜΕΝΗΝ, η γραμματεα, η ἱερεα, η οργην, η κολυμβον, κυνοκεφαλον ζωγραφουσι. l. 1. c. 14. p. 26.

[45] Ἱερογραμματεα τε παλιν, η προφητην, η οσφρησιν, η πταρμον, η αρχην, η δικαστην, βουλομενοι γραφειν κυνα ζωγραφουσιν. l. 1. c. 39. p. 52.

[46] Εω γαρ τους Αιγυπτιους, ὁιπερ και δεισιδαιμονεστατοι εισι παντων· ὁμως τοις θειοις ονομασιν εις κορον επιχρωμενους· σχεδον γαρ τα πλειστα ΕΞ ΟΥΡΑΝΟΥ εστιν. Lucian de imaginibus.

See Observations on Antient History. p. 166.

Solebant autem Ægyptii sibi suisque Deorum patriorum nomina plerumque imponere.—Moremque hunc gens illa servare perrexit, postquam salutari luce Evangelicâ diu fruita esset. Jablonsky. v. 1. l. 1. c. 5. p. 105.

[47] It is possibly alluded to in Psalm 80. v. 16. and in Jeremiah. c. 6. v. 20.

[48] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 365. Χενοσιρις.

[49] The purport of the term Cahen, or Cohen, was not totally unknown in Greece. They changed it to κοης, and κοιης; but still supposed it to signify a priest. Κοιης, ἱερευς Καβειρων, ὁ καθαιρωμενος φονεα. Hesychius. Κοιᾳται ἱερᾳται. Ibid.

It was also used for a title of the Deity. Κοιας, ὁ στρογγυλος λιθος; scilicet Βαιτυλος. Moscopulus. p. 5. The Bætulus was the most antient representation of the Deity. See Apollon. Rhod. Schol. ad. l. 1. v. 919.

[50] Ου, καθαπερ τα λοιπα ζωα εν ἡμερᾳ μιᾳ τελευτᾳ, ὁυτω και τουτους: αλλα μερος αυτων καθ' ἑκαστην ἡμεραν νεκρουμενον ὑπο των Ἱερεων θαπτεσθαι. κτλ.

Ἑως δ' αν ἁι ἑβδομηκοντα και δυο πληρωθῳσιν ἡμερας, τοτε ὁλος αποθνησκει. Horapollo. l. 1. c. 14. p. 2.

[51] Εις ἱερον επειδαν πρωτα κομισθη Κυνοκεφαλος, δελτον αυτῳ παρατιθησιν ὁ Ἱερευς, και σχοινιον, και μελαν, πειραζων, ει εκ της επισταμενης εστι συγγενειας γραμματα, και ει γραφει. Horapollo. l. 1. c. 14. p. 28.

[52] Horapollo. l. 1. c. 16 p. 30. Δωδεκατις της ἡμερας καθ' ἑκαστην ὡραν ουρει· τοδε αυτο και ταις δυσι νυξι ποιει. κτλ. Speaking of the two Equinoxes.

[53] Hoffman: Cunocephalus.

Vossius de Idol. vol. 2. l. 3. c. 78.

[54] What Orus Apollo attributes to the Cunocephalus, Damascius (in Vitâ Isidori) mentions of the Cat. Photii Bibliotheca. c. 242. p. 1049.

[55] By Strabo expressed Κειπος, who says, that it was reverenced by the people at Babylon, opposite to Memphis. l. 17. p. 1167. Κειπον δε Βαβυλωνιοι ὁι κατα Μεμφιν (σεβουσι).

[56] Babun, Βαβυν, of Hellanicus Lesbius. Athenæus. l. 15. p. 680. called Bebon, Βεβων, by Manethon. Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 371, 376. Babon was thought to have been the same as Typhon: by some esteemed a female, and the wife of that personage. Plutarch. ibid.

The Ape and Monkey were held sacred, not in Egypt only, but in India, and likewise in a part of Africa. Diodorus Sicul. l. 20. p. 793. Maffeus mentions a noble Pagoda in India, which was called the monkeys' Pagoda. Historia Ind. l. 1. p. 25: and Balbus takes notice of Peguan temples, called by the natives Varelle, in which monkeys were kept, out of a religious principle. See Balbi Itinerarium.

[57] Martianus Capella. l. 4. sub initio.

Astronomia is made to speak to the same purpose.—Per immensa spatia seculorum, ne profanâ loquacitate vulgarer, Ægyptiorum clausa adytis occulebar. Martianus Capella. l. 8.

[58] Johannes Sarisburiensis Metalogic. l. 2. p. 787. Editio Lugd. Bat. anno 1639.

He speaks of Parmenides as if he were a native of Egypt; and seems to have understood that Parmenides took up his residence in the Egyptian seminary, in order to obtain a thorough knowledge in science. Et licet Parmenides Ægyptius in rupe vitam egerit, ut rationem Logices inveniret, tot et tantos studii habuit successores, ut ei inventionis suæ totam fere præripuerint gloriam.

[59] Hermes was the same as Anubis Latrator. Jablonsky. l. 5. c. 1.

Κυνα σεβεις· τυπτω δ' εγω. Anaxandrides apud Athenæum. l. 7. p. 300.

Ἑρμην κυνα. Plutarch. Isis et Osiris.

[60] Strabo. l. 17. p. 1167. Κυνοκεφαλον δε (τιμωσιν) Ἑρμοπολιται.

[61] Ἑρμοπολιτικη φυλακη. Strabo. ibid.

[62] Analogous to this we read in Herodotus, that the Persian brigade, whose deficiencies were supplied by continual recruits, was styled αθανατος, immortalis. Herodotus. l. 7. c. 83.

It consisted of ten thousand men.

[63] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 37.

[64] Δωδεκατις ἡμερας καθ' ἑκαστην ὡραν ΟΥΡΕΙ Κυνοκεφαλος. Horapollo. l. 1. c. 16.

[65] Herodot. l. 4. c. 191.

Upon the Mare Erythræum, ἱδρυμα Κυνοσκεφαλων καλουμενον. Strabo. l. 16. p. 1120. Also Pliny. l. 6. c. 30. and l. 7. c. 2. of Cunocephali in Ethiopia and India.

[66] Herodot. l. 4. c. 191.

[67] Many places were named Cunocephale: all which will be found upon inquiry to have been eminences, or buildings situated on high, agreeably to this etymology. Κυνοσκεφαλη, ΛΟΦΟΣ τις Θεσσαλιας. Stephanus Byzant. from Polybius. l. 17.

Κυνωγκεφαλαι near Scotiussa. ΛΟΦΩΝ πυκνων παραλληλων ΑΚΡΑΙ. Plutarch in Flaminino, of the same place.

The citadel at Thebes was called Κυνοσκεφαλη by Xenophon. Those who speak of the Cunocephali as a people, describe them as Mountaineers. Megasthenes per diversos Indiæ montes esse scribit nationes caninis capitibus. Solinus. c. 52.

A promontory of this name upon the coast of the Red Sea, mentioned above from Strabo. Another promontory Cunocephale in Corcyra. Procopius. Goth. l. 3. c. 27.

[68] Solinus. c. 4. and Isidorus. Origi l. 9. de Portentis.

[69] Steph. Byzantinus.

[70] Ptolemy. l. 3. c. 15.

[71] Hesychius. Also a family at Lacedæmon, Φυλη Λακωνικη: and Cunosouroi, the name of a family at Megara. See Alexander ab Alexandro. l. 1. c. 17.

[72]

[73] L. 3. p. 207.

[74] V. 99.

[75] Palæphatus περι εφευρησεως κογχυλης.. p. 124.

[76] Cassiodorus of the purple. Cum fame canis avida in Tyrio littore projecta conchylia impressis mandibulis contudisset, illa naturaliter humorem sanguineum diffluentia ora ejus mirabili colore tinxerunt: et ut est mos hominibus occasiones repentinas ad artes ducere, talia exempla meditantes fecerunt principibus decus nobile. l. 9. c. 36.

See also Chronicon Paschale. p. 43. Achilles Tatius. l. 3. Julius Pollux. l. 1. c. 4. p. 30. Ed. Amstel. Pliny. l. 9. c. 36.

[77] Cyrus Prodromus επι αποδημῳ τῃ φιλιᾳ.

[78] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 40. p. 1034.

[79] Etymologicum Magnum.

[80] Johannes Antiochenus, who tells the story at large, says, that purple was the discovery κυνος ποιμενικου which in the original history was undoubtedly a shepherd king.

[81] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 355.

[82] Ουδε Σωκρατης τον κυνα και τον χηνα ομνυς επαιζεν. Porphyry de Abstinentiâ. l. 3. p. 286.

It is said to have been first instituted by Rhadamanthus of Crete: Εκελευσε (Ῥαδαμανθυς) κατα χηνος, και κυνος, και κριου ομνυναι. Eustathius upon Homer. Odyss. Υ. p. 1871.

See Aristophan. Ορνιθες. Scholia, v. 521. Ομνυναι κελευσαι (Ῥαδαμανθυν) χηνα, και κυνα, κτλ. from Socrates. l. 12. de Rebus Creticis.

The antient Abantes of Eubœa styled Zeus himself Cahen; called in aftertimes Cenæus. There was a promontory of the same name: Κηναιον ακρωτηριον (Αβαντων) Steph. Byzant. Here Hercules was supposed to have sacrificed after his conquest of Æchalia.

Sophocles in Trachin. v. 242, mentions, Βωμους, τελητ' εγκαρτα Κηναιῳ Διι.

[83] Plato in Gorgiâ. vol. 1. p. 482.

[84] Porphyry. l. 3. p. 286. so corrected by Jablonsky. l. v. c. 1. p. 10

[85] Clementis Cohortatio. p. 32.

[86] Pliny. l. 8. p. 446.

[87] Anthologia. l. 1. Epigram. 144.

[88] Theophrast. Charact.

[89] Hesychius.

[90] Diodorus Siculus de pompâ Isiacâ. l. 1. p. 78.

[91] Huetius. Præp. Evang. p. 86. from Cornutus de naturâ Deorum.

A like history is given of serpents in Syria by Aristotle, περι θαυμασιων ακουσματων: and by Pliny and Isidorus, of birds in the islands of Diomedes.

[92] Nonni Dionysica. l. 3. p. 94.

[93] Ibid.

[94] Homer. Odyss. l. 8. v. 92.

[95] Τον Κυνα τον χρυσεον απεδειξεν (ὁ Ζευς) φυλαττειν το ἱερον εν Κρητῃ. Antoninus Liberalis. c. 35. p. 180.

[96] Pausanias of Tænarus. l. 3. p. 275.

[97] —— of Trœzen. l. 2. p. 183.

[98] —— of Hermione. l. 2. p. 196.

[99] Dionys. Περιηγης. v. 791. This temple stood, according to Diodorus Siculus and Arrian, in the country of the Cimmerians, near the Acherusian Chersonese. See Scholia to Dionysius above.

[100] Oppida tota canem venerantur. Juvenal. Sat. 15. v. 8. Diodorus. l. 1. p. 16.

[101] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 66.

[102] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 368.

[103] Εξω κυνες was a proverbial expression among the Jews.

[104] Deuteronomy. c. 23. v. 18.

[105] In this golden cup Hercules was supposed to have passed over the ocean. Χρυσεον —— δεπας, εν ᾡ τον ωκεανον διεπερασεν Ἡρακλης. Apollodorus. l. 2. p. 100.

There was likewise in the same place a story about a golden belt. Philostratus: Vita Apollon. l. 5. p. 212.

[106] Palæphatus. Edit. Elz. 1642. p. 76. the author would not say σφοδρα πλουσιοι, but keeps to the antient term χρυσοι, though it is scarce sense.

[107] Pindar. Olymp. Ode 2. στροφ. δ. p. 25.

[108] Χρυσοφορουσι δ' εκ του Καυνασου πολλαι πηγαι ψηγμα αφανες. Appian de Bello Mithridat. p. 242. Salauces, an antient king of Colchis, was said to have abounded with gold. Pliny. l. 33. c. 15. p. 614. Arrian supposes that they put fleeces into the river, to intercept (ψηγμα αφανες) this imperceptible mineral; and that hence arose the fable of the Golden Fleece.

[109] Pindar. Olymp. Ode 7. p. 64.

[110] Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo. v. 34.

In like manner there was a shower of gold at Thebes, in Bœotia. Pindar speaks of Jupiter Χρυσῳ μεσονυκτιον νιφοντα. Isthm. Ode 7. p. 746.

[111] Callimachus. Hymn to Delos. v. 260.

[112] Homer. Hymn to Apollo. v. 135.

[113] Πευκης ειδος ἑτερον· λειβεσθαι δ' ἁιματι, καθαπερ τῳ χρυσῳ την Ἡλιαδα αιγειρον. Philostratus. l. 5. p. 211. Æschylus mentions the Arimaspians as living upon a golden stream:

[114] Hence the celebrated city in Egypt had the name of Cherchusora. Some traces of Orcus may be found in Zeus Hircius, and Orcius, mentioned by Pausanias. l. 5. p. 442. He supposes the name to be from ὁρκος, an oath, and mentions a legend to that purpose.

[115] Hesiod. Theog. v. 281.

[116] Χρυσαορις, πολις Καριας——Επαφροδιτος δε την Καριαν πασαν Χρυσαοριδα λεγεσθαι (φησι). Steph. Byzant.

[117] Strabo. l. 14. p. 975. Zeus was a title conferred upon more than one of the family.

[118] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 15. Also c. 17. and 97. called by Strabo Κερκεσουρα. l. 17. p. 1160.

[119] Sanchoniathon apud Euseb. Præp. Evan. l. 1. p. 35.

[120] Diodorus Sic. l. 4. p. 224.

[121] Hesiod. Theog. v. 287.

Τρισωματον βοτηρ' Ερυθειας. Euripides. Hercules Furens. v. 423.

[122] Homer. Iliad. Ο. v. 256.

[123] Homer. Hymn to Apollo. v. 123.

[124] Second Hymn to Diana. v. 3.

Perseus is styled Χρυσαορος in Orpheus de Lapid. c. 15. v. 41.

[125] Homer. Hymn to Apollo. v. 131.

[126] Ibid. v. 126.

[127] Apollo was represented as the author of the lyre, called among the oriental nations Kinor, and Cuthar: from the latter of which came κιθαρις, and cithara in the west.

[128] Pindar. Pyth. Ode 1.

[129] Χρυση, ἡ πολις του Απολλωνος εγγυς Λημνου—και της Λεσβιας τοπος· και Πανηφαιστια της Λημνου ακρωτηριον—και εν Βιθυνιᾳ, και περι Χαλκηδονα, και της Καριας· και εν τῃ Ἁλικαρνασιδι Δωριον πεδιον· και εν Ἑλλησποντῳ· εστι και αλλη Χεῤῥονησος της Ινδικης· εν δε τῃ εκτος Γανγου Ινδικῃ. Stephanus Byzant.

See also Χρυσοπολις ibidem.

[130] Cedrenus. p. 12.

[131] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1095.

[132] Hoffman Lexic.

[133] Plutarch de fluminibus. p. 1151. The original name was Chrusaor, which had no relation to a golden stream: at least that part of it was so named which ran through the city Mastaura. See Stephanus Byzant. Μασταυρα.

[134] כתם of of the Hebrews.

[135] Dionysius περιηγης. v. 589. Scholia ibidem.

[136] The antients, as I have before observed, were not consistent in their theology. The Sun was properly Cham, styled also Orus, but, as a title, was bestowed upon more persons than one.

[137] Josephus of Salatis, the first Shepherd King; Ὁυτος εν τῃ Μεμφιδι κατεγινετο. Contra Apion. l. 1. §. 14.

[138] Diodorus Sic. l. 1. p. 88.

[139] Josephus contra Apion. l. 1. c. 14.

[140] Justin Martyr mentions this: Εγνω γαρ και τεμενος Χρυσης Αφροδιτης εν Αιγυπτῳ λεγομενον, και πεδιον Χρυσης Αφροδιτης ονομαζομενον. Cohort, p. 28. Chruse Aphrodite is plainly the Cuthite Venus; the Deity of the Cuthim.

[141] Pocock's and Norden's Travels, and maps of the country about Cairo.

[142] Colchis, near Comar. Arrian Periplus maris Erythræi. Geog. Vet. vol. 1. p. 33.

[143] Κατασχειν δε φασι και ες Πηγαδας της των Ωρειτων χωρας. Ὁιδε Ωρειται, χαλκαι μεν αυτοις ἁι πετραι, χαλκη δε ἡ ψαμμος, χαλκουν δε ψηγμα ὁι ποταμοι αγουσι. Χρυσιτιν ἡγουνται την γην δια την ευγενειαν του Χαλκου. Philostratus. Vita Apollon. l. 3. p. 155.

[144] The Petra and Pagoda were the same: both names for temples.

[145] This mistake arose from Cal-Chus being styled the region of the Cuthim.

[146] Scholia upon Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 259.

[147] Ibid. Isth. Ode 5. p. 462.

[148] Sanchoniathon apud Euseb: Præp. Evan. l. 1. c. 10. p. 35.

[149] Ibid.

[150] Lucian de Electro. vol. 2. p. 523. Edit. Salmurii.

[151] Ovid. Metamorph. l. 1. v. 751.

[152] Homer. Odyss. l. λ. v. 15. Phaëthon was universally allowed to be the Sun by the antient mythologists of Greece; to whom we must appeal, and not to the Roman poets. Orpheus says,

And in another place;

Phaëthon was the same as Phanes: and there is something very mysterious in his character. He is represented as the first born of heaven: Πρωτογονος Φαεθων περιμηκεος Ηερος ὑιος—Hunc ait (Orpheus) esse omnium Deorum parentem; quorum causâ cœlum condiderit, liberisque prospexerit, ut haberent habitaculum, sedemque communem: Εκτισεν Αθανατοις δομον αφθιτον. Lactantus de falsâ religione. l. 1. c. 5. p. 15. His history will be explained hereafter.

[153] Phœnices post multos deinde annos, a Rege Ascaloniorum expugnati, navibus appulsi, Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanæ cladis condiderunt. Justin. l. 18. c. 3. See Isaiah. c. 23. v. 11. They enlarged Tyre: but it was a city before: for it is mentioned Joshua. c. 19. v. 29. as the strong city Tyre.

[154] Porphyry de Abstinentiâ. l. 2. p. 158.

[155] Apuleius de genio Socratis.

[156] Argonautica. v. 32. See Clementis Cohortatio. p. 12.

[157] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 19. p. 520.

[158] Joseph. Antiq. l. 11. c. 5. p. 563.

[159] Nehemiah. c. 8. v. 9.

[160] 1 Esdras. c. 9. v. 52, 53.

[161] Nehemiah. c. 8. v. 11.

[162] Sanchoniathon alludes to the songs of Canaan, and their great sweetness, when he is in an allegorical manner speaking of Sidon; whom he makes a person, and the inventress of harmony. Απο δε Ποντου γινεται Σιδων, ἡ καθ' ὑπερβολην ευφωνιας πρωτη ὑμνον ῳδης ἑυρεν. Apud Euseb. P. E. lib. 1. c. 10. p. 38.

[163] Stephanus Byzant.

[164] Sanchoniathon apud Euseb. l. 1. c. 10. p. 39.

[165] Υκ καθ' ἱεραν γλωσσαι βασιλεα σημαινει. Josephus contra Ap. l. 1. c. 13. p. 445.

[166] Osiris, Υσιρις, according to Hellanicus. Plutarch de Iside et Osiride.

[167] Verse 129.

[168] Homer's Hymn to Apollo. v. 92.

[169] Ichnaia was a city in Sicily, and elsewhere.

Αχναι πολις Θεσσαλιας—εστι και πολις Βοιωτιας. Steph. Byzant.

Αραχναιον ορος Αργους. Ibid. Ar-Achnaion is the hill of Canaan, or the Canaanitish mount.

[170] See Radicals. p. 106.

[171] Pliny. l. 3. p. 173.

[172] Milton. Paradise Lost. l. 1. v. 416. See also Ezekiel. c. 8. v. 14.

[173] Hyginus. Fab. 154. p. 266. not. 7. Ἑτεροι δε φασι, δικαιοτατον αυτον ειναι Νειλον. Eratosthenes. Catasterism. 37.

[174] Καλειται δε ὑπο των εγχωριων Βυχερνος. Αιγυπτιοι δε φασι Νειλον ειναι τον κατηστηρισμενον. Scholia in Aratum. p. 48.

[175] Plutarch de Fluminibus. vol. 2. p. 1154.

[176] Eustathius in Dionysium. v. 239. See Steph. Byzant. Αιγυπτος.

[177] Plutarch περι τον εκλελοιποτων χρηστηριων. vol. 1. p. 409.

[178] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1101. There was supposed to have been a person in Thessaly named Cycnus, the son of Apollo. He lived upon a lake Uria; which was so called from his mother.

Uria was also a river in Bœotia: and here was a Cycnus, said to have been the son of Poseidon. Pausan. l. 10. p. 831.

[179] Ερασθεντα δε Πασιφαης Δια γενεσθαι μεν Ταυρον· νυν δε αετον και κυκνον. Porphyry de Abstin. l. 3. p. 285.

Που νυν εκεινος ὁ αετος; που δαι ὁ κυκνος; που δαι αυτος ὁ Ζευς. Clemens. Alex. Cohort. p. 31.

[180] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 24. p. 626.

[181]

Ἁι μεν φορκιδες τρεις—ειχον ειδος Κυκνων. Scholia ibidem.

Φορκυν ην ανηρ Κυρηναιος· ὁιδε Κυρηναιοι κατα γενος μεν εισιν Αιθιοπες. Palæphatus. Edit. Elz. p. 76.

[182] Τατε ωτα, και τους οφθαλμους ὁι δημιουργουντες εξ ὑλης τιμιας καθιερουσι, τοις Θεοις ανατιθεντες εις τους νεως· τουτο δηπου αινισσομενοι, ὡς παντα θεος ὁρᾳ, και ακουει. Clemens Alexand. l. 5. p. 671.

See Diodorus. l. 3. p. 145. This may have been one reason, among others, why the Cyclopians and Arimaspians are represented with one eye: τον μουνωπα στρατον Αριμασπον. Æschylus Prometh. p. 49. The Arimaspian history was written by Aristeus Proconnesius, and styled Αριμασπεια επη.

[183] Plutarch. Ει. vol. 2. p. 387.

[184] Porph. de Abst. l. 3. p. 286.

[185] Aristophanes. Aves. Κυκνῳ Πυθιῳ και Δελιῳ. v. 870.

[186] Plato de Republicâ. l. 10. p. 620. vol.2.

[187] Porph. de Abstin. l. 4. p. 364.

[188] Lycophron. v. 426. Scholia Ibidem.

[189] Callimachus. Hymn to Delos. v. 249.

[190] Fragmenta Lini. Ex Aristobulo. See Poesis Philosoph. H. Steph. p. 112.

[191] Ovid. Metamorph. l. 14. v. 509.

[192] Plato in Phædone. vol. 1. p. 84. Plutarch. in Ει. v. 2. p. 387.

Cicero Tusc. Quæst. l. 1. Pliny. l. x. c. 23.

Ælian de Animal. l. 2. c. 32. l. x. c. 36.

Philostratus. Vita Apollon. l. 3. c. 23.

[193] De Animalibus. l. 9. Και τινες ηδη πλεοντες παρα την Λιβυην περιετυχον εν τῃ θαλαττῃ πολλοις αδουσι φωνῃ γοωδει· και τουτων ἑωρων αποθνησκοντας ενιους. vol. 2. p. 423.

[194] See Brown's Vulgar Errors. l. 3. c. 27.

[195] Ὁ δε Μυνδιος φησιν Αλεξανδρος πολλοις τελευτωσι παρακολουθησας ουκ ακουσαι αδοντων. Athenæus. l. 9. c. 11.

[196] Epigram. in Erinnam. l. 3. p. 280. H. Steph.

[197] Lucretius. l. 4. v. 182.

[198] See Vossius de Idol. vol. 2. l. 3. c. 88. p. 1212. and Pierius de Cygnis. p. 254.

[199] Herod. l. 2. c. 109.

Γεωμετριας τε αυ ἑυρεται γεγονασιν (ὁι Αιγυπτιοι.) Clemens. Strom. l. 1. p. 361.

[200] L. 4. v. 279.

[201] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 4. v. 279.

[202] Dionys. Περιηγησις. v. 688.

[203] Clem. Alexand. speaks Περι τε της Κοσμογραφιας και Γεωγραφιας κτλ.—Χωρογραφιας τε της Αιγυπτου, και της του Νειλου διαγραφης. Strom. 6. p. 757.

[204] Σεσωστρις δε, φασιν, ὁ Αιγυπτιος, πολλην περιεληλυθως γην πιναξι τε δεδωκε την περιοδον, και της των πινακων αναγραφας ουκ Αιγυπτιοις μονον, αλλα και Σκυθαις εις θαυμα μεταδουναι ηξιωσεν. Eustath. Præf. Epist. to Dionys. p. 12.

[205] Ægyptios primos omnium tam cœlum quam terram esse dimensos: ejusque rei scientiam columnis incisam ad posteros propagâsse. Petavii Uranalogia. p. 121. taken from Achilles Tatius.

[206] Homer. Odyss. l. α. v. 52.

[207] The Atlantians were styled [Greek Ouraniônes], or sons of heaven. The head of the family was supposed to be the brother of Saturn. Diodorus. l. 3. p. 193.

[208] Euseb. Ἱστοριων συναγωγη. p. 374. c. 2.

[209] L. 3. 194.

[210] Strabo. l. 1. p. 13.

[211] Diog. Laert. Anaximander.

[212] Laertius. l. 1. p. 74.

[213] In Pherecyde.

[214] Josephus cont. Apion. l. 1. c. 2.

[215] Clemens. Strom. l. 6. p. 741.

[216] Diodorus Sic. l. 1. p. 12.

[217] Ibid. l. 1. p. 17.

[218] P. 30.

[219] Chron. Paschale. p. 34. Zonaras. p. 16.

See Salmasius upon Solinus. c. 35. concerning Ogen. Also, Windelini Admiranda Nili. p. 12. and 16.

[220] Metamorph. l. 2. v. 9.

[221] V. 119.

[222] Iliad. l. 18. v. 483. and v. 606.

[223] Nonni Dionus. l. 40. p. 1040.

[224] Catull. Epithalamium of Peleus and Thetis. v. 47.

[225] Plutarch. Life of Theseus.

[226] Add to this, what I have before taken notice of, the great absurdity of making the Grecian Argo the first ship which sailed upon the seas: Illa rudem cursu prima imbuit Amphitriten: when the poet, at the same instant, is describing Theseus, previous to the Argo, in a ship, and attended with fleet of ships.

Catulli. Epithal. Pel. et Thet. v. 52. See Famiani Stradæ Prolus. l. 3. p. 285.

[227] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 41. p. 1070.

[228] Orphica ex Macrobio Saturn. l. 1. c. 18. p. 202.

[229] Maps, and books too, when writing was introduced, were made of skins, called διφθεραι. Τας βιβλους διφθερας καλεουσι απο του παλαιου ὁι Ιωνες. Herodot. l. 5. c. 58.

A Zone, of curious imagery, is given by Homer to Hercules. Odyss. l. Λ. v. 609.

Χρυσεος ην τελαμων, ἱνα θεσκελα εργα τετυκτο.

A remarkable passage, from Isidorus Basilidis, quoted by Clemens Alexandrin. Και γαρ μοι δοκει τους προσποιουμενους φιλοσοφειν, ἱνα μαθωσι, τι εστιν ἡ ὑποπτερος δρυς, και το επ' αυτῃ πεποικιλμενον ΦΑΡΟΣ. Παντα ὁσα Φερεκυδης αλληγορησας εθεολογησεν, λαβων απο της του Χαμ προφητειας. Strom. l. 6. p. 767.

In the former verses from Nonnus we may see the method of deviation. Pharos, a tower, is taken for Pharos a garment; and this altered to Χιτων: and, after all, the genuine history is discernible, notwithstanding the veil which is spread over it. The author says, that, at the bottom, εϋκλωστοιο Χιτωνος, of the well-woven garment, flowed the Ocean, which surrounded the world. This is certainly a misinterpretation of the term φαρος: and, in the original writings, whence these verses were copied, the history related to a tower: and it was at the foot ΦΑΡΟΥ ΕΥΚΛΥΣΤΟΙΟ that the ocean beat, by which the earth was encircled.

[230] Bochart Geog. Sacra. l. 1. c. 228. p. 524. of תור.

[231] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1110.

[232] Diodorus Siculus. l. 4. p. 231.

[233] Strabo. l. 11. p. 762.

[234] Τυνδαριοι σκοπελοι. Ptolemæus. p. 122. See Strabo. l. 17. p. 1150.

[235] Dionysius. v. 688. Pliny styles them oppida.

Oppida—in ripâ celeberrima, Tyndarida, Circæum, &c. l. 6. c. 4.

[236] The Minotaur was an emblematical representation of Menes, the same as Osiris; who was also called Dionusus, the chief Deity of Egypt. He was also the same as Atis of Lydia, whose rites were celebrated in conjunction with those of Rhea, and Cybele, the mother of the Gods. Gruter has an inscription, M. D. M. IDÆ, et ATTIDI MINOTAURO. He also mentions an altar of Attis Minoturannus. vol. 1. p. xxviii. n. 6.

[237] Diodor. Sicul. l. 16. p. 411.

[238] Meen was the moon: and Meno-Taurus signified Taurus Lunaris. It was a sacred emblem, of which a great deal will be said hereafter.

[239] See Paruta's Sicilia nummata.

[240] Τυρις, ὁ περιβολος του τειχους. Hesych. From whence we may infer, that any place surrounded with a wall or fortification might be termed a Tor or Turris.

Ταρχωνιον πολις Τυῤῥηνιας. Stephan. Byzant.

[241] Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 717.

[242] Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 1242.

The Poet says of Æneas, Παλιν πλανητην δεξεται Τυρσηνια. v. 1239.

[243] Lycophron. v. 1248.

[244] Ταρκυνια πολις Τυῤῥενιδος απο Ταρχωνος· το εθνικον Ταρκυνιος. Steph. Byzant.

[245] Strabo. l. 5. p. 336. Ταρκωνα, αφ' ὁυ Ταρκυνια ἡ πολις.

[246] Lycophron. v. 116.

Ἡ Τορωνε, γυνη Πρωτεως. Scholia ibidem.

[247] Τυῤῥηνοι σαλπιγγα. Tatianus Assyrius. p. 243.

[248] L. 17. p. 468.

[249] Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 754.

[250] Pausanias. l. 9. p. 749.

[251] Pausanias. l. 7. p. 524.

Δειμε δε τοι μαλα καλον Ανακτορον. Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo. v. 77.

[252] Homer. Odyss. λ. v. 105. Strabo supposes Trinakis to have been the modern name of the island; forgetting that it was prior to the time of Homer. l. 6. p. 407: he also thinks that it was called Trinacria from its figure: which is a mistake.

[253] Hymn to Diana. v. 56. I make no doubt but Callimachus wrote Τρινακια.

[254] Pliny. l. 5. c. 31.

[255] Etymolog. Magn.

[256] Stephanas Byzant.

[257] Τραχιν, ἡ νυν Ἡρακλεια καλουμενη. Hesych. or, as Athenæus represents it, more truly, Ἡρακλειαν, την Τραχινιαν καλεομενην. l. 11. p. 462.

[258] Τριαινα τοπος Αργους· ενθα την τριαιναν ορθην εστησεν ὁ Ποσειδων, συγγινομενος τη Αμυμωνη, και ευθυς κατ' εκεινο ὑδωρ ανεβλυσεν, ὁ και την επικλησιν εσχεν εξ Αμυμωνης. Scholia in Euripidis Phœniss. v. 195.

[259] Eusebius. Præp. Evan. l. 3. c. 11. p. 113.

[260] Palæphatus. p. 56.

[261] Ibid. p. 96.

[262] Palæphatus. p. 20.

[263] Iliad. Σ. v. 486.

[264] Diodorus Siculus. l. 3. p. 324.

[265] Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 243.

[266] Homer. Odyss. Λ. v. 306.

[267] Chron. Paschale. p. 36.

Νεβρωδ——καλουσιν Ωριωνα. Cedrenus. p. 14.

[268] Homer. Odyss. Λ. v. 571.

[269] Strabo. l. 3. p. 259.

[270] Alorus was the first king of Babylon; and the same person as Orion, and Nimrod. See Radicals. p. 10. notes.

[271] Ἑλωρος, ενθα ψυχρον εκβαλλει ποτον. Lycophron. v. 1033.

Ῥειθρων Ἑλωρου προσθεν. Idem. v. 1184. Ὁ ποταμος ὁ Ἑλωρος εσχε το ονομα απο τινος βασιλεως Ἑλωρου. Schol. ibid. There were in Sicily many places of this name; Πεδιον Ἑλωριον. Diodorus. l. 13. p. 148. Elorus Castellum. Fazellus. Dec. 1. l. 4. c. 2.

Via Helorina. Ἑλωρος πολις. Cluver. Sicilia Antiqua. l. 1. c. 13. p. 186.

[272] Diodorus Siculus. l. 4. p. 284.

[273] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 13. p. 356.

[274] Κατα μεσην δε την πολιν ἡ ακροπολις, ἡν εκαλουν βυρσαν, οφρυς ἱκανως ορθια. Strabo. l. 17. p. 1189.

See also Justin. l. 18. c. 5. and Livy. l. 34. c. 62.

[275] Ζαγκλη πολις Σικελιας—απο Ζαγκλου του γηγενους. Stephanus Byzant.

[276] Scholia in Lycophron. v. 328.

Ωριων—κατα τροπην του ου εις ω απο του ουριων εστιν απο ἱστοριας του ουρησαι τους θεους εν τῃ βυρσῃ, και γενεσθαι αυτον. Etymolog. Mag. Ωριων.

[277] Τιτθη, τιτθος, τιτθιον, μαστος. Hesychius.

[278] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 878.

[279] Ορος—ὁ δε Τιτθειον ονομαζουσιν εφ' ἡμων, τηνικαυτα δε εκαλειτο Μυρτιον. Pausan. l. 2. p. 170.

[280] Callimach. Hymn in Delon. v. 48. Μαστοι, often taken notice of by Xenophon. Αναβας. l. 4. p. 320. A hill at Lesbos. Εν Λεσβῳ κλεινης Ερεσου περικυμονι ΜΑΣΤΩ. Athenæus. l. 3. p. 111. Εχει δ' εν αυτῳ και μαστον. Polyb. l. 1. p. 57.

[281] Strabo mentions in Cyprus, Αμαθους πολις—και ορος μαστοειδες Ολυμπος. l. 14. p. 1001.

[282] The Circean promontory in Italy seems to have been named Tit-On; for, the bay below is by Lycophron styled Titonian. Τιτωνιον τε χευμα. v. 1275. Rivers and seas were often denominated from places near which they flowed.

[283] Of the Cyclopes I shall hereafter treat at large.

[284] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1080. Azara signified a treasure.

[285] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1106.

[286] Bell. Jud. l. 7. p. 417.

[287] Canticles. c. 8. v. 10.

[288] Jeremiah. c. 49. v. 27.

[289] Amos. c. 1. v. 7.

[290] Ibid. c. 1. v. 10.

[291] Ibid. c. 1. v. 14.

[292] It is remarkable, that in many of the very antient temples there was a tradition of their having suffered by lightning.

[293] Canticles. c. 8. v. 8.

[294] 2 Chron. c. 27. v. 3.

[295] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1096.

[296] Canticles. c. 7. v. 4.

[297]

See Macrobius. Saturn. l. 1. c. 20. of dragons guarding treasures.

[298] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 2. v. 405.

[299] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 14. p. 408.

[300] Nonni Dionys. l. 33. p. 840.

[301] Ibid. l. 35. p. 876.

[302] Ibid. l. 6. p. 186.

[303] Strabo. l. 17. p. 1183.

[304] Εν δε τοις εδειξε και ζωον ὑπερφυες, Διονυσου αγαλμα, ᾡ Ινδοι εθυον. Δρακων ην, μηκος πενταπλεθρον· ετρεφετο δε εν χοριῳ κοιλῳ, εν κρημνῳ βαθει, τειχει ὑψηλῳ ὑπερ των ακρων περιβεβλημενος· και ανηλισκε τας Ινδων αγελας. κτλ. Maximus Tyr. Dissert. 8. c. 6. p. 85.

[305] Strabo. l. 15. p. 1022.

[306] Μακρα πεδιον. Εν τουτῳ δε Ποσειδωνιος ἱστορει τον Δρακοντα πεπτωκοτα ὁραθηναι νεκρον, μηκος σχεδον τι και πλεθριαιον, παχος δε, ὡσθ' ἱππεας ἑκατερωθεν παρασταντας αλληλους μη καθορᾳν· χασμα δε, ὡστ' εφιππον δεξασθαι, της δε φολιδος λεπιδα ἑκαστην ὑπεραιρουσαν θυρεου. Strabo. l. 16. p. 1095. The epithet πεπτωκως could not properly be given to a serpent: but to a building decayed, and in ruins nothing is more applicable. A serpent creeps upon its belly, and is even with the ground, which he goes over, and cannot fall lower. The moderns indeed delineate dragons with legs: but I do not know that this was customary among the antients.

[307] Virgil. Æneis. l. 6. v. 595.

[308] Homer. Odyss. l. Λ. v. 575.

Quintus Calaber styles him πουλυπελεθρος.

[309] Αιγυπτος—εκληθη Μυσαρα—και Αερια, και Ποταμιτις, και ΑΕΤΙΑ, απο τινος Ινδου Αετου. Stephanus Byzant.

Eustathius mentions, Και Αετια, απο τινος Ινδου Αετου. κτλ. In Dionysium. v. 239. p. 42.

[310] Orus Apollo styles it in the Ionian manner Ηθ. l. 1. c. 7. p. 10. Τοδε Ηθ καρδια.

[311] Αιγυπτον δε γραφοντες, θυμιατηριον καιομενον ζωγραφουσι, και επανω καρδιαν. l. 1. c. 22. p. 38. It also signified an eagle.

[312] See the whole in Nonnus. l. 5. p. 148. It seems to have been a winged machine, which is called Κημος, from Cham the Sun. Hence the notion of the chariot of the Sun, and horses of the same.

[313] Καυκασου εν κνημοισι, Τυφαονιη ὁτε πετρη. Apollonius Rhodius. l. 2. v. 1214.

[314] Typhon was a high place; but represented as a Giant, and supposed to be thunderstruck here, near the city Antioch. Strabo. l. 16. p. 1090. Here was Νυμφαιον, σπηλαιον τι ἱερον. p. 1091.

[315] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1089. He mentions a place near the fountains of the river Orontes called Paradisos: Μεχρι και των του Οροντου πηγων, ἁι πλησιον του τε Λιβανου και του Παραδεισου. Strabo. l. 16. p. 1096.

[316] Diodorus Siculus. l. 4. p. 283.

[317] Servii Comment. in Virgil. Æneid. l. 2. v. 204.

[318] Nonni Dionys. l. 25. p. 668.

[319] Tot jugera ventre prementem. Ovid of the Pytho of Parnassus. Met. l. 1. v. 459.

See Pausanias. l. 10. p. 695. He says, the extent related to the place, ενθα ὁ Τιτυος ετεθη.

[320] Ὡς δε αυθις επανηκειν (τον Κλεοντα) ες τα Γαδειρα, ανδρα ἑυρειν θαλασσιον ΕΚΠΕΠΤΩΚΟΤΑ ες την γην· τουτον πλεθρα μεν πεντε μαλιστα επεχειν, κεραυνωθεντα δε ὑπο του θεου καιεσθαι. Pausan. l. 10. p. 806.

[321] Diogenes Laertius. Proœm. p. 5.

[322] Τεμενος· ἱερον χωριον αφωρισμενον Θεῳ. Scholia in Homer. Il. l. Γ. v. 696.

Και τεμενος περιπυστον Αμυκλαιοιο Κανωβου. Dionysius. Περιηγης. v. 13.

Ασυλον τεμενος at Daphne upon the Orontes. See above. p. 428.

[323] Lycophron. v. 6l3.

[324] Ovid. Metamorph. l. 11. v. 56.

[325] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 3. v. 1176.

[326] Βη δ' επ' εραν Διας φευγων οφιωδεα Κυπρον. Parthenius, as corrected by Vossius. See Notes to Pompon. Mela. p. 391.

[327] Lycophron. v. 110.

[328] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 2. v. 707.

[329] Hyginus. Fab. 140.

[330] Plutarch de Oraculoram defectu. v. 1. p. 417.

[331] Clemens Alexand. Cohort. p. 29.

[332] Prolegomena to the Pyth. Odes of Pindar.

[333] P. 39.

[334] Silius Ital. l. 3. v. 29.

[335] Λυχνον ασβεστον. Plutarch de Defect. Orac. vol. 1. p. 410.

[336] Porphyr. de Abstinentiâ. l. 2.

[337] L. 1. p. 63.

[338] Το δε λυχνιον εν Πρυτανειῳ. Theoc. Idyll. 21. v. 36.

Πυρος τε φεγγος αφθιτον κεκλημενον. Æsch. Χοηφοροι. v. 268.

[339] See Hyde Relig. Vet. Persarum: and Stanley upon the Chaldaic religion.

[340] Αει δε τοι αεναον πυρ. Callimach. Hymn to Apollo. v. 84.

[341] Vol. 2. p. 84.

[342] Clima. 4. p. 213.

[343] Leviticus. c. 6. v. 13. Hence the ξυλοφορια; a custom, by which the people were obliged to carry wood, to replenish the fire when decaying.

[344] It is said in the Scriptures, that there were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that. Genesis. c. 6. v. 4. The word in the original for giants is Nephelim.

[345] C. 2. p. 6.

[346] V. 22.

[347] Orphic. Argonaut. v. 395.

[348] De Venatione. p. 972.

[349] Pyth. Ode 4. p. 244.

[350] Ibid. p. 246.

[351] Justin. Martyr de Monarchiâ. p. 42.

[352] De Venat. p. 972.

[353] Æsculapius was of Egypt. Cephalus is said to have lived in the time of Cecrops αυτοχθων: or, as some say, in the time of Erectheus; many centuries before Antilochus and Achilles, who were at the siege of Troy.

[354] Æsculapius was the Sun. Euseb. Præp. Evang. l. 3. p. 112.

[355] Oratio in Herculem. vol. 1. p. 64. Oratio in Æsculapium. p. 67.

[356] Homer. Iliad. Λ. v. 831.

[357] Clemens Alexand. Strom. l. 1. p. 361.

[358] Μονιμος δε ἱστορει, εν τῃ των θαυμασιων συναγωγῃ, εν Πελλῃ της Θετταλιας Αχαιον ανθρωπον Πηλει και Χειρωνι καταθυεσθαι. Clementis Cohort. p. 36.

[359] Pocock's Travels. v. 1. p. 65.

[360] Ibid.

[361] Παρα την λιμνην την καλουμενην Αχερουσιαν. Diodorus Sic. l. 1. p. 86.

[362] In Phrygiâ—juxta specus est Acherusia, ad manes, ut aiunt, pervius. Mela. l. 1. c. 19. p. 100.

[363] River Acheron, and lake Acherusia in Epirus. Pausan. l. 1. p. 40. Strabo. l. 7. p. 499. Thucydides. l. 1. p. 34.

[364] Near Corinth Acherusia. Pausan. l. 2. p. 196.

In Elis Acheron. Strabo. l. 8. p. 530.

[365] Celsæ nidum Acherontiæ. Horat. l. 3. Ode. 4. v. 14.

[366] Near Avernus. In like manner there were πεδια Ηλυσια in Egypt, Messenia, and in the remoter parts of Iberia. See Plutarch in Sertorio, and Strabo. l. 3. p. 223.

[367] Also Libri Tarquitiani Aruspicum Hetruscorum, so denominated from Tar-Cushan. Marcellinus. l. 25. c. 2. p. 322.

[368] Herodot. Vit. Hom. c. 3.

[369] Hesychius.

[370] L. 1. p. 77.

[371] Fleetwood's Inscript. p. 42.

[372] P. 319. n. 2.

[373] Sat. 14. v. 259.

[374] Pausanias. l. 2. p. l6l, 162.

There was a hill called Anakeion: Ανακειον· ορος, η των Διοσκουρων Ἱερον. Suidas.

It is said of the celebrated Polygnotus, that he painted τας εν τῳ θησαυρῳ και εν τῳ Ανακειῳ γραφας. Harpocration. The treasury we may suppose to have been a part of the temple.

[375] Homer. Iliad. Γ. v. 237.

[376] Homer. Odyss. Μ. v. 323.

[377] Cicero in Verrem. Orat. 7. sect. ult.

[378] Pausanias. l. 9. p. 741.

[379] Apollodorus. l. 3. p. 154.

[380] Hyginus. fab. 68, and 75.

[381] Antonin. Liberalis Metamorph. c. 22.

[382] Hymn. in Dian. v. 204.

[383] Cicero de Nat. Deorum. l. 3. 23.

She is supposed to be the same as Diana. Καλουσι δε την Αρτεμιν Θρακες Βενδειαν, Κρητες δε Δικτυναν, Λακεδαιμονιοι δε Ουπιν. Palæphatus. c. 32. p. 78.

[384] Scholia in Callimach. Hymn. in Dianam. v. 204.

Ωπιν, και Ἑκαεργην—εκ των Ὑπερβορεων. Pausan. l. 5. p. 392.

[385] 2 Kings. c. 23. v. 10. 2 Chron. c. 28. v. 3.

[386] C. 7. v. 31. and c. 19. v. 5. There was a place named Tophel (Toph-El) near Paran upon the Red Sea. Deuteron. c. 1. v. 1.

[387] Zonar. vol. 2. p. 227. Τουφαν καλει ὁ δημωδης και πολυς ανθρωπος.

[388] Bedæ. Hist. Angliæ. l. 2. c. 16.

[389] De legibus specialibus. p. 320.

The Greek term τυφος, fumus, vel fastus, will hardly make sense, as introduced here.

[390] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. v. 1. p. 359.

[391] Virgil. Æn. l. 2. v. 713.

[392] Την ταφην (Διονυσου) ειναι φασιν εν Δελφοις παρα τον Χρυσουν Απολλωνα. Cyril. cont. Julian. l. 1. p. 11.

[393] Callimach. Hymn. in Jovem. v. 8.

[394] Hence Hercules was styled Τριεσπερος. Lycoph. v. 33.

Ζευς τρεις ἑσπερας εις μιαν μεταβαλων συνεκαθευδε τῃ Αλκμηνῃ. Schol. ibid.

[395] Abbe Banier. Mythology of the Antients explained. vol. 4. b. 3. c. 6. p. 77, 78. Translation.

[396] Plaut. Amphitryo. Act. 1. s. 3.

[397] Cicero de Nat. Deor. l. 1. c. 42.

Αλλα και ταφον αυτου (Ζηνος) δεικνυουσι. Lucian. de Sacrificiis. v. 1. p. 355.

[398] Maximus Tyrius. Dissert. 38. p. 85.

[399] Clementis Cohort. p. 40.

[400] Arnobius contra Gentes. l. 4. p. 135. Clem. Alexand. Cohort. p. 24.

[401] Tertullian. Apolog. c. 14.

Πευσομαι δε σου κᾳ 'γω, ω ανθρωπε, ποσοι Ζηνες ἑυρισκονται. Theoph. ad Autolyc. l. 1. p. 344.

[402] Newton's Chronology. p. 151.

[403] Pezron. Antiquities of nations. c. 10, 11, 12.

[404] Virgil. Æn. l. 7. v. 48.

[405] Sir Isaac Newton supposes Jupiter to have lived after the division of the kingdoms in Israel; Pezron makes him antecedent to the birth of Abraham, and even before the Assyrian monarchy.

[406] Arnobius has a very just observation to this purpose. Omnes Dii non sunt: quoniam plures sub eodem nomine, quemadmodum accepimus, esse non possunt, &c. l. 4. p. 136.

[407] Antiquus Auctor Euhemerus, qui fuit ex civitate Messene, res gestas Jovis, et cæterorum, qui Dii putantur, collegit; historiamque contexuit ex titulis, et inscriptionibus sacris, quæ in antiquissimis templis habebantur; maximeque in fano Jovis Triphylii, ubi auream columnam positam esse ab ipso Jove titulus indicabat. In quâ columnâ gesta sua perscripsit, ut monumentum esset posteris rerum suarum. Lactant. de Falsâ Relig. l. 1. c. 11. p. 50.

(Euhemerus), quem noster et interpretatus, et secutus est præter cæteros, Ennius. Cicero de Nat. Deor. l. 1. c. 42.

[408] Lactantius de Falsâ Relig. l. 1. c. 11. p. 52.

[409] Varro apud Solinum. c. 16.

[410] Epiphanius in Ancorato. p. 108.

Cyril. contra Julianum. l. 10. p. 342. See Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 1194.

[411] Callimach. Hymn. in Jovem. v. 6.

[412] Ταφον θεας αξιον. Pausan. l. 2. p. 161.

[413] Diodor. Sicul. l. 1. p. 23. Ταφηναι λεγουσι την Ισιν εν Μεμφει.

Osiris buried at Memphis, and at Nusa. Diodorus above. Also at Byblus in Phenicia.

Εισι δε ενιοι Βυβλιων, ὁι λεγουσι παρα σφισι τεθαφθαι τον Οσιριν τον Αιγυπτιον. Lucian. de Syriâ Deâ. v. 2. p. 879.

Τα μεν ουν περι της ταφης των Θεων τουτων διαφωνειται παρα τοις πλειστοις. Diodor. l. 1. p. 24.

[414] Procopius περι κτισματων. l. 6. c. 1. p. 109.

Αιγυπτιοι τε γαρ Οσιριδος πολλαχου θηκας, ὡσπερ ειρηται, δεικνυουσι. Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 358. He mentions πολλους Οσιριδος ταφους εν Αιγυπτῳ. Ibid. p. 359.

[415] L. 1. p. 79. Περι της Βουσιριδος ξενοκτονιας παρα τοις Ἑλλησιν ενισχυσαι τον μυθον· ου του Βασιλεως ονομαζομενου Βουσιριδος, αλλα του Οσιριδος ταφου ταυτην εχοντος την προσηγοριαν κατα την των εγχωριων διαλεκτον. Strabo likewise says, that there was no such king as Busiris. l. 17. p. 1154.

[416] Bou-Sehor and Uch-Sehor are precisely of the same purport, and signify the great Lord of day.

[417] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 144.

[418] Altis, Baaltis, Orontis, Opheltis, are all places compounded with some title, or titles, of the Deity.

[419] 2 Chron. c. 33. v. 14.

[420] 2 Chron. c. 27. v. 3. On the wall (חומת) of Ophel he built much: or rather on the Comah, or sacred hill of the Sun, called Oph-El, he built much.

[421] Apollon. Rhodii Argonaut. l. 2. v. 709. Apollo is said to have killed Tityus, Βουπαις εων. Apollon. l. 1. v. 760.

[422] Τον δε του Αιπυτου ταφον σπουδῃ μαλιστα εθεασαμην—εστι μεν ουν γης χωμα ου μεγα, λιθου κρηπιδι εν κυκλῳ περιεχομενον. Pausan. l. 8. p. 632.

Αιπυτιον τυμβον, celebrated by Homer. Iliad. β. v. 605.

Αιπυτος, supposed to be the same as Hermes. Ναος Ἑρμου Αιπυτου near Tegea in Arcadia. Pausan. l. 8. p. 696. Part of Arcadia was called Αιπυτις.

[423] Clemens Alexand. Cohort. p. 11. Ανεστεμμενοι τοις οφεσιν επολολυζοντες Ευαν, Ευαν κτλ.

[424] Porphyrii Vita Pythagoræ.

[425] Clement. Alexand. Cohort. p. 29.

[426] The Scholiast upon Pindar seems to attribute the whole to Dionusus, who first gave out oracles at this place, and appointed the seventh day a festival. Εν ᾡ πρωτος Διονυσος εθεμιστευσε, και αποκτεινας τον Οφιν τον Πυθωνα, αγωνιζεται τον Πυθικον αγωνα κατα Ἑβδομην ἡμεραν. Prolegomena in Pind. Pyth. p. 185.

[427] Pausanias. l. 9. p. 749.

[428] Ibid. l. 2. p. 155.

[429] Strabo. l. 9. p. 651.

[430] Ibid.

[431] Pausanias. l. 5. p. 376.

[432] Ibid. l. 10. p. 806.

[433] Ibid. l. 1. p. 87.

[434] At Patræ, μνημα Αιγυπτιου του Βηλου. Pausan. l. 7. p. 578.

[435] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 179.

[436] Herodotus. l. 7. c. 150. and l. 6. c. 54.

Plato in Alcibiad. 1^{mo}. vol. 2. p. 120.

Upon Mount Mænalus was said to have been the tomb of Arcas, who was the father of the Arcadians.

But what this supposed tomb really was, may be known from the same author: Το δε χωριον τουτο, ενθα ὁ ταφος εστι του Αρκαδος, καλουσιν Ἡλιου Βωμους. Ibid.

Ταφος, η τυμβος, η σημειον.. Hesych.

[437] Strabo. l. 11. p. 779. Εν δε τῳ πεδιῳ ΠΕΤΡΑΝ ΤΙΝΑ προσχωματι συμπληρωσαντες εις βουνοειδες σχημα κτλ.

[438] Typhon was originally called Γηγενης, and by Hyginus Terræ Filius. Fab. 152. p. 263. Diodorus. l. 1. p. 79. he is styled Γης ὑιος εξαισιος. Antoninus Liberal. c. 25.

[439] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 380.

[440] Josephus contra Apion. l. 1. p. 460.

[441] Porphyry de Abstinen. l. 2. p. 223.

There was Πετρα Τυφαονια in Caucasus. Etymolog. Magnum. Τιφως· Τυφαονια Πετρα εστιν ὑψηλη εν Καυκασῳ.

Καυκασου εν κνημοισι, Τυφαονιη ὁτι Πετρη. Apollon. l. 2. v. 1214.

[442] Diodorus Sicul. l. 1. p. 79.

[443] Παρηγορουσι θυσιαις και πραϋνουσι (τον Τυφωνα), Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 362.

[444] Diodorus Sicul. l. 5. p. 338.

[445] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 362. Ισαιακου του Ἡρακλεους ὁ Τυφων.

[446] Ovid. Metamorph. l. 11. v. 762.

[447] Ενιοι δε ὑπο του Τυφωνος, ὑπο δε Ατλαντος Ξεναγορας ειρηκεν. Schol. Apollon. l. 4. v. 264.

[448] Hesiod. Theogon. v. 824.

[449] Ibid. v. 826. Typhis, Typhon, Typhaon, Typhœus, are all of the same purport.

[450] Nonni Dionys. l. 1. p. 24.

[451] Οφεις—τιμᾳσθαι ισχυρως. Philarchus apud Ælian: de Animal. l. 17. c. 5.

[452] See Justin Martyr above.

Σημειον Οργιων Βακχικων Οφις εστι τετελεσμενος. Clemens Alexand. Cohort. p. 11. See Augustinus de Civitate Dei. l. 3. c. 12. and l. 18. c. 15.

[453] Ανεστεμμενοι τοις οφεσιν. Clemens above.

[454] In mysteriis, quibus Sabadiis nomen est, aureus coluber in sinum dimittitur consecratis, et eximitur rursus ab inferioribus partibus. Arnobius. l. 5. p. 171. See also Clemens, Cohort. p. 14. Δρακων διελκομενος του κολπου. κ. λ.

Sebazium colentes Jovem anguem, cum initiantur, per sinum ducunt. Julius Firmicus. p. 23. Σαβαζιος, επωνυμον Διονυσου. Hesych.

[455] Τους Οφεις ανεστεμμενοι, ευαζοντες το Ουα, Ουα, εκεινην την Ευαν ετι, την δια του Οφεως απατηθεισαν, επικαλουμενοι. Epiphanius. tom. 2. l. 3. p. 1092.

[456] Cohortatio. p. 11.

[457] Ibid.

[458] Plutarch. Alexander. p. 665.

[459] Οφεις μεγαλους χειροηθεις εφειλκετο τοις θιασοις (ἡ Ολυμπιας), ὁι πολλακις εκ του κιττου και των μυστικων λικνων παραναδυομενοι, και περιελιττομενοι θυρσοις των γυναικων, και τοις στεφανοις, εξεπληττον τους ανδρας. Plutarch. ibid.

[460] Τους οφεις τους Παρειας θλιβων, και ὑπερ της κεφαλης αιωρων, και βοων, Ευοι, Σαβοι, και επορχουμενος Yης Αττης, Αττης Yης. Demosth. Περι στεφανου. p. 516.

[461] Hesych.

[462] Της Ισιδος αγαλματα ανεδουσι ταυτῃ, ὡς τινι διαδηματι βασιλειῳ. Ælian. Hist. Animal. l. 10. c. 31.

[463] Τους Βασιλεις—χρησθαι πιλοις μακροις επι του περατος ομφαλον εχουσι, και περιεσπειραμενοις οφεσι, ὁυς καλουσιν ασπιδας. l. 3. p. 145.

[464] Priscian. l. 5. and l. 6.

[465] Pausan. l. 10. p. 859.

[466] Bochart supposes this term to signify a father, and the purport of the name to be Pater magnificus. He has afterwards a secondary derivation. Sed fallor, aut Abdir, vel Abadir, cum pro lapide sumitur, corruptum ex Phoenicio Eben-Dir, lapis sphæricus. Geog. Sac. l. 2. c. 2. p. 708.

[467] See Radicals. p. 59. and Deuteronomy. c. 18. v. 11.

[468] Εχουσαι βασιλεα εφ' ἁντων τον Αγγελον της Αβυσσου· ονομα αυτῳ Ἑβραϊστι Αβαδδων, εν δε τη Ἑλληνικῃ ονομα εχει Απολλυων. Revelations. c. 20. v. 11.

[469] Revelations. c. 20. v. 2. Abadon signifies serpens Dominus, vel Serpens Dominus Sol.

[470] Daniel Heinsius. Aristarchus. p. 11.

[471] Euseb. P. E. l. 1. p. 41, 42.

[472] Euseb. ibidem. Ταδε αυτα και Οστανης κτλ.

[473] Herod. l. 2. c. 189. also Ptolemy.

[474] M. Maimonides in more Nevochim. See Selden de Diis Syris. Synt. 1. c. 3. p. 49.

[475] Ουβαιον, ὁ εστιν Ἑλληνιστι Βασιλισκον· ὁνπερ χρυσουν ποιουντες Θεοις περιτιθεασιν. Horapollo. l. 1. p. 2.

Ουβαιον is so corrected for Ουραιον, from MSS. by J. Corn. De Pauw.

[476] Cicero de Nat. Deor. l. 3.

[477] Præp. Evan. l. 1. p. 41.

[478] Euseb. supra.

[479] L. 6. p. 345.

[480] Strabo. l. 10. p. 683. It was supposed to have had its name from Ellops, the Son of Ion, who was the brother of Cothus.

[481] Callimachus. H. in Delon. v. 292. Ευαιων, Eva-On, Serpens Sol.

[482] Athenagoras. Legatio. p. 294. Ηρακλης Χρονος.

[483] Athenag. p. 295. Ἡρακλης Θεος—δρακων ἑλικτος.

[484] It is said to have been named Rhodus from Rhod, a Syriac for a serpent. Bochart. G. S. p. 369.

[485] Ενταυθα μυθυουσι τους Οφιογενεις συγγενειαν τινα εχειν προς τους οφεις. Strabo. l. 13. p. 850. Ophiogenæ in Hellesponto circa Parium. Pliny. l. 7. p. 371.

[486] Pausan. l. 8. p. 614.

[487] Aristoph. Plutus. Schol. v. 718.

[488] L. 3. c. 96. Strabo. l. 10. p. 692.

[489] Steph. Byzant. Παταρα.

[490] Βη δ' επ' εραν Διας φευγων οφιωδεα Κυπρον. Parthenius. See Vossius upon Pomp. Mela. l. 1. c. 6. p. 391.

Ovid Metamorph. l. 10. v. 229. Cypri arva Ophiusia.

[491] They were particularly to be found at Paphos. Apollon. Discolus. Mirabil. c. 39. Οφις ποδας εχων δυο.

[492] Herodotus. l. 7. c. 90. Ὁι δε απο Αιθιοπιης, ὡς αυτοι Κυπριοι λεγουσι.

[493] Ὁ γαρ Μινως οφεις, και σκορπιους, και σκολοπενδρας ουρεσκεν κλ. Antonin. Liberalis. c. 41. p. 202. See notes, p. 276.

[494] Tacitus. Annal. l. 4. c. 21.

[495] In Ceiri.

[496] Strabo. l. 10. p. 746.

[497] What the Greeks rendered Σεριφος was properly Sar-Iph; and Sar-Iphis, the same as Ophis: which signified Petra Serpentis, sive Pythonis.

[498] Herodotus. l. 8. c. 41.

[499] Strabo. l. 9. p. 603.

[500] Lycophron Scholia. v. 496. απο των οδοντων του δρακοντος.

[501] Meursius de reg. Athen. l. 1. c. 6.

[502] Apollodorus. l. 3. p. 191.

[503] Diodorus. l. I. p. 25. Cecrops is not by name mentioned in this passage according to the present copies: yet what is said, certainly relates to him, as appears by the context, and it is so understood by the learned Marsham. See Chron. Canon. p. 108.

[504] Eustat. on Dionys. p. 56. Edit. Steph.

[505] Τον βαρβαρον Αιγυπτιασμον αφεις. κτλ. ibid.

See also Tzetzes upon Lycophron. v. 111.

[506] Chron. Canon, p. 109.

[507] It may not perhaps be easy to decypher the name of Cecrops: but thus much is apparent, that it is compounded of Ops, and Opis, and related to his symbolical character.

[508] Δρακοντας δυο περι τον Ερικθονιον. Antigonus Carystius. c. 12.

[509] Aristot. de Mirabilibus. vol. 2. p. 717.

[510] Pliny. l. 3. p. 153. l. 8. p. 455.

[511] Æschyli Supplices. p. 516.

[512] L. 3. p. 184.

[513] Apollonius Discolus. c. 12. and Aristot. de Mirabilibus, vol. 2. p. 737.

[514] Aves Diomedis—judicant inter suos et advenas, &c. Isidorus Orig. l. 12. c. 7. Pliny. l. 10. c. 44.

[515] Apollodorus. l. 1. p. 37.

[516] Stephanas Byzant. Οπικοι.

[517] The same is said by Epiphanius. Ἑυια τον οφιν παιδες Ἑβραιων ονομαζουσι. Epiphanius advers. Hæres. l. 3. tom. 2. p. 1092.

[518] Steph. Byzant.

[519] Ptolemy. p. 93. Ευια.

[520] Pausanias. l. 4. p. 356.

[521] L. 2. p. 202.

[522] Pausan. l. 3. p. 249.

[523] There was a city of this name in Macedonia, and in Troas. Also a river.

[524] Ovid Metamorph. l. 7. v. 357.

[525] Strabo. l. 13. p. 913. It is compounded of Eva-Ain, the fountain, or river of Eva, the serpent.

[526] Strabo. l. 5. p. 383.

[527] Μενελαον, ὁς ην Πιτανατης. Hesych.

Δρακων επι τῃ ασπιδι (Μενελαου) εστιν ειργασμενος. Pausan. l. 10. p. 863.

[528] Πιτανατης, λοχος. Hesych.

[529] It was the insigne of many countries. Textilis Anguis

Discurrit per utramque aciem. Sidon. Apollinaris. Carm. 5. v. 409.

[530]

[531] Epiphanius Hæres. 37. p. 267.

[532] Clemens. l. 7. p. 900.

[533] Tertullian de Præscript. Hæret. c. 47. p. 221.

[534] Vossius, Selden, and many learned men have touched upon this subject. There is a treatise of Philip Olearius de Ophiolatriâ. Also Dissertatio Theologico-Historico, &c. &c. de cultu serpentum. Auctore M. Johan. Christian. Kock. Lipsiæ. 1717.

[535] Homer. Odyss. l. 10. v. 106.

[536] Hæc a principio patria Cyclopum fuit. Justin. of the island Sicily. l. 4. c. 2.

[537]

Charon was not a person, but Char-On, the temple of the Sun.

[538] Των περι την Αιτνην και Λεοντινην Κυκλωπας (δυναστευσαι). Strabo. l. 1. p. 38.

[539] The province of Leontina called Xuthia. Diodorus. l. 5. p. 291.

[540] Cyclops. v. 297.

[541] Lycophron. v. 659.

[542]

[543] The river Nilus was called Triton, and afterwards Nilus. Μετωνομασθῃ δε απο Νειλου του Κυκλωπος. Scholia in Apollon. l. 4. v. 268.

Nilus Deorum maximus. Huetii Demons. Evang. Prop. 4. p. 111.

[544] Αιγυπτιε Ζευ, Νειλε. Athenæus. l. 5. p. 203.

Vulcanus—Nilo natus, Opas, ut Ægyptii appellant. Cicero de Naturâ Deor. l. 3. c. 22. Hence Νειλος Κυκλωψ must have been the chief Deity; and the Cyclopians his votaries and priests.

Νειλοιο τεμενος Κρονιδα. Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 239. He was no other than Ouranus, and Cœlus.

[545] Αστεριων, ὑιος Ανακτος, who was buried in the island Lade, near Miletus, is mentioned as a gigantic personage by Pausanias. l. 1. p. 87. Large bones have been found in Sicily; which were probably the bones of elephants, but have been esteemed the bones of the Cyclopians by Kircher and Fazellus. Fazellus. Dec. 1. l. 1. c. 6.

[546] Herodotus. l. 5. c. 61. He alludes to them under the name of Cadmians.

[547] Odyss. 10. v. 190.

[548] Æneid. l. 3. v. 619.

[549] Hymn in Dian. v. 51.

Μουνος δ' οφθαλμος μεσσῳ επεκειτο μετωπῳ. Hesiod. Theogon. v. 143.

Clemens Alexandrinus tells us, that Homer's account of Polyphemus is borrowed from the character of Saturnus in the Orphic poetry. Strom. l. 6. p. 751.

[550] Scholia in Æschyl. Prometh. p. 56.

[551] Παιδες Ουρανου, και Γης.

[552] Εξ ἡς αυτῳ (Ουρανῳ) τρεις παιδας γινωσκουσιν ἑκατονταχειρας, και τρεις ἑτερους αποτικτουσι Κυκλωπας. Proclus in Photio. c. ccxxxix. p. 982.

Euripides makes them the sons of Oceanus.

[553] Και δη Ἱερον εστιν αρχαιον, Κυκλωπον καλουμενος βωμος, και θυουσιν επ' αυτᾳ Κυκλωψι. Pausanias. l. 2. p. 114.

[554] Odyss. Ζ. v. 5. Ὑπερειαν, ὁι μεν την εν Σικελια Καμαρινην. Schol. ibid.

[555] Εν πολει της Βαβυλωνιας Καμαρινῃ, ἡν τινας λεγειν πολιν Ουριαν. Alexand. Polyhist. apud Euseb. Præp. Evan. l. 9. p. 418.

[556] Natalis Comes. l. 9. p. 510. By the Celtæ are meant those of Iberia: οψιγονοι Τιτηνες of Callimachus.

[557] Lycoph. v. 659. Appian mentions a nation of Cyclopians in Illyria, who were near the Pheacians.

[558] The liba made in such temples were from it named Charisia. Χαρισιον, ειδος πλακουντων. Hesych.

[559] In Parthia, Καλλιοπη, Χαρις. Appian. Syriac. p. 125.

Φρυγιας πολις Καρις. Steph. Byzant.

Charisiæ in Arcadia. Ibid. The island Cos, called of old Caris. Ibid.

[560] Herodotus. l. 4. c. 13. Αριμασπους ανδρας μουνοφθαλμους.

Strabo. l. 1. p. 40. Ταχα δε και τους μονομματους Κυκλωπας εκ της Σκυθικης ἱστοριας μετενηνοχεν (Ὁμηρος.)

[561] Ουπις τε, Λοξω τε, και ευαιων Ἑκαεργη. Callimach. H. in Delon. v. 292.

[562] Casaubon. not. in Strabon. l. 1. p. 40.

Μουνωπα στρατον Αριμασπον. Æschyl. Prineth. p. 49.

[563] Τον γαρ βασιλεα και κυριον Οσιριν οφθαλμῳ και σκηπτρῳ γραφουσιν. Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 354.

[564] Lycophron. v. 328. See Suidas.

Φιλοχορος Τριτοπατορας παντων γεγονεναι πρωτους. Etymolog. Mag. See Meursii not. in Lycophron. v. 328. Ῥαισει τριπατρου φασγανῳ Κανδαονος.

[565] Iliad. Σ. v. 382. and Ξ. v. 275. See Pausan. l. 9. p. 781.

[566] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 29. p. 760.

The Graces and the Furies (Charites et Furiæ) were equally denominated from the Sun, and fire; and in consequence of it had joint worship in Arcadia. Pausan. l. 8. p. 669. Charis, Χαρις, of the Greeks, was the same personage as Ceres of the Romans. She was also called Damater, and esteemed one of the Furies. Pausan. l. 8. p. 649.

[567] Pausanias. l. 9. p. 781. So Coronis is said to have been the daughter of Phlegyas. Pausan. l. 2. p. 170: and Cronus the son of Apollo. l. 2. p. 123. Chiron the son of Saturn; Charon the son of Erebus and night. The hero Charisius, the son of Lycaon, which Lycaon was no other than Apollo, the God of light. These were all places, but described as personages; and made the children of the Deity, to whom they were sacred.

[568] Δεινους Θεοις τε ἱερα κατασκευασασθαι, και βασιλεια ανθρωποις· και γαρ τῳ Απολλωνι τον Ναον ῳκοδομησαντο τον εν Δελφοις, και Ὑριει τον Θησαυρον. Pausan. l. 9. p. 785.

Turres, ut Aristoteles, Cyclopes (invenerunt). Pliny. l. 7. c. 56.

[569] Virgil. Æn. l. 6. v. 630.

[570] Lutatius Placidus in Statii Thebaïd. l. 1. p. 26.

[571] Τας Ὑακινθου κορας—επι τον Γεραιστου του Κυκλωπος ταφον κατεσφαξαν. Apollodorus. l. 3. p. 205.

[572] Hercules furens. Act. 4. v. 996.

[573] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. 41. p. 1068.

Euripides styles the walls of Argos Ουρανια:

'Ινα τειχεα λαϊνα, Κυκλωπει', ουρανια νεμονται. Troades. v. 1087.

[574] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 146.

[575] Seneca Thyestes. Act. 2. v. 406.

[576] Εντος δε του Ισθμου της Τροιζηνος ὁμορος εστιν Ἑρμιονη· Οικιστην δε της αρχαιας πολεως Ἑρμιονεις γενεσθαι φασιν Ἑρμιονα Ευρωπος. Pausanias. l. 2. p. 191.

[577] Strabo. l. 8. p. 573. It was inhabited by people particularly styled Ἁλιεις, or men of the sea; who were brought thither by Druops Arcas.

[578] Pausan. l. 2. p. 147. Κυκλωπων μεν εστιν εργον. p. 169.

See Strabo. l. 8. p. 572. Τειχισαι δια Κυκλωπων.

[579] Τα τειχη τα εν Τιρυνθι—ουδε οντα ελαττονος θαυματος (των Πυραμιδων). Pausanias. l. 9. p. 783.

[580] Εφεξης δε τῃ Ναυπλιᾳ, τα σπηλαια, και ὁι εν αυτοις οικοδομητοι λαβυρινθοι. Κυκλωπεια δ' ονομαζουσιν. Strabo. l. 8. p. 567.

[581] Pausanias. l. 4. p. 367.

[582] Εμοι μεν ουν Αιγυπτιον φαινεται, και ουδαμως Ἑλληνικον ονομα Ωρος ειναι. κτλ. Pausan. l. 2. p. 181.

[583]

[584] Strabo. l. 8. p. 572.

[585] Many places were denominated from Aster; such as Asteria, Asterion, Asteris, Astræa, Astarte. See Steph. Byzantinus. Αστεριον, πολις Θετταλιας—ἡ νυν Πιρεσια. Idem. Αστεριη, ἡ Δηλος, και ἡ Κρητη, εκαλειτο. Hesychius. Δηλος Αστεριη. Callimach. H. in Delon. v. 37. and 40. Asteria signifies the island of Aster.

[586] L. 8. p. 572.

[587] Pausanias mentions the apartments of the daughters of Prœtus. l. 2. p. 169. But the daughters of Prœtus were property the virgins who officiated at the Purait, the young priestesses ot the Deity.

The Sicilian Cyclopes were three, because there were three towers only, erected upon the islands called Cyclopum Scopuli; and that they were lighthouses is apparent from the name which still remains: for they are at this day styled Faraglioni, according to Fazellus. The Cyclopes of Tiryns were seven, as we learn from Strabo; because the towers probably were in number so many. From this circumstance we may presume, that the ideas of the antients concerning the Cyclopians, were taken from the buildings which they erected.

[588] The Cyclopian buildings were also called Ouranian. Κυκλωπεια τ' ουρανια τειχεα. Euripid. Electra. v. 1158.

[589] Both Cuclops, and Cuclopes, was the name of a place. We may, therefore, I think, be pretty well assured, that the Cyclopians were from hence denominated. And as sacred places had their names from the Deity, to whom they were dedicated, it is very probable, that the Cuclopian towers were named from Cœlus Ops, the Deity there worshipped: for I have shewn, that this people were the reputed children of Ouranus and Cœlus.

[590] Aristoteles de mirabil. auscult. p. 732.

[591] In excerptis apud Sononem. See not. Meursii in Antigonum Carystium. p. 183.

[592] Of the Cyclopians of Thrace see Scholia in Euripid. Orest. v. 966. Κυκλωπες, Θρακικον εθνος. Also Scholia in Statii Theb. l. 2. p. 104.

[593] παρα δε το ἱερον του Κηφισσου Μεδουσης λιθου πεποιημενη κεφαλη. Κυκλωπων φασιν ειναι και τουτο εργον. Pausan. l. 2. p. 156. Κηφισσος, Doricè Καφισσος, vel Καφισος: from Caph-Isis, Petra Deæ Isidis.

[594] Ηελιου, ὁς παντ' εφορᾳ και παντ' ὑπακουει. Homer. Odyss. l. Λ. v. 108.

[595] Orphic Fragment. 6. v. 19. the same as Phanes, and Dionusus. Frag. 8. v. 2. Schol. ibid.

[596] Hence the stream and lake of Cephisus in Bœotia were styled ὑδατα και λιμνη Κηφισσιδος: by the antient Dorians expressed Καφισιδος, from Καφ-Ισις.

[597] Orphic Hymn. 31. v. 10.

[598] Hymn. 10. v. 10. Metis was the same as Pan.

Meed-Ous whence came Μεδουσα, is exactly analogous to Cotinousa, Aithousa, Alphiousa, Ampelousa, Pithecousa, Scotousa, Arginousa, Lampadousa, Amathousa, Ophiousa, Asterousa; and signifies the temple of Metis, or divine wisdom. Aster-Ous was a temple on Mount Caucasus: Amath-Ous, the same in Cyprus: Ampel-Ous, a temple in Mauritania: Alphi-Ous, in Elis: Achor-Ous, in Egypt: all dedicated to the Deity, under different titles.

[599] Χασμασι λεοντειοις τα των ἱερων θυρωματα κοσμουσιν (ὁι Αιγυπτιοι). Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. p. 366.

[600] Odyss. Λ. v. 610. It is a term which seems to have puzzled the commentators. Χαροποι, επιπληκτικοι, φοβεροι. Scholiast. Ibid. It was certainly an Amonian term: and the Poet alluded to a Charopian temple.

Της δ' ην Τρεις κεφαλαι, μια μεν χαροποιο λεοντος. Hesiod. Theogon. v. 321. Homer in another place mentions,

As a lion was from hence styled Charops, so from another temple it was named Charon. Χαρων ὁ λεων. Hesych. Achilles is styled Αιχμητης Χαρων, Lycoph. v. 260. a martial Charonian Lion.

[601] Pausan. l. 8. p. 696.

[602] Pausan. l. 1. p. 49.

[603] Hesiod. Theogon. v. 141. Scholia Apollon. l. 1. v. 730.

Κυκλωπες τοτε Διι μεν διδοασι βροντην, και αστραπην, και κεραυνον. Apollodorus. l. 1. p. 4.

[604] See Stephanus. Ακμονια πολις Φρυγιας κτλ. He styles Acmon Ακμονα τον Μανεως. Manes was the chief Deity of Lydia, Lycia, and Persis; and the same as Menes of Egypt.

There was a city Acmonia in Thrace. Ptol. l. 5. p. 138.

[605] Εστι και αλλο Ακμονιον αλσος περι Θερμαδοντα. Steph. Byzant. Apollonius takes notice of Αλσεος Ακμονιοιο. l. 2. v. 994. Here Mars was supposed to have married Harmonia, the mother of the Amazonians.

[606] Acmonides is represented as a patronymic; but there is reason to think that it is an Amonian compound, Acmon-Ades, Acmon the God of light, the same as Cœlus, Cronus, and Osiris. Acmon and Acmonides were certainly the same person: Ακμων· Κρονυς, Ουρανος. Hesych. Ακμονιδης, ὁ Χαρων, και ὁ Ουρανος. ibid. He was the Cyclopian God, to whom different departments were given by the mythologists. Charon Cyclops is mentioned by Lycophron. v. 659. above quoted.

[607] Simmiæ Rhodii Πτερυγια. Theocritus. Heinsii. p. 214.

[608] Callimachi Hymn. in Dianam. v. 146.

[609] Δακτυλοι Ιδαιοι Κρηταεες. Apollonius Rhod. l. 1. v. 1129.

The Scholiast upon this Poet takes notice of only three; of which one was Acmon:

These verses are quoted from the antient author, ὁ την φορωνιδα συνθεις.

Diodorus Siculus, l. 1. p. 333. says, that some made the Idæi Dactyli ten in number; others an hundred.

[610] Clemens Alexand. Strom. l. 1. p. 401. Strabo. l. 10. p. 725.

[611] Strabo. l. 10. p. 715. They are by Tatianus Assyrius spoken of as the Cyclopes, and the same invention attributed to them. Χαλκευειν Κυκλωπες (εδιδαξαν). p. 243.

Fabricam ferrariam primi excogitârunt Cyclopes, See Hoffman. Ferrum.

[612] Κυκλωπες, Θρακικον εθνος, απο Κυκλωπος βασιλεως ὁυτως ονομαζομενοι.—πλειονες δε αυτων εν τῃ Κουρητιδι· ησαν δε ΑΡΙΣΤΟΙ ΤΕΧΝΙΤΑΙ. Schol. in Euripid. Orest. v. 966.

Mention is afterwards made των εκ της Κουρητιδος Κυκλωπων. The Curetes worshipped Cronus: so that Cronus and Cuclops were the same. See Porphyry de Abstin. l. 2. p. 225.

[613] They are said to have made the altar upon which the Gods were sworn, when the Titans rebelled against Jupiter. Scholiast upon Aratus. p. 52. In memorial of this altar an Asterism was formed in the Sphere, denominated βωμος, ara.

[614] Virgil Æn. l. 8. v. 424.

[615] Prœtides implerunt falsis mugitibus auras. Virgil. Eclog. 6. v. 48.

[616] Herod. l. 7. c. 123.

Ἡ Παλληνη Χερρονησος, ἡ εν τῳ Ισθμῳ κειται. ἡ πριν μεν Ποτιδαια, νυν δε Κασσανδρεια, Φλεγραια δε πριν εκαλειτο· ωκουν δ' αυτην ὁι μυθυομενοι Γιγαντες, εθνος ασεβες, και ανομον. Strabo. Epitome. l. 7. p. 510.

[617] Lycophron. v. 115.

[618] Stephanus places Torone in Thrace, and supposes it to have been named from Torone, who was not the wife, but daughter of Proteus. Απο Τορωνης της Πρωτεως. Some made her the daughter of Poseidon and Phœnice. See Steph. Φλεγραια. There were more towers than one of this name.

[619] Παλληνιαν επηλθε Γηγενων τροφον, Lycoph. v. 127.

[620] Lycophron. v. 124.

[621] Eustath. on Dionysius. v. 259.

[622] Herodot. l. 2. c. 112.

[623] Πρωτεα κικλησκω, ποντου κληιδας εχοντα. Orphic Hymn. 24.

[624] Aristides. Oratio Ægyptiaca. v. 3. p. 608.

[625] Stephanus Byzant. Φαρος.

[626] Chilias. 2. Hist. 44. p. 31. Πρωτευς φοινικης φινικος παις—περι την φαρον κατοικων.

[627] Orphic Hymn to Proteus. 24.

[628] Eustath. in Dionys. v. 14.

Φροντιν Ονητοριδην. Homer. Odyss. Γ. v. 282. See also Hesych.

[629] Æneid. l. 6. v. 556.

[630] Virg. Æneid. l. 6. v. 618.

[631] Stephanus. Αιθιοπια.

[632] The hieroglyphic was a man with the head of a bull; which had the same reference, as the Apis, and Mneuis of Egypt.

[633] Diodorus Sic. l. 20. p. 756.

[634] Homer. Odyss. Μ. v. 222.

[635] Epist. 79.

[636] Ακουσιλαος Φορκυνος και Ἑκατης την Σκυλλαν λεγει. Στησικορος δε, εν τῃ Σκυλλῃ, Λαμιας την Σκυλλαν φησι θυγατερα ειναι. Apollonius. Schol. l. 4. v. 828.

[637] Euripides. Cyclops. v. 126.

[638] Odyss. l. Ι. v. 389.

[639] Imitated by Mr. Pope.

[640] Ennius translated into Latin the history of Euhemerus, who seems to have been a sensible man, and saw into the base theology of his country. He likewise wrote against it, and from hence made himself many enemies. Strabo treats him as a man devoted to fiction. l. 2. p. 160.

[641] Ex Ennii Historiâ sacrâ, quoted by Lactantius. Divin. Institut. vol. 1. c. 13. p. 59.

[642] Μεσσηνιον Ευημερον. Strabo. l. 1. p. 81.

[643] Clemens. Cohort. p. 11. Arnobius. l. 5.

[644] Διονυσον Μαινολον οργιασουσι Βακχοι, ωμοφαγιᾳ την ἱερομανιαν αγοντες, και τελισκουσι τας κρεονομιας των φονων ανεστεμμενοι τοις οφεσιν. Clemens Cohort. p. 11.

[645] Julius Firmicus. p. 14.

[646] Apollon. Rhod. l. 1. v. 636.

[647] Scholia Apollon. l. 1. v. 635.

[648] Porphyry περι αποχης. l. 2. p. 224.

[649] Turricolas Lamias, Fauni quas Pompiliique

Instituere Numæ. Lactant. de falsâ Relig. l. 1. c. 22. p. 105.

[650] Homer Odyss. Κ. v. 81.

[651] Ibid. Κ. v. 120.

[652] Εν μερει τινι της χωρας (της Σικελιας) Κυκλωπες, και Λαιστρυγονες, οικησαι. Thucyd. l. 6. p. 378.

[653] Scholia. v. 956. Leon in Leontium is a translation of Lais (לוש) Leo: Bochart.

[654] Lycoph. above.

[655] Plutarch de Defect. Orac. vol. 1. p. 398.

Ἑτεροι δε φᾳσιν εκ Μαλιαιων αφικεσθαι Λαμιας θυγατερα Σιβυλλαν. Clem. Alex. Strom. l. 1. p. 358. Pausanias makes her the daughter of Jupiter and Lamia. l. 10. p. 825.

[656] Clemens Alex. l. 1. p. 358.

[657] See Diodorus. l. 20. p. 778. of the Lamia in Libya, and of her cavern.

[658] Euripides quoted ibid.

[659] Philostratus. Vita Apollon. l. 4. p. 183.

[660] Aristot. Ethic. l. 7. c. 6. p. 118. See Plutarch περι πολυπραγμοσυνης, And Aristoph. Vespæ. Schol. v. 1030.

[661] Horace, l. 3. ode 17.

[662] Virgil Æn. l. 7. v. 1. See Servius.

[663] Strabo. l. 5. p. 357. Κολπον Καιατταν. κλ.

[664] Ibid. p. 356.

[665] Silius. l. 8.

[666] De Virgilianâ continentiâ. p. 762. Caiat signified a kind of whip, or thong, probably such was used at Caiate.

[667] Virgil. Æneid. l. 5. v. 873.

[668] See Nonnus. l. 19. p. 320.

[669] V. 653. See Natalis Comes.

[670] L. 4. v. 892.

[671] V. 1269.

[672] Odyss. l. Μ. v. 39.

[673] From Mr. Pope's translation.

[674] Callimachi Frag. 184. p. 510.

[675] Apollon. l. 4. v. 828. Scholia. She is said also to have been the daughter of Hecate and Phorcun. Ibid. The daughter of a Deity means the priestess. Phor-Cun signifies Ignis Dominus, the same as Hephastus.

[676] Herodotus. l. 7. c. 90.

[677] Κυρος ὁ ἡλιος. See Radicals. p. 48.

[678] Strabo. l. 14. p. 1002. the promontory was called Curias Κυριας ακρα· ειτα πολις Κουριον.

[679] L. 4. c. 103.

[680] Virgil. Æneid. l. 8. v. 190.

[681] Livy. l. 1. c. 7.

[682] Plutarch. in Amatorio. vol. 2. p. 762.

[683] Lactantius de F. R. l. 1. c. 20. p. 90.

[684] Milton. l. 2. v. 579.

[685] Theoc. Idyl. 17. v. 47.

[686] Aristoph. Βατραχ. v. 474. So Cocytus is by Claudian described as the river of tears.

[687] He makes Metis the same as Athena. H. 31. l. 10.

In another place Metis is styled πρωτος γενετωρ. Frag. 6. v. 19. p. 366.

[688] Ibid. Fragm. 8. p. 373.

[689] Eusebii. Chron. Log. p. 4. l. 42.

[690] Ἱππαν κικλησκω Βακχου τροφον. Hymn. 48.

[691] Hymn. 47. v. 4.

[692] Orphic Frag. 43. Ἡ μεν γαρ Ἱππα του παντος ουσα ψυχη κτλ. Proclus. ibid. p. 401.

[693] Among the Egyptians, the emblems of which they made use were arbitrary, and very different from the things to which they referred. An eagle, an ox, and a horse, were all used as symbols, but had no real connexion with the things alluded to, nor any the least likeness. The Grecians not considering this were always misled by the type; and never regarded the true history, which was veiled under it.

[694] Ἱππεις. v. 548.

[695] Pausan. l. 5. p. 414.

[696] Ibid. l. 5. p. 416.

[697] Hesych. Ἱππια.

[698] Pausan. l. 8. p. 649.

[699] Metam. l. 6. v. 117.

[700] Ibid. l. 2. v. 668.

[701] Virg. Georg. l. 3. v. 92.

[702] Iliad. Β. v. 766. He also mentions the mares of Eresicthon, with which Boreas was supposed to have been enamoured.

[703] H. to Apollo. v. 47.

[704] Strabo. l. 17. p. 1188.

[705] Hesych. Ἱππειον.

[706] Προϊουσι δε Ἱππου καλουμενον μνημα εστιν.—Κιονες δε ἑπτα, ὁι του μνηματος τουτου διεχουσιν ου πολυ, κατα τροπον οιμαι τον αρχαιον, ὁυς αστερων των Πλανητων φασιν αγαλματα. Pausan. l. 3. p. 262.

[707] They included the moon among the primary planets; not being acquainted with any secondary.

[708] See Steph. Byzant. and Cellarius.

[709] Ovid. Deianira ad Hero. Epist.

[710] Geog. Vet. vol. 2. v. 665. See also Diodorus. l. 4. p. 223. also Strabo Epitome. l. 7. p. 511.

[711] See Radicals. p. 119.

[712] The birds at the lake Stymphalus are described as feeding upon human flesh. Λογος Ορνιθας ποτε ανδροφαγους επ' αυτῳ τραφηναι. Pausan. l. 8. p. 610. The real history of the place was, that the birds called Stymphalides were a set of Canibal priests.

[713] Glaucus, the son of Sisiphus is said to have been eaten by horses. Palæphatus. p. 58.

[714] P. 54.

[715] Metamorph. l. 8. v. 873.

[716] Josephus calls Egypt Mestra. Antiq. l. 1. c. 6. §. 2. See Radicals, p. 8. Notes.

[717] Ὁ πρωτος οικησας την Μεστραιαν χωραν, ητοι Αιγυπτον, Μεστραιμ. Euseb. Chron. p. 17.

[718] Herodotus. l. 2 c. 55.

[719] Ovid Metam. l. 5. v. 341. Most temples of old were courts of justice; and the priests were the judges, who there presided.

Ælian. V. H. l. 14. c. 34. Δικασται το αρχαιον παρ' Αιγυπτιοις ὁι ἱερεις ησαν.

[720] Oratio in Verrem. 5. Sect. ultima. vol. 3. p. 291.

[721] Ceres is mentioned by Varro quasi Geres. l. 4. p. 18.

[722] Hesychius. Αχειρω.

[723] Repentur in poematiis antiquis, a Pithæo editis, carmen in laudem Solis; quod eum esse Liberum, et Cererem, et Jovem statuit. Huetius. Demonst. Evang. Prop. 4. p. 142.

[724] Cœlius. Rhodog. l. 17. c. 27.

[725] Varro speaks of Ceres, as if her name was originally Geres. l. 4. p. 18.

[726] There was a place called Charisia in Arcadia. Pausan. l. 8. p. 603. Charesus, and Charesene, in Phrygia. Charis in Persis, and Parthia. See Treatise upon the Cyclopes.

[727] Pausan. l. 9. p. 781. Nonnus. l. 29. p. 760.

[728] Etymolog. Mag. and Suidas.

[729] Χρησμολογοι μετειχον της εν τῳ Πρυτανειῳ σιτησεως.. Aristoph. Ειρηνη. Scholia, v. 1084.

[730] L. 8. p. 6l6.

[731] L. 5. p. 415.

[732] Πρυτανεια τε εχουσα και Αρχοντας. Thucyd. l. 2. p. 107.

[733] Το δε λυχνιον εν Πρυτανειῳ. Theocrit. Idyl. 21.

[734] Suidas.

[735] L. 2. p. 107. Others gave another reason. Πρυτανειον εκαλειτο, επειδη εκει εκαθηντο ὁι Πρυτανεις, ὁι των ὁλων πραγματων διοικηται. Ibid.

[736] Julius Pollux. l. 1. c. 1. p. 7.

[737] Πρυτανειον εστιν, εν ᾡ νομοι του Σολωνος εισι γεγραμμενοι. Pausan. l. 1. p. 41.

[738] Plutarch in Solone. p. 92.

[739] L. 41. p. 1152.

[740] L. 8. p. 649. Mount Caucasus was denominated, as is supposed, from a shepherd Caucasus. The women, who officiated in the temple, were styled the daughters of Caucasus, and represented as Furies: by which was meant priestesses of fire.

Caucasi filiæ Furiæ. See Epiphanius Anchorat. p. 90.

[741] Lycophron. Scholia. v. 1225. Και Καλλιμαχος Εριννυν καλει Δημητρα. Ibid.

Neptune is said to have lain with Ceres, when in the form of a Fury. Apollodorus. l. 3. p. 157. She is said from thence to have conceived the horse Areion.

Lycophron alludes to her cruel rites, when he is speaking of Tantalus, and Pelops.

[742] Herodotus. l. 7. c. 197.

[743] L. 2 v. 288.

[744] The Sirens and Harpies were persons of the same vocation, and of this the Scholiast upon Lycophron seems to have been apprised. See v. 653.

[745] Harpya, Ἁρπυια, was certainly of old a name of a place. The town so called is mentioned to have been near Encheliæ in Illyria. Here was an Amonian Petra of Cadmus, and Harmonia.

[746] Τιτυῳ εναλιγκιος ανηρ. Theocrit. Idyl. 22. v. 94.

[747] Pausan. l. 1. p. 94.

[748] Κερκυον is compounded of Ker-Cuon, and signifies the temple of the Deity.

[749] L. 1. p. 94.

[750] Ovid. Ibis. v. 411.

[751] Anacharsis. vol. 2. p. 388. Γυμνασιον ὑφ' ἡμων ονομαζεται, και εστιν ἱερον Απολλωνος Λυκιου.

[752] Και ὁ τοπος ὁυτος παλαιστρα και ες εμε εκαλειτο ολιγον που ταφου της Αλοπης απεχων. Pausan. l. 1. p. 94.

That very antient temple of Pan on Mount Lycæum in Arcadia had a Gymnasium in a grove. Εστι εν τῳ Λυκαιῳ Πανος τε Ἱερον, και περι αυτο αλσος δενδρων, και Ἱπποδρομος τε, και προ αυτου σταδιον. Pausan. l. 8. p. 678.

[753] I have mentioned, that Torone was a temple of the Sun, and also φλεγραια, by which was meant a place of fire, and a light-house. This is not merely theory: for the very tower may be seen upon coins, where it is represented as a Pharos with a blaze of fire at the top. See vol. 2. page 118.

[754] Plutarch. Theseus, p. 6.

[755] Chron. Logos. p. 31. He was also named Asterus, Asterion, and Asterius. Lycoph. v. 1299. Schol. and Etymolog. Mag. Minois. Asterius was represented as the son of Anac. Αστεριου του Ανακτος. Pausan. l. 7. p. 524. Ανδρειᾳ τους αποθανοντας ὑπο Θησεως ὑπερεβαλεν ὁ Αστεριων (ὁ Μινω) Pausan. l. 2. p. 183.

[756] Pausan. l. 1. p. 94.

[757] Diodorus explains farther the character of this personage, τον παλαιοντα τοις παριουσι, και τον ἡττηθεντα διαφθειροντα. l. 4 p. 226.

[758] Diodorus Sic. l. 4. p. 225, and 233.

[759] Ιδεως τον Ανταιον φησι των ΞΕΝΩΝ των ἡττημενων ΤΟΙΣ ΚΡΑΝΙΟΙΣ ερεφειν τον του Ποσειδωνος ναον. Pindar. Isth. Ode 4. Scholia. p. 458. See Diodorus concerning Antæus συναναγκαζοντα τους ξενους διαπαλαιειν. l. 4. p. 233.

[760] V. 866, and Scholia.

[761] Diodorus Sic. l. 4. p. 263.

[762] Hercules Furens. v. 391.

[763] Pindar. Olymp. Ode 10. p. 97. Scholia. from the Cygnus of Stesichorus.

[764] Euripides. Orestes. v. 1648. Schol. Lycaon was a Deity, and his priests were styled Lycaonidæ. He was the same as Jupiter Lycæus, and Lucetius: the same also as Apollo.

[765] Pausan. l. 8. p. 600.

[766] Odyss. l. Φ. v. 307.

[767] Μνησομαι, ουδε λαθοιμι Απολλωνος Εκατοιο. Homer. Η. to Apollo. v. 1.

Ευ ειδως αγορευε θεοπροπιας Ἑκατοιο. Iliad. Α. v. 385.

Αρτεμις ιοχεαιρα, κασιγνητη Ἑκατοιο. Iliad. Υ. v. 71.

[768] Odyss. Σ. v. 83.

[769] Purchas. Pilg. vol. 5. p. 872. and Garcilasso della Vega. Rycaut. p. 403.

[770] See Plutarch's life of Theseus. p. 3, 4. vol. 1.

[771] V. 146.

[772] Campio, Gladiator. Isidorus.

[773] Vegetius. l. 2. c. 7.

[774] Nonnus. l. 18. p. 500.

[775] Eustathius on Dionysius. v. 357.

[776] Diodorus Sicul. l. 1. p. 13, 14.

[777] Ὁμοιως δε τους Ινδους τον θεον τουτον παρ' ἑαυτοις αποφανεσθαι γεγονεναι. Diod. Sic. l. 4. p. 210.

[778] Diodorus. l. 1. p. 14.

[779] Diodorus. l. 1. p. 17.

[780] Ibid. p. 14. This city is also said to have been built by Hercules. Diodorus. l. 4. p. 225.

[781]

[782] Ζυθος, εκ των κριθων πομα. Diodorus. l. 1. p. 37.

[783] Βασιλευοντα δε Οσιριν Αιγυπτιους ευθυς απορου βιου και θηριωδους απαλλαξαι, καρπους τε δειξαντα, και νομους θεμενον αυτοις. Plut. Is. et Osir. p. 356.

[784] Eusebius. Pr. Ev. l. 1. p. 44, 45.

[785] Diodorus Sic. l. 1. p. 24.

[786] Both the Patriarch, and his son Ham, had the name of Cronus, as may be learned from Sanchoniathon. Εγεννηθησαν δε και εν Παραιᾳ Κρονῳ τρεις παιδες, Κρονος ὁμωνυμος τῳ πατρι, κτλ. Euseb. Præp. l. 1. c. 10. p. 37.

Paraia is the same as Pur-aia, the land of Ur; from whence the Gentile writers deduce all their mythology.

[787] See Radicals. p. 42.

[788] Ῥαγδαιων δε γενομενων ομβρων και πνευματων,—δενδρου λαβομενον τον Ουσωον, και αποκλαδευσαντα, πρωτον τολμησαι εις θαλασσαν εμβηναι. Euseb. Pr. Ev. l. 1. c. 10. p. 35.

[789] Euseb. Chron. p. 7. l. 43.

[790] Strabo. l. 17. p. 1168.

[791] Τας Γοργονας επ' ωκεανον ουσας τον περι πολιν Ιβηριας την Ταρτησσον. Schol. in Lycophr. ad v. 838.

[792] [Atlas] Apex Perseo et Herculi pervius. Solin. c. 24.

[793] Andromedam Perseus nigris portârit ab Indis. Ovid. Art. Amand. l. 1. v. 53.

[794] Pausan. l. 4. p. 370.

[795] Pliny mentions these bones being brought from Joppa to Rome in the ædileship of M. Scaurus; longitudine pedum 40, altitudine costarum Indicos elephantos excedente, spinæ crassitudine sesquipedali. l. 9. c. 5.

[796] Deseritur Taurique jugum, Perseaque Tarsus. Lucan. l. 3. v. 225. See Solin. c. 38.

[797] Perseam quoque plantam —— a Perseo Memphi satam. Plin. l. 15. c. 13.

Of Perseus in Cilicia, see Chron. Pasch. p. 39.

[798] Pindar. Pyth. Od. 10. v. 49 and 70. Εις το των Μακαρων ανδρων εθνος. Schol. in v. 70.

[799] Virgil. Æn. l. 7. v. 409.

Ardea a Danae Persei matre condita. Plin. Hist. Nat l. 3. p. 152.

[800] Servius in Virgil. Æn. l. 8.

[801] Diodorus Sic. l. 1. p. 21.

[802] Ibidem.

[803] Herodotus. l. 6. c. 54. See Chron. Paschale. p. 38.

Some make him a Colchian. Ἡλιῳ γαρ φησιν ὑιους γενεσθαι δυο εν τοις τοποις εκεινοις, ὁις ονοματα ην Περσευς και Αιητης· τουτους δε κατασχεσιν την χωραν· και Αιητην μεν Κολχους και Μαιωτας, Περσεα δε Ταυρικης Βασιλευσαι. Schol. in Apollon. Argonautic. l. 3. v. 199.

[804] Ἡ δε Περσου γυνη Αστερια παις ην Κοιου και Φοιβης· ὁι Κοιος δε και Φοιβη ΟΥΡΑΝΟΥ παιδες. Schol. in Lycophron. v. 1175.

[805] Natalis Comes. l. 7. c. 18.

[806] Schol. in Lycophr. v 18.

Lycophr. v. 17.

Τον χρυσοπατρον μορφνον—τον Περσεα. Schol. in Lycophr. v. 838.

[807] Εγγυς της Νεης πολιος. He is said to have introduced here Gymnic exercises. Herodot. l. 2. c. 91. And to have often appeared personally to the priests. Herodot. ibid.

Herodotus of the Dorians. l. 6. c. 54.

[808] Εν λαρνακι ξυλινῳ. Schol. in Lycophr. v. 838.

Εν κιβωτῳ τινι. Chron. Pasch. p. 38. from Euripides.

The father of Danae ενειρξας αυτην εις την Κιβωτον μετα του ΠΑΙΔΟΣ καθηκεν εις το πελαγος. Schol. in Pind. Pyth. Od. 10. v. 72.

[809] All salutary streams were consecrated to the Sun. There were some waters of this nature near Carthage, which were named Aquæ Persianæ. See Apuleii Florida. c. 16. p. 795, and p. 801. They were so named from Perez, the Sun, to whom they were sacred.

[810] Ovid. Trist. l. 1. eleg. 3. v. 48. See Natalis Comes. l. 7. c. 18.

[811] Polyb. l. 5. p. 389.

[812] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 6. c. 16. See Q. Curtius, and Strabo.

[813] Parrhasii in Hyrcania. Strabo. l. 11. p. 775.

[814] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 2. c. 98.

[815] Of Parrhasians in Arcadia. Strabo. l. 8. p. 595. See Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 4. c. 6.

[816] Plato in Alcibiad. vol. 2. p. 120.

[817] Herodot. l. 7. c. 150.

[818] Statii Theb. l. 1. v. 717.

[819] Diodorus Sicul. l. 3. p. 185.

[820] Πολλαις γενεαις προτερον των Τρωικων. Ibid.

[821] Της Λιβυης εν τοις προς ἑσπεραν μερεσιν επι του περατος της οικουμενης. Diodorus Sic. l. 3. p. 186.

She likewise was in possession of the νησοι ευδαιμονες, or Islands of the blessed, which lay opposite to her dominions in Africa.

[822] Writers mention that she raised over the slain three large mounds of earth, which were called ταφοι Αμαζωνων, the tombs of the Amazons. This shews that the Gorgons and Amazons were the same people, however separated, and represented in a state of warfare.

[823] Iliad Β. v. 811. Μυρινα· ονομα κυριον Αμαζονος. Scholia ibid.

[824] Diodorus Sicul. l. 4. p. 216, 217, 225, 227, &c. See also Justin. l. 44. c. 4. and Apollodorus. l. 2. p. 100.

Hercules of Tyre was said to have been the Son of Athamas, the same as Palæmon.

[825] Ludovicus Nonnius in Hispania. p. 196, 170.

[826] Diodorus Sicul. l. 4. p. 227.

Corunna the same as Kir-Ona.

Many Amonian cities of similar analogy to Alesia.

[827] Diodorus, above.

[828] Χρυσα μηλα—προβατα. Schol. in Apollon. Argonaut. l. 4. v. 1396. εξ Αγροιτου εν γ' Λιβυκων.

[829] Τον Ἡρακλεα, συμμαχουντων αυτῳ των θεων, κρατησαι τῃ μαχῃ, και τους πλειστους ανελοντα την χωραν ηξημερωσαι. Diodorus Sicul. l. 4. p. 229. Strabo. l. 5. p. 376. and l. 6. p. 430.

[830] Strabo. l. 15. p. 1007. and l. 11. p. 771. Diodorus Sic. l. 2. p. 124.

[831] Arrian. Hist. Indica. p. 321.

[832] Herod. l. 4. c. 9. Aristid. Orat. v. 1. p. 85.

[833] Ovid. Metam. l. 11. v. 218.

[834] Poculo Herculem vectum ad Erytheiam. Macrob. Sat. l. 5. c. 21. Apollodorus. l. 2. p. 100. Schol. Apollon. Argonaut. l. 4. v. 1396. from Pherecydes Syrus; and from the Libyca of Agroitas. Λαβων χρυσουν δεπας παρ' Ἡλιου—δια του ωκεανου πλειν.

[835] Strabo. l. 3. p. 237. He was supposed to have been the founder of Tartossus, where he was worshipped under the name of Archaleus. Etymolog. Mag. Γαδαρα.

[836] Syncellus. p. 171.

[837] Pomponius Mela. l. 3. c. 6.

[838] Athenæus. l. 12. c. 512.

[839] Strabo. l. 15. p. 1009. Πλασμα των Ἡρακλειαν ποιουντων.

[840] Nat. Deorum. l. 3. c. 16.

[841] Arrian speaks of this Indian Hercules, together with the others mentioned by Cicero. Ει δε τῳ πιστα ταυτα, αλλος αν ουτος Ἡρακλεης ειη, ουχ ὁ Θηβαιος, η ὁ Τυριος ὁυτος, η ὁ Αιγυπτιος, η τις και κατα ανω χωρην ου ποῤῥω της Ινδων γης ῳκισμενην μεγας βασιλευς. Hist. Ind. p. 319. Varro mentions forty of this name, who were all reputed Deities.

[842] See Ludovicus Nonnius, in Hispan. p. 196, 170.

[843] See Audigier Origines des François. part. 1. p. 225, 230.

[844] Mela. l. 2. c. 5. l. 30.

[845] Petronius. p. 179. Est locus Herculeis aris sacer.

[846] He was worshipped by the Suraceni, a particular Indian nation, who styled him Γηγενης, or the Man of the Earth. Arrian. Hist. Indic. p. 321.

[847] Hercules apud Celtas. See Voss. de Idolat. l. 1. c. 35. l. 2. c. 15.

[848] Eumenius in Orat. pro Scholis instaurandis. See Lilius Gyraldus, Synt. 10. p. 330.

[849] Suetonius in Augusto. c. 29. Livy. l. 40. c. 51.

[850] Johan. Sambuci Emblemata.

[851] He was the same as Osiris, the Sun. Τον εν πασι και δια παντων Ἡλιον. Macrob. Saturn. l. 1. c. 20. p. 207. See Porphyry apud Euseb. Præp. Evang. l. 3. p. 112.

[852] See Lilius Gyraldus Syntag. 10. p. 592. Pausanias expresses the name Αιχμαγορας. l. 8. p. 624.

[853] Lilius Gyrald p. 595.

[854] In the following extracts we may see the character of this Deity among different nations. Ἡρακλεα δε ὁντινα ες Ινδους αφικεσθαι λογος κατεχει παρ' αυτοισιν Ινδοισιν Γηγενεα λεγεσθαι· τουτον τοι Ἡρακλεα μαλιστα προς Συρασηνων γεραιρεσθαι, Ινδικου εθνους. Arrian. Hist. Ind. p. 321.

Αλλα τις αρχαιος εστι θεος Αιγυπτιοισι Ἡρακλεης· ὡς δε αυτοι λεγουσι ετεα εστι επτακισχιλια και μερια ες Αμασιν βασιλευσαντα. Herod. l. 2. c. 43. Αλλ' ισμεν Αιγυπτιους, ὁσον τινα αγουσιν Ἡρακλεα, και Τυριους, ὁτι πρωτον σεβουσι Θεων. Aristid. Orat. v. 1. p. 59. He had at Tyre a Temple, as old as the city. Εφασαν γαρ ἁμα Τυρῳ οικιζομενῃ και το Ἱερον του θεου ἱδρυνθηναι. Herod. l. 2. c. 44.

Εστι γαρ εν Τυρῳ Ἱερον Ἡρακλεους παλαιοτατον, ὡν μνημῃ ανθρωπινῃ διασωσεται· ου του Αργειου Ἡρακλεους. κ. λ. Arrian. Expedit. Alex. p. 88.

[855] Diodorus Sic. l. 3. p. 195. 196. and p. 200.

[856] Διονυσου απογονους Οξυδρακας. Strabo. l. 15. p. 1008. The Tyrians laid the same claim to him. Τον Διονυσον Τυριοι νομιζουσιν ἑαυτων ειναι. Achill. Tatius. l. 2. p. 67. So did likewise the Cretans, and the people of Naxos. Some of the Libyans maintained, that he was educated in the grotto of the Nymphs upon the river Triton. Diodor. Sic. l. 3. p. 202. 203. Concerning Dionusus the benefactor, see Arrian. Hist. Ind. p. 321.

Of his coming to India from the west. Philostratus. l. 2. p. 64. Επηλυτον αυτον Ασσυριον.

[857] Of his travels, see Strabo. l. 15. p. 1008.

[858] Τον δ' ουν Διονυσον, επελθοντα μετα στρατοπεδου πασαν την οικουμενην, διδαξαι την φυτειαν του αμπελου. Diodor. Sic. l. 3. p. 197.

Και προ Αλεξανδρου, Διονυσου περι πολλος λογος κατεχει, ὡς και τουτου στρατευσαντος ες Ινδους. Arrian. Hist. Indic. p. 318.

[859] Diodorus. l. 3. p. 204.

[860] Ινδους και Τυῤῥηνους λεγουσιν, ὡς κατεστρεψατο (Διονυσος). Aristid. Orat. in Dionus. p. 54.

[861] Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 3. c. 23. Of the various places of his birth, see Diodorus Sic. l. 3. p. 200.

[862] Linus, Orpheus, Panopides, Thymætes, and Dionysius Milesius, Diodorus Sic. l. 3. p. 201.

[863] It was a common subject for Elegy. Plutarch. Isis et Osir.

Ποιησομεθα δε την αρχην απο Διονυσου, διο και παλαιον ειναι σφοδρα τουτον, και μεγισταις ευεργεσιαις κατατεθεισθαι τῳ γενει των ανθρωπων. Diodorus Sicul. l. 4. p. 210.

Λινον φασι τοις Πελασγικοις γραμμασι συνταξαμενον τας του πρωτου Διονυσου πραξεις. Diodorus Sic. l. 3. p. 201.

[864] L. 4. p. 210.

Τον Οσιριν Διονυσον ειναι λεγουσιν. Herodot. l. 2. c. 42. c. 145.

[865] The Indians gave the same account of Dionusus, as the Egyptians did of Osiris. Πολιας τε οικησαι (Διονυσον) και νομους θεσθαι τῃσι πολεσιν, οινου τε δοτηρα Ινδοις γενεσθαι·—και σπειρειν διδαξαι την γην, διδοντα αυτον σπερματα·—βοας τε ὑπ' αροτρῳ ζευξαι Διονυσον πρωτον·—και θεους σεβειν ὁτι εδιδαξε Διονυσος—κτλ. Arrian. Hist. Indic. p. 321.

[866] Pausan. l. 3. p. 272. As his rites came originally from Chaldea, and the land of Ur, he is in consequence of it often styled Πυριγενης, αμδ Πυρισπορος· Strabo. l. 13. p. 932. Ελθε, μακαρ Διονυσε, ΠYΡΙΣΠΟΡΕ, ταυρομετωπε. Orphic. Hymn. 44. v. 1.

[867] There was a cavern, where they supposed him to be buried, at Delphi, παρα χρυσεῳ Απολλωνι. Cyril contra Jul. p. 342.

[868] Κρονος περιεων την οικουμενην. Sanchoniath. apud Euseb. Præp. Evang. l. 1. c. 10. p. 38.

[869] Τον μεν ουν Κρονον οντα πρεσβυτατον βασιλεα γενεσθαι· και τους καθ' ἑαυτον ανθρωπους εξ αγριου διαιτης εις βιον ἡμερον μεταστησαι, και δια τουτο αποδοχης μεγαλης τυχοντα πολλους επελθειν της οικουμενης τοπους· εισηγησασθαι δε πασι την τε δικαιοσυνην και την ἁπλοτητα της ψυχης. Diodorus Sicul. l. 5. p. 334.

[870] Ουρανον—τους ανθρωπους σποραδην οικουντας συναγαγειν εις πολεως περιβολον, και της μεν ανομιας και θηριωδους βιου παυσαι—κατακτησασθαι δε αυτον της οικουμενης την πλειστην. Ibid. l. 3. p. 1*9.

[871] Απολλωνα μετα Θεμιδος, ωφελησαι βουλομενον το γενος ἡμων· ειτα την ωφελειαν ειπων, ὁτι εις ἡμεροτητα προυκαλειτο. Strabo. l. 9. p. 646.

[872] Καθ' ὁν χρονον Απολλωνα την γην επιοντα ἡμερουν τους ανθρωπους απο τε των ανημερων καρπων και βιων. Ibid.

[873] Diodorus Sicul. l. 3. p. 195.

The wanderings of Isis and Iona relate to the same history: as do likewise those of Cadmus.

[874] Eusebii Chron. p. 7. l. 37.

[875] Θουλις. Ὁυτος εβασιλευσε πασης Αιγυπτου, και ἑως ωκεανου· και μιαν των εν αυτῳ νησων εκαλεσεν απο του ιδιου ονοματος Θουλην. Suidas.

[876] Μετα Οσιριν εβασιλευσεν Ορος· και μετα τον Ορον εβασιλευσε Θουλις, ὁστις παρελαβε μετα δυναμεως τινος πασαν την γην ἑως του ωκεανου. Chron. Pasch. p. 46.

He is mentioned by Cedrenus. Θουλης, ὁς και ἑως του ωκεανου πυσαν την γην παρειληφεν. p. 20.

[877] Diodorus Sicul. l. 1. p. 49.

[878] See Apollon. Argonaut. l. 4. v. 277. and Herodot. l. 2. c. 102.

Syncellus. p. 59, 60

[879] Diodorus Sic. above. He was near losing his whole army.

[880] Την δε χωραν ὁπλοις κατεστρεψατο τοις ἑαυτου Βασιλευς Βασιλεων, και Δεσποτης Δεσποτων Σεσοωσις. Diodor. Sicul. ibid.

[881] He passed through all Ethiopia to the Cinnamon country. Strabo. l. 17. p. 1138. This must be Indica Ethiopia, and the island Seran-Dive. Hence came Cinnamon: here were στηλαι και επιγραφαι.

Venit ad occasum, mundique extrema Sesostris. Lucan. l. 10. v. 276

[882] Σεσωστρις ετη μη, ὁς ἁπασαν εχειρωσατο την Ασιαν εν ενιαυτοις εννεα. Syncellus. p. 59.

Some make him advance farther, and conquer all Europe: ὁμοιως ὑπεταξε και την Ασιαν πασαν, και ΤΗΝ ΕΥΡΟΠΗΝ, και την Σκυθιαν, και την Μυσιαν. Chron. Pasch. p. 47. Herodotus thinks he did not proceed farther than Thrace. l. 2. c. 103.

[883] Diodorus Sicul. l. 1. p. 49.

[884] Of all the great actions of Sesostris, see Marsham. Can. Chron. sec. 14. p. 354.

[885] Περι δε τουτων το μεν αληθες εκθεσθαι μετ' ακριβειας ου ῥαδιον. Diodorus Sicul. L. 1. p. 52.

[886] Sir John Marsham's Can. Chron. sec. 14. p. 354.

Sir Isaac Newton's Chronology, p. 217.

[887] 1 Kings. c. 14. v. 25, 26. And it came to pass, that in the fifth year of king Rehoboam Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem (because they had transgressed against the Lord); with twelve hundred chariots, and threescore thousand horsemen; and the people were without number, that came with him out of Egypt; the Lubims, the Sukkiims, and the Ethiopians. 2 Chron. c. 12. v. 2, 3.

[888] Παραλαβῳν δε Σουσακος αμαχητι την πολιν. Joseph. Antiq. l. 8. c. 10.

[889] Sethosis of Josephus contra Apion. l. 1. p. 447.

[890] Euseb. Chron. p. 7. l. 43. Θουλης· μετα δε τουτον Σεσωστρις.

[891] Σεσογχωσις, Αιγυπτου πασης βασιλευς μετα Ωρον της Ισιδος και Οσιριδος παιδα, την μεν Ασιαν ὁρμησας πασαν κατεστρεψατο, ὁμοιως δε τα πλειστα της Ευρωπης. Θεοπομπος δε εν τριτῳ Σεσωστριν αυτον καλει. Schol. in Apollon. Argonaut. l. 4. v. 272.

[892] Δικαιαρχος εν πρωτῳ, μετα τον Ισιδος και Οσιριδος Ωρον, βασιλεα γεγονεναι Σεσογχωσιν λεγει· ὡστε γενεσθαι απο της Σεσογχωσιδος βασιλειας μεχρι της Νειλου ετη δισχιλια. Schol. in Apollon. Argonaut. ibid.

[893] Cedrenus. v. 1. p. 20. Osiris, Orus, Thoules, Sesostris.

[894] Succeeded by Φαραω. Chron. Pasch. p. 48.

[895] Joannes Antiochenus has borrowed the same history, and calls this king Sostris. Εβασιλευσεν Αιγυπτιων πρωτος εκ της φυλης του Χαμ Σωστρις. p. 23. He adds, that Sostris, or Sesostris, lived in the time of Hermes, Ἑρμης ὁ τρισμεγιστος Αιγυπτιος. He was succeeded by Pharaoh, πρωτος, the first of the name. Ibid. Herodotus calls him Pheron, and Pherona. l. 2. c. 111.

[896] Πολυ ὑπερτεινει τοις χρονοις την Μινω βασιλειαν ἡ Σεσωστριος. Politic. l. 7. c. 10.

[897] Apollon. Argonaut. l. 4. v. 272. Ενθεν δη τινα φασι—Σεσογχωσις, Αιγυπτου πασης βασιλευς—Θεοπομπος δε εν τριτῳ Σεσωστριν αυτον καλει. Schol. ibid.

Περι δε των χρονων, καθ' ὁυς εγενετο Σεσογχωσις, ὁ μεν Απολλωνιος τουτο μονον φησι, πολυς γαρ αδην απενηνοθεν αιων. Schol. ibid.

Lycophron speaks of Apollo Ζωστηριος, and a promontory Ζωστηριον, εν ᾡ ἱερον Ζοστηριου Απολλωνος. Schol. ad v. 1278.

[898] Schol. Apollon. l. 4. v. 272. Syncellus joins him with Serapis. p. 91.

[899] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 144.

Ουπω τειρεα παντα κ. τ. λ. Apollon. Argonaut. l. 4. v. 261. See the whole, and Schol. ibid.

[900] Canon. Chronic. Sec. 10. p. 238, 239.

[901] Quis igitur Sesonchosis ille, qui, Menen antevertens annis amplius 5000, inter Semideos locum habere videatur? Marsham. Canon Chronic. Sec. 10. p. 238.

Sesostris in XII. Africani Dynastiâ (quæ Eusobiani Canonis epocham antevertit) ex Scaligeri calculis regnavit anno Per. Jul. 1392: quo ratiocinio Sesostris factus est annos 2355 ipso Sesostre senior. Nam ex S. literis (suo loco) apparebit, Sesostrim expeditionem suscepisse in Asiam, et Hierosolyma cepisse Anno Per. Jul. 3747. Ibid. p. 239.

[902] Antiq. l. 8. c. 10. p. 449. and 450.

[903] He came merely as a confederate to Jeroboam, in favour of the kingdom of Israel; and his intention was to ruin Judah: but his cruel purpose was averted by the voluntary submission both of the king and people; and by the treasures they gave up to him, which were the purchase of their security.

[904] Hercules is said to have commanded the armies of Osiris. Diodorus. Sicul. l. 1. p. 15.

[905] L. 2. c. 106. Concerning the interpretation of these emblems, see Joan Pierii Hieroglyph. l. 34. c. 20.

[906] Pausan. l. 1. p. 101. The Statue remains to this day. In like manner it was reported that Dionusus raised Pillars. Strabo. l. 3. p. 260.

Ενθα τε και Στηλαι Θηβαιγενεος Διονυσου. Dionys. Perieg. v. 623.

Hercules erected the like. All which was done by people styled Dionysians and Herculeans.

[907] Joshua. c. 12. v. 24. Adonibezek had threescore and ten vassal princes at his feet; if the headman of every village may be so called. Judges. c. 1. v. 7.

[908] Benhadad of Damascus was attended with thirty-two kings, when he invaded Samaria. 1 Kings. c. 20. v. 1.

[909] The people plowed, and sowed, and had fruits, and pastures, within their walls.

[910] 2 Kings. c. 17. v. 6. and c. 18. v. 11. and v. 34. Isaiah. c. 10. v. 9. c. 37. v. 13.

[911] Diodorus Sicul. l. 2. p. 90.

[912] Diodorus Sicul. l. 1. p. 91.

[913] Ibid. p. 92.

[914] Ἁυτη μεν απεδεξατο χωματα ανα το πεδιον εοντα αξιοθεητα. Herod. l. 1. c. 184.

Such χωματα were raised by the Amonians in all places where they settled, called ταφοι.

Four such were in Troas. Εισι μεν ουν λοφοι τετταρες, Ολυμπιοι καλουμενοι. Strabo. l. 10. p. 720. There were such also of the Amazons in Mauritania.

[915] She carried back but twenty men, according to Strabo. l. 15. p. 1051.

[916] Chron. Paschale. p. 36. Semiramis was, we find, Rhea: and Rhea was the same as Cybele, the mother of the Gods: την Ῥεαν, Κιβελην, και Κυβην, και Δινδυμηνην. Strabo. l. 10. p. 721.

[917] Cononis narrationes apud Phot. p. 427.

[918] Herodot. l. 1. c. 184. five ages (γενεαι) before Nitocris the mother of Labynitus, whom Cyrus conquered.

It may be worth while to observe the different opinions of authors about the time, when Semiramis is supposed to have lived.

Years.

According to Syncellus she lived before Christ 2177

Petavius makes the term 2060

Helvicus 2248

Eusebius 1984

Mr. Jackson 1964

Abp. Usher 1215

Philo Biblius from Sanchoniathon (apud Euseb. Præp. Evang. l. 1. p. 31.) about 1200

Herodotus about 713

What credit can be given to the history of a person, the time of whose life cannot be ascertained within 1535 years? for so great is the difference of the extremes in the numbers before given.

See Dionys. Perieg. Schol. in v. 1006.

[919] Diodorus Sicul. l. 1. p. 90.

[920] Herodotus. l. 1. c. 98.

[921] Diodorus Sicul. l. 1. p. 92.

[922] Strabo. l. 15. p. 1007.

[923] Arrian. Hist. Ind. p. 318.

[924] Josephus cont. Ap. l. 1. c. 19. p. 451.

[925] Steph. Byzant. Βαβυλων.

[926] Suidas: Σεμιραμις.

[927] Pliny. l. 7. p. 417.

[928] Semiramis teneros mares castravit omnium prima. Marcellinus. l. 14. c. 6.

[929] Σεμιραμις λαγνος γυνη, και μιαιφονος. Athenag. Legatio. p. 307.

[930] Claudian. in Eutrop. l. 1. v. 339.

[931] This is the reason that we find these kingdoms so often confounded, and the Babylonians continually spoken of as Assyrians, and sometimes as Persians. Βαβυλων Περσικη πολις. Steph. Byz.

[932] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1071.

[933] These mounds were high altars, upon which they sacrificed to the Sun. By Ctesias they are supposed to have been the tombs of her lovers, whom she buried alive. Syncellus. p. 64.

[934] They built Babylon itself; which by Eupolemus was said to have been the work of Belus, and the Giants. Euseb. Præp. l. 9. c. 17. p. 418. Quint. Curt. l. 5. c. 1. Abydenus apud Euseb. Præp. l. 9. c. 15. Syncellus. p. 44.

[935] Clemens Alexand. Strom. l. 1. p. 364.

[936] He ordered it to be inscribed upon his tomb, ὁτι και Μαγικων γενοιτο διδασκαλος. Porph. de Abstin. l. 4. p. 399.

[937] By Zoroaster was denoted both the Deity, and also his priest. It was a name conferred upon many personages.

[938] Zerdûsht, seu, ut semel cum vocali damna scriptum vidi, Zordush't, idem est, qui Græcis sonat Ζωροαστρης. Hyde Relig. Vet. Persar. c. 24. p. 312.

[939] L. 30. c. 1. p. 523.

[940] Arnobius. l. 1. p. 31.

[941] Clemens. l. 1. p. 399.

[942] Ibid. l. 5. p. 711. Ταδε συνεγραφεν Ζοροαστρης ὁ Αρμενιου το γενος Παμφυλος. κλ. Εν αδῃ γενομενος εδαην παρα Θεων.

[943] Clemens. l. 1. p. 357. Apuleius Florid. c. 15. p. 795, mentions a Zoroaster after the reign of Cambyses.

[944] Justin. l. 1. c. 1.

[945] Syncellus. p. 167.

[946] P. 315. It is also taken notice of by Huetius. Sinam recentiores Persæ apud Indos degentes faciunt (Zoroastrem). D.E. Prop. 4. p. 89.

[947] Sed haud mirum est, si Europæi hoc modo dissentiant de homine peregrino, cum illius populares orientales etiam de ejus prosapiâ dubitent. At de ejus tempore concordant omnes, unum tantum constituentes Zoroastrem, eumque in eodem seculo ponentes. p. 315.

[948] Plures autem fuere Zoroastres ut satis constat. Gronovius in Marcellinum. l. 23. p. 288. Arnobius and Clemens mention more than one. Stanley reckons up six. See Chaldaic Philosophy.

[949] P. 312.

[950] Zoroaster may have been called Zerdusht, and Zertoost: but he was not Zerdusht the son of Gustasp, who is supposed to have lived during the Persian Monarchy. Said Ebn. Batrick styles him Zorodasht, but places him in the time of Nahor, the father of Terah, before the days of Abraham. vol. 1. p. 63.

[951] Diogenes Laert. Proœm. p. 3.

[952] Προ των Τρωικων ετεσι φ' Ζωροαστρης.

[953] Laertius Proœm. p. 3.

[954] Pliny. l. 30. c. 1.

[955] Ζωροαστρις ὁ Μαγος, ὁν πεντακισχιλιοις ετεσιν των Τρωικων γεγονεναι πρεσβυτερον ἱστορουσιν. Isis et Osir. p. 369.

[956] Zoroastrem hunc sex millibus annorum ante Platonis mortem. Pliny. l. 30. c. 1.

[957] P. 16. and p. 47.

[958] Euseb. Chron. p. 32. Syncellus. p. 167.

[959] Pliny. l. 30. c. 1. p. 524.

[960] Ουκ ειναι μαθειν ποτερον Δαρειου πατηρ, ειτε και αλλος κ λ. He owns, that he could not find out, when Zoroaster lived. Ὁπηνικα μεν (ὁ Ζωροαστρης) ηχμασε την αρχην, και τους νομους εθετο, ουκ ενεστι σαφως διαγνωναι. l. 2. p. 62.

[961] Pliny. l. 30. c. 1.

[962] Huetii Demons. Evan. Prop. 4. p. 88. 89.

[963] See Huetius ibid.

[964] Αστρονομιαν πρωτοι Βαβυλωνιοι εφευρον δια Ζωροαστρου, μεθ' ὁν Οστανης·—αφ' ὡν Αιγυπτιοι και Ἑλληνες εδεξαντο. Anon. apud Suidam. Αστρον.

[965] Primus dicitur magicas artes invenisse. Justin. l. 1. c. 1.

[966] Diog. Laertius Proœm. p. 6.

[967] Την Μαγειαν την Ζωροαστρου του Ωρομαζου. Plato in Alcibiade l. 1. p. 122.

Agathias calls him the son of Oromasdes. l. 2. p. 62.

[968] Pliny. l. 7. c. 16. Risit eodem, quo natus est, die. See Lord's account of the modern Persees in India. c. 3. It is by them said, that he laughed as soon as he came into the world.

[969] Hermippus apud Plinium. l. 30. c. 1.

[970] Dio. Chrysostom. Oratio Borysthenica. 38. Fol. 448. Euseb. Præp. l. 1. p. 42. See also Agathias just mentioned.

[971] Θυειν ευκταια και χαριστηρια. Plutarch Is. et Osir. p. 369.

[972] Primus dicitur artes magicas invenisse, et mundi principia, siderumque motus diligentissime spectâsse. Justin. l. 1. c. 1.

[973] Ζαραδης· διττη γαρ επ' αυτῳ επωνυμια. Agath. l. 2. p. 62.

[974] Ζαρητις, Αρτεμις, Περσαι. Hesych.

Zar-Ades signifies the Lord of light: Zar-Atis and Atish, the Lord of fire.

[975] L. 1. c. 5. p. 16. Of the title Zar-Ovanus, I shall treat hereafter.

[976] Plutarch. Is. et Osiris. p. 369.

[977] See Agathias. l. 2. p. 62.

[978] Plutarch says, that Zoroaster lived five thousand years before the Trojan war. Plutarch above.

[979] Ὁυτος (ὁ Θεος) εστιν ὁ πρωτος, αφθαρτος, αϊδιος, αγεννητος, αμερης, ανομοιοτατος, ἡνιοχος παντος καλου, αδωροδοκητος, αγαθων αγαθωτατος, φρονιμων φρονιμωτατος. Εστι δε και πατηρ ευνομιας, και δικαιοσυνης, αυτοδιδακτος, φυσικος, και τελειος, και σοφος, και ἱερου φυσικου μονος ἑυρετης. Euseb. P. E. l. 1. p. 42.

[980] Clemens. l. 5. p. 711.

[981] Εν ᾁδη γενομενος εδαην παρα Θεων. Ibid.

[982] Dion. Chrysostom. Oratio Borysthenica. p. 448.

[983] Hyde. p. 312.

[984] Abulfeda. vol. 3. p. 58. See Hyde. p. 312.

[985] Hesych. Μαγον.

[986] Suidas. Μαγοι.

[987] Oratio Borysthen. p. 449.

Μαγοι, ὁι περι το θειον σοφοι. Porph. de Abst. l. 4. p. 398.

Apuleius styles Magia—Diis immortalibus acceptam, colendi eos ac venerandi pergnaram, piam scilicet et diviniscientem, jam inde a Zoroastre Oromazi, nobili Cælitum antistite. Apol. 1. p. 447. so it should be read. See Apuleii Florida. c. 15. p. 793. l. 3.

Τους δε Μαγους περι τε θεραπειας θεων διατριβειν κλ. Cleitarchus apud Laertium. Proœm. p. 5.

[988] Diodorus Sic. l. 2. p. 94.

[989] Marcellinus. l. 23. p. 288.

[990] Ibidem. It should be Regis prudentissimi; for Hystaspes was no king.

[991] Rerum Franc. l. 1. He adds, Ab hoc etiam ignem adorare consueti, ipsum divinitus igne consumptum, ut Deum colunt.

[992] Αστρον ζωον. Clemens Recognit. l. 4. c. 28. p. 546. Greg. Turonensis supra. Some have interpreted the name αστροθυτης.

[993] Προσαγορευουσι και Συριον. Pr. Evan. l. 1. p. 27. Some would change it to Σειριον: but they are both of the same purport; and indeed the same term differently expressed. Persæ Συρη Deum vocant. Lilius Gyrald. Synt. 1. p. 5.

[994] Joshua. c. 15. v. 58.

[995] 1 Maccab. c. 4. v. 61. called Beth-Zur. 2 Chron. c. 11. v. 7. There was an antient city Sour, in Syria, near Sidon. Judith. c. 2. v. 28. it retains its name at this day.

[996] Βηθσουρ. Antiq. l. 8. c. 10.

The Sun was termed Sehor, by the sons of Ham, rendered Sour, Surius, Σειριος by other nations.

Σειριος, ὁ Ἡλιος. Hesych. Σειριος ονομα αστερος, η ὁ Ἡλιος. Phavorinus.

[997] Βεδσουρ—εστι νυν κωμη Βεθσορων. In Onomastico.

[998] Bethsur est hodie Bethsoron. In locis Hebræis.

[999] Lilius Gyraldus Syntag. 13. p. 402.

[1000] Jovi. O. M. et Deæ Suriæ: Gruter. p. 5. n. 1.

D. M. SYRIÆ sacrum. Patinus. p. 183.

[1001] Apud Brigantas in Northumbriâ. Camden's Britannia. p. 1071.

[1002] See Radicals. p. 42. of Zon.

[1003] Chron. Paschale. p. 43. Servius upon Virg. Æneid. l. 6. v. 14.

[1004] Lycophron. v. 1301.

[1005] Zor and Taur, among the Amonians, had sometimes the same meaning.

[1006] See the engraving of the Mneuis, called by Herodotus the bull of Mycerinus. Herod. l. 2. c. 130. Editio Wesseling. et Gronov.

[1007] See the Plates annexed, which are copied from Kæmpfer's Amœnitates Exoticæ. p. 312. Le Bruyn. Plate 158. Hyde. Relig. Vet. Pers. Tab. 6. See also plate 2. and plate 4. 5. vol. 1. of this work. They were all originally taken from the noble ruins at Istachar, and Naki Rustan in Persia.

[1008] Huetii Prop. 4. p. 92.

Lord, in his account of the Persees, says, that Zertoost (so he expresses the name) was conveyed by an Angel, and saw the Deity in a vision, who appeared like a bright light, or flame. Account of the Persees. c. 3.

[1009] See Stanley's Chaldaic Philos. p. 7. and p. 11. They were by Damascius styled Ζωνοι and Αζωνοι: both terms of the same purport, though distinguished by persons who did not know their purport.

[1010] See Plates annexed.

[1011] Martianus Capella. l. 1. c. 17. Ex cunctis igitur Cœli regionibus advocatis Diis, cæteri, quos Azonos vocant, ipso commonente Cyllenio, convocantur. Psellus styles them Αζωνοι, and Ζωναιοι. See Scholia upon the Chaldaic Oracles.

[1012] Arnobius. l. 1. p. 31.

[1013] The Sun was styled both Zon, and Azon; Zan and Azan: so Dercetis was called Atargatis: Neith of Egypt, Aneith. The same was to be observed in places. Zelis was called Azilis: Saba, Azaba: Stura, Astura: Puglia, Apuglia: Busus, Ebusus: Damasec, Adamasec. Azon was therefore the same as Zon; and Azon Nakis may be interpreted Sol Rex, vel Dominus.

[1014] Antholog. l. 3. p. 269.

[1015] See Huetius. Demons. Evang. prop. 4. p. 129.

[1016] In Theolog. Platonis. l. 1. c. 4.

[1017]

[1018] Plato de Repub. l. 2. p. 364.

[1019] Lactant. de F. R. l. 1. p. 105.

[1020] Scholia in Alcestin. v. 968.

Concerning Orpheus, see Diodorus. l. 1. p. 86. Aristoph. Ranæ. v. 1064. Euseb. P. E. lib. 10. p. 469.

[1021] L. 22. See Natalis comes. l. 7. p. 401.

[1022] L. 9. p. 768.

[1023] V. 41.

[1024] Ibid. v. 99.

[1025] L. 6. p. 505.

[1026] Apollon. Rhod. l. 1. v. 23.

[1027] Scholia. ibid.

[1028] Natalis Comes. l. 7. p. 400.

[1029] De Repub. l. 2. p. 364. Musæus is likewise, by the Scholiast upon Aristophanes, styled ὑιος Σεληνης. Ranæ. v. 106. Schol.

[1030] Lucian. Astrologus.

[1031] See Lilius Gyraldus de Poetarum Hist. Dialog. 2. p. 73. Ορφευς, φορμικτας αοιδαν πατηρ. Pindar. Pyth. Ode. 4. p. 253.

[1032] Clementis Cohort. p. 12. Diog. Laert. Proœm. p. 3. Herodotus. l. 2. c. 49. Diodorus. l. 1. p. 87. l. 3. p. 300. Apollodorus. l. 1. p. 7.

[1033] Linus was the son of Apollo and Calliope. See Suidas, Λινος.

[1034] There were, in like manner, different places where he was supposed to have been buried.

[1035] Proœm. p. 5. Antholog. l. 3. p. 270. In like manner Zoroaster was said to have been slain by lightning.

[1036] Suidas, Ορφευς.

[1037] Tzetzes makes him live one hundred years before the war of Troy. Hist. 399. Chil. 12.

[1038] Ορφευς.

[1039] Vossius de Arte Poet. c. 13. p. 78.

[1040] Cicero de Nat. Deor. l. 1. c. 38. See also Ælian. Var. Hist. l. 8. c. 6.

[1041] C. 24. p. 84.

[1042] Through the whole of this I am obliged to dissent from a person of great erudition, the late celebrated Professor I. M. Gesner, of Gottingen: to whom, however, I am greatly indebted, and particularly for his curious edition of the Orphic poems, published at Leipsick, 1764.

[1043] All the Orphic rites were confessedly from Egypt. Diodorus above. See Lucian's Astrologus.

[1044] Suidas.

[1045] Maximus Tyrius. c. 37. p. 441.

[1046] Scholia upon the Hecuba of Euripides. v. 1267. See also the Alcestis. v. 968.

[1047] Plato de Repub. l. 10. p. 620.

[1048] Diodorus. l. 4. p. 282. The history of Aristæus is nearly a parody of the histories of Orpheus and Cadmus.

[1049] Ovid. Metamorph. l. 10. v. 81. The like mentioned of the Cadmians. See Æschylus. Ἑπτ' επι Θηβαις. Proœm. Ælian. Var. Hist. l. 13. c. 5.

[1050] Hecatæus apud Steph. Byzant. Λημνος. The first inhabitants are said to have been Thracians, styled Σιντιες και Σαπαιοι; the chief cities Myrina, and Hephaistia.

[1051] Philostrati Heroica. p. 677. εν κοιλῃ τη γῃ χρησμωδει.

[1052] Steph Byz. Χαλδαιος.

[1053] Pocock's Travels. vol. 2. p. 159.

[1054] Pausan. l. 6. p. 505.

[1055] See Huetii Demonst. Evang. pr. 4. p. 129.

[1056]

[1057] Servius in Virgil. eclog. 8. See Salmasius upon Solinus. p. 425.

[1058] Περι την πεντηκοστην Ολυμπιαδα. Tatianus. Assyr. p. 275. These were the Orphic hymns, which were sung by the Lycomedæ at Athens.

[1059] Diodorus Sic. l. 5. p. 322.

[1060]

There will be found in some circumstances a great resemblance between Cadmus and Orpheus.

[1061] Ὁι δε Φοινικες ὁυτοι ὁι συν Καδμῳ απικομενοι—εισηγαγον διδασκαλια ες τους Ἑλληνας, και δη και γραμματα, ουκ εοντα πριν Ἑλλησιν. Herod. l. 5. c. 58.

Literas—in Greciam intulisse e Phœnice Cadmum, sedecim numero. Pliny. l. 7. c. 56.

[1062] Plutarch. De genio Socratis. vol. 1. p. 578.

[1063] Plutarch. above.

[1064]

[1065] Pausanias. l. 8. p. 628.

[1066] He is said to have introduced Διονυσιακην, τελετουργιαν, φαλληφοριαν

[1067] Diodorus Sicul. l. 1. p. 20.

[1068] Cadmum Pherecydes. l. iv. Historiarum ex Agenore et Argiope, Nili fluvii filiâ natum esse tradidit. Natalis Comes. l. 8. c. 23. p. 481. There are various genealogies of this personage. Λιβυης της Επαφου και Ποσειδωνος, Αγηνωρ και Βηλος. Αγηνωρος και Αντιοπης της Βηλου Καδμος. Scholia Euripid. Phœniss. v. 5.

Φερεκυδης δε εν δ ὁυτω φησιν. Αγηνωρ δε ὁ Ποσειδωνος γαμει Δαμνω την Βηλου· των δε γινονται Φοινιξ και Ισαια, ἡν ισχει Αιγυπτος, και Μελια, ἡν ισχει Δαναος. επειτα ενισχει Αγηνωρ Αργιοπην την Νειλου του ποταμου· του δε γινεται Καδμος. Apollon. Scholia. l. 3. v. 1185.

[1069] Dionusiac. l. 4. p. 126.

[1070] V. 1206. The Poet calls the Thebans of Bœotia, Ωγυγου σπαρτος λεως.

[1071] Nonnus, l. 4. p. 126.

[1072] Euseb. Chron. p. 27. and Syncellus. p. 152.

[1073] See Pausan. l. 9. p. 734.

[1074] Φοινιξ και Καδμος, απο Θηβων των Αιγυπτιων εξελθοντες εις την Συριαν κτλ. Euseb. Chron. p. 27.

[1075] Diodorus Sic. l. 5. p. 329.

[1076] Καδμος—προσεσχε την Θηραν. Herod. l. 4. c. 147.

[1077] Conon apud Photium. p. 443. and Scholia Dionysii. v. 517. Ειχε δε ἱερον Ἡρακλεους ἡ Θασος, ὑπο των αυτων Φοινικων ἱδρυθεν, ὁι πλευσαντες κατα ζητησιν της Ευρωπης την Θασον εκτισαν.

[1078] Diodorus Sic. l. 5. p. 323.

[1079] Nonnus. l. 3. p. 86. Priene in Ionia called Cadmia. Strabo. l. 14. p. 943.

[1080] Lycophron. v. 219.

[1081] Steph. Byzant.

[1082] Nonnus. p. 86.

[1083] Auri metalla et conflaturam Cadmus Phœnix (invenit) ad Pangæum montem. Plin. l. 7. c. 56. Καδμος, και Τηλεφασσα εν Θρακῃ κατωκησαν. Apollodorus. l. 3. p. 130.

[1084] Plin. l. 34. c. 10. Hygin. f. 274.

[1085] Strabo. l. 14. p. 998.

[1086] Ibid. l. 10. p. 685.

[1087] Pausanias. l. 3. p. 245.

[1088] Herodotus. l. 5. c. 61.

[1089] Cedrenus. p. 23.

[1090] Apollodorus. l. 3. p. 143. Pausan. l. 9. p. 719.

[1091] Stephanus Byzantin.

[1092] Thucydid. l. 1. c. 5, 6.

[1093]

Diodorus says that he married her in Samothracia. l. 5. p. 323.

[1094] Nonnus. l. 13. p. 372.

[1095] Nonnus. l. 13. p. 370.

[1096] Stephanus Byzant. The Carthaginians are by Silius Italicus styled Cadmeans.

[1097] L. 1. c. 9, 10. p. 26. l. 2. c. 4. p. 87.

[1098] Moses Choren. l. 1. c. 9. p. 26. There was a city Cadmea in Cilicia. Καδμεια εκτισθη και Σιδη εν Κιλικια. Eusebii Chron. p. 30. l. 23.

[1099] Stephanus Byzant. Some think that this is a mistake for Καλχηδων, Chalcedon. But Chalcedon was not in Armenia, nor in its vicinity.

[1100] Cadmus was coeval with Dardanus. He was in Samothrace before the foundation of Troy. Diodorus Sicul. l. 5. p. 323. Yet he is said to be contemporary with the Argonauts: Clemens Alexandrinus Strom. l. 1. p. 382. and posterior to Tiresias, who was in the time of Epigonoi. Yet Tiresias is said to have prophesied of Cadmus, and his offspring.

The son of Cadmus is supposed to have lived at the time of the Trojan war: Lycophron. v. 217. and Scholia. His daughter Semele is said to have been sixteen hundred years before Herodotus, by that writer's own account. l. 2 c. 145. She was at this rate prior to the foundation of Argos; and many centuries before her father; near a thousand years before her brother.

[1101] See Excerpta ex Diodori. l. xl. apud Photium. p. 1152. concerning the different nations in Egypt, and of their migrations from that country.

[1102] Diana says to her father Jupiter,

The Egyptian Deities had many titles.

ISIDI. MYRIONYMÆ. Gruter. lxxxiii. n. 11.

[1103] Lycophron. v. 219.

[1104] Scholia. ibid.

[1105] Lycophron. Schol. v. 162.

[1106] Vetus Auctor apud Phavorinum.

[1107] Nonnus. l. 41. p. 1070. Harmonia, by the Scholiast upon Apollonius, is styled Νυμφη Ναϊς l. 2. v. 992. The marriage of Cadmus and Harmonia is said to be only a parody of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis. Diodorus. l. 5. p. 323.

[1108] Nonnus. l. 41. p. 1068.

[1109] Oraculum Apollinis Sminthei apud Lactantium, D. I. l. 1. c. 8. p. 32. She is styled the mother of the Amazons. Steph. Byzant. Ακμονια.

[1110] Nonnus. l. 12. p. 328.

[1111] Ibid.

[1112] Nonnus. l. 12. p. 328.

[1113] Plutarch. Sympos. l. 9. quæst. 13. p. 738.

[1114] Philo apud Euseb. P. E. l. 1. p. 31.

[1115] Judges. c. 3 v. 3. Hermon was particularly worshipped about Libanus, and Antilibanus, where was the country of the Cadmonites, and Syrian Hivites.

[1116] Lucian de Syriâ Deâ. p. 6.

[1117] Apud Proclum in Timæum. p. 121. See Orpheus. Fragm. p. 403.

[1118] Pyth. Ode 4. p. 237.

[1119] Herodotus. l. 1. c. 173.

[1120] Og, Ogus, Ogenus, Ogugus, Ωγυγης, Ωγενιδαι, all relate to the ocean.

[1121] Ανωτερω δε του Ισμενιου την κρηνην ιδοις αν, ἡντινα Αρεως φασιν ἱεραν ειναι, και δρακοντα ὑπο του Αρεως επιτεταχθαι φυλακα τῃ πηγῃ· προς ταυτη τῃ κρηνῃ ταφος εστι Καανθου· Μελιας δε αδελφον, και Ωκεανου παιδα ειναι Καανθον λεγουσιν σταληναι δε ὑπο του πατρος ζητησαντα ἡρπασμενην την αδελφην κτλ. Pausan. l. 9. p. 730.

[1122] Dicitur Europa fuisse Agenoris Phœnicum Regis, et Meliæ Nymphæ, filia. Natalis Comes. l. 8. p. 481.

[1123] So Phlegyas was said to have fired the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Euseb. Chron. p. 27. Apud Delphos templum Apollinis incendit Phlegyas. Lutatius Placidus upon Statius. Thebaid. l. 1. v. 703. But Phlegyas was the Deity of fire, prior to Apollo and his temple. Apollo is said to have married Coronis the daughter of Phlegyas. Hyginus. f. 161. and by her he had a son Delphus, from whom Delphi had its name. ibid. See Pausan. l. 10. p. 811. The mythologists have made Apollo slay Caanthus: but Caanthus, Cunthus, Cunæthus, were all titles of the same Deity called Chan-Thoth in Egypt.

[1124] Diodorus Siculus. l. 5. p. 331.

[1125] Solinus. l. 17.

[1126] Pausanias. l. 3. p. 245.

[1127] Palæphatus. p. 22.

[1128] Dionysiaca. l. 1. p. 42. l. 1. p. 38.

[1129] Strabo. l. 12. p. 867.

[1130] See Radicals. p. 95.

[1131] Places sacred to the Sun had the name of Achad, and Achor. Nisibis was so called. In Achor, quæ est Nisibis. Ephraimus Syrus. Et in Achad, quæ nunc dicitur Nisibis. Hieron. See Geograph. Hebræor. Extera. p. 227. of the learned Michaelis.

The Deity, called Achor, and Achad, seems to be alluded to by Isaiah. c. 65. v. 10. and c. 66. v. 17. Achad well known in Syria: Selden de Diis Syris. c. 6. p. 105.

[1132] Hoffman—Academia. Hornius. Hist. Philos. l. 7.

[1133] Και σφι Ἱρα εστι εν Αθηνῃσι ἱδρυμενα, των ουδεν μετα τοισι λοιποισι Αθηναιοισι, αλλα τε κεχωρισμενα των αλλων Ἱρων· και δη και Αχαιϊης Δημητρος Ἱρον τε και οργια. Herod. l. 5. c. 61.

[1134] Pausanias. l. 1. p. 71.

[1135] Diog. Laertius. l. 3. § 6. Hornius says, Academia a Cadmo nomen accepit, non ab Ecademo. l. 7. c. 3. but Ecademus, and Cadmus, were undoubtedly the same person. Harpocration thinks that it took its name from the person, who first consecrated it. Απο του Καθιερωσαντος Ακαδημου.

Ἡ μεν Ακαδημια απο Ἡρωος τινος Ακαδημου κτισαντος τον τοπον. Ulpian upon Demosthen. contra Timocratem.

[1136] Eupolis Comicus: εν Αστροτευτοις apud Laërtium in Vitâ Platonis. l. 3. §. 7.

[1137] Ην γαρ γυμνασιον απο Ακαδημου—περι αυτον δε ησαν ἁι οντως ἱεραι Ελαιαι της Θεου, ἁι καλουνται Μοριαι. Schol. upon Aristoph. Νεφελαι. v. 1001.

[1138] Ælian. Var. Hist. l. 3. c. 35.

[1139] Το δε χωριον ὁ Κεραμικος το μεν ονομα εχει απο Ἡρωος Κεραμου· Διονυσου τε ειναι και Αριαδνης. Pausan. l. 1. p. 8.

[1140] Gruter. Inscrip. p. 57. n. 13.

[1141] Pausan. l. 9. p. 779.

[1142] Athenæus. l. 11. p. 480.

[1143] Pliny. l. 5. c. 29.

[1144] Plutarch. Sympos. l. ix. c. 3. p. 738. Alpha likewise signified a leader: but I imagine, that this was a secondary sense of the word. As Alpha was a leading letter in the alphabet, it was conferred as a title upon any person who took the lead, and stood foremost upon any emergency.

[1145] Pausan. l. 9. p. 733.

[1146] Scholia in Aristoph. Βατραχ. v. 1256.

[1147] Herodot. l. 3. c. 28.

[1148]

[1149]

[1150] L. 4. p. 128.

[1151] Vossius de Idol. vol.3. Comment. in Rabbi M. Maimonidem de Sacrificiis. p. 76.

[1152] Justin Martyr. 1. Apolog. p. 60.

See Radicals. p. 59.

[1153] Europa was the same as Rhea, and Astarte. Lucian. Dea Syria.

[1154] Hence Nonnus alluding to the Tauric oracle, which Cadmus followed, calls it Assyrian: by this is meant Babylonian; for Babylonia was in aftertimes esteemed a portion of Assyria.

Ασσυριην δ' αποειπε τεης ἡγητορα πομπης. l. 4. p. 128.

[1155] Eusebius. P. E. l. 1. c. 10. p. 40.

[1156] Appian de Bello Syriac. p. 125.

Stephanus. Oropus.

[1157] Pliny. l. 5. c. 25.

[1158] Isidorus Characenus, apud Georgr. Vet. v. 2.

[1159] Clemens Alexand. l. 5. p. 680.

[1160] See D'Anville's Map of Syria.

[1161] Bochart Geog. Sacra. l. 4. p. 305.

[1162] Judges. c. 3. v. 1, 3.

[1163] Genesis. c. 10. v. 17.

[1164] Joshua. c.9. v. 3. and 7.

[1165] Joshua. c. 15. v. 9. and c. 18. v. 25, 26.

[1166] Eusebii. Chron. p. 27.

[1167] Cadmus is called Καδμων. Steph. Byzant. Ιλλυρια. Berkelius has altered it to Καδμος, though he confesses, that it is contrary to the evidence of every Edition and MSS.

[1168] Concerning Hivite Colonies, see backward. vol. 2. p. 207.

[1169] Diodorus Sic. l. 5. p. 327. 329.

[1170] Ibid.

[1171] Pausanias. l. 1. p. 83.

There was Oropia as well as Elopia in Eubœa. Steph. Byzant. Oropus in Macedonia. Ibid. Also in Syria: Orobii Transpadani. Europus near Mount Hæmus. Ptolemy. Europa in Epirus. Ibid.

[1172] Strabo. l. 9. p. 619.

[1173] Suidas. Epaminondas.

[1174] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 863.

[1175] Both Menelaus and Agamemnon were antient titles of the chief Deity. The latter is supposed to have been the same as Zeus, Æther, and Cœlus. He seems to have been worshipped under the symbol of a serpent with three heads. Hence Homer has given to his hero of this name a serpent for a device, both upon his breastplate, and upon his baldrick.

[1176] Pausanias. l. 1. p. 40. Strabo. l. 7. p. 499.

Aornon, and an oracular temple in Thesprotia. Pausanias. l. 9. p. 768.

[1177] Και εν Αιγυπτῳ Ακανθος, Μεμφιδος απεχουσα σταδιους τριακοσιους εικοσι·—εστι δε ἡ Αθαμανιας. Steph. Byzant.

[1178] Ειτα μετα τουτον εισιν ΟΡΕΙΤΑΙ λεγομενοι. Dicæarchus. Geog. Vet. vol. 2. p. 3. v. 45.

[1179] L. 2. c. 57, 58.

[1180] Κατα Βουθρωτον Φοινικη. Strabo. l. 7. p. 499. It was a place of great note. Polybius. l. 1. p. 94, 95.

[1181] Cæsar de Bello Civili. l. 3. c. 6.

[1182] Lucan. l. 5. v. 458.

[1183] Κομαρας. Strabo. l. 7. p. 500. The same observable in India-Petra Aornon near Comar. Arrian. Exped. p. 191. and Indic. p. 319.

[1184] Steph. Byzant.

[1185] Τεκμων πολις Θεσπρωτων. Steph. Byzant. See T. Livius. l. 45. c. 26.

[1186] 2 Samuel. c. 23. v. 8. In our version rendered the Tachmonite, chief among the captains.

[1187] Victoria ad Comum parta. T. Livius. l. 33. c. 36.

[1188] Gurtler. l. 2. p. 597.

[1189] Also a city Conope, by Stephanus placed in Acarnania.

[1190] Antoninus Liberalis. c. 12. p. 70. A city Conopium was also to be found upon the Palus Mæotis. Steph. Byzant.

[1191] Plin. l. 3. c. 16. The Cadmians of Liguria came last from Attica and Bœotia: hence we find a river Eridanus in these parts, as well as in the former country. Ποταμοι δε Αθηναιοις ῥεουσιν Ἑιλισσος τε, και Ηριδανῳ τῳ Κελτικῳ κατα αυτα ονομα εχων. κ. λ. Pausan. l. 1. p. 45.

[1192] Vol. 1. p. 376.

[1193] Lucan. l. 3. v. 187. The same is mentioned by the poet Dionysius.

[1194] Geog. Vet. vol. 1. p. 9. Here were Πετραι Πλαγται.

[1195] Nonni Dionys. l. 44. p. 1144.

[1196] Nonnus. l. 25. p. 646.

[1197] Λαινεην ποιησε κορυσσομενην Αριαδνην. Nonnus. l. 44. p. 1242.

[1198] Pausan. l. 9. p. 743.

[1199] See Goltius, Vaillant, and Suidas, Ἡρακλης.

[1200] —— λιθοις χωριον περιεχομενον λογασιν Οφεως καλουσιν ὁι Θηβαιοι κεφαλην. Pausan. l. 9. p. 747.

[1201] Pausan. l. 7. p. 579.

[1202] Τιμας θεων αντι αγαλματων ειχον αργοι λιθοι. Ibid.

[1203] Καδμος Φοινιξ λιθοτομιαν εξευρε, και μεταλλα χρυσου τα περι το Παγκαιον επενοησεν ορος. Clemens. Strom. l. 1. p. 363. See Natalis Comes of Cadmus.

[1204] Nonnus. Dionys. l. 4. p. 128.

[1205] Clemens. Alex. l. 6. p. 753.

[1206] Styled παιδες Ἡλιου by Diodorus. l. 5. p. 327.

[1207] Diodorus. l. 5. p. 328.

[1208] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 109.

[1209] Η τον Θοραιον, Πτωον, Ωριτην, θεον. Lycophron. v. 352.

[1210] Scholiast. Ibid.

[1211] Strabo. l. 10. p. 683.

[1212] Quæstiones Græcæ. p. 296.

[1213] Strabo. l. 10. p. 685.

[1214] Harpocration.

[1215] Strabo. l. 10. p. 683. Polybius. l. 11. p. 627.

[1216] Εν τῃ Ωριᾳ καλουμενῃ της Ἱστιαιωτιδος. Strabo. l. 10. p. 683.

Oria is literally the land of Ur.

[1217] Strabo. l. 10. p. 683. He mentions a domestic quarrel among some of this family, and adds, τους Ωριτας—πολεμουμενους ὑπο των Ελλοπιεων, that the Oritæ were attacked by the Ellopians.

[1218] Antoninus Liberalis. c. 25. p. 130.

[1219] Ἡ Ὑρια δε της Ταναγρικης νυν εστι, προτερον δε της Θηβαϊδος, ὁπου ὁ Ὑριος μεμυθευται, και ἡ του Ωριωνος γενεσις. Strabo. l. 9. p. 620. He is called Ὑριευς by Euphorion. See Homer. Σ. Scholia. v. 486.

[1220] Εστι και Ωριωνος μνημα εν Ταναγρα. Pausan. l. 9. p. 749.

[1221] Εστι δ' ἡ μεν Ὑρια προς τον Ευριπον. Steph. Byzant.

[1222] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 181.

[1223] Europus is the same as Oropus, and signifies Orus Pytho. Ops, Opis, Opus, Opas, all signify a serpent. Zeus was the same as Orus and Osiris; hence styled Europus, and Europas; which Homer has converted to Ευρυοπας, and accordingly styles Jupiter Ευρυοπα Ζευς.

[1224] Pausanias. l. 3. p. 245. ειναι δε αυτους Ὑραιου παιδας.

[1225] L. 2. c. 4. p. 87.

[1226] Nonnus. l. 4. p. 136.

[1227] Ο γαρ δη χρονος εκεινος ηνεγκεν ανθρωπους χειρων μεν εργοις, και ποδω ταχεσι, και σωματων ῥωμαις, ὡς εοικεν, ὑπερφυους, και ακαματους. Plutarch. in Theseo. p. 3.

[1228] Εστι δε και φυλον τι των Χαλδαιων, και χωρα της Βαβυλωνιας ὑπ' εκεινων οικουμενη, πλησιαζουσα και τοις Αραψι, και τη κατα Περσας λεγομενη θαλαττῃ. Εστι δε και των Χαλδαιων των Αστρονομικων γενη πλειω· και γαρ Ορχηνοι τινες προσαγορευονται. Strabo. l. 16. p. 1074.

[1229] Lucian de Astrolog. p. 987.

[1230] Χους, εξ ὁυ Αιθιοπες. Euseb. Chron. p. 11.

[1231] Πολον μεν γαρ, και γνωμονα, και τα δυωδεκα μερεα της ἡμερης παρα Βαβυλωνιων εμαθον Ἑλληνες. l. 2. c. 109.

[1232] L. 1. p. 32.

[1233] Nonnus. l. 1. p. 38.

[1234] Romæ Inscriptio Vetus.

[1235]

[1236] Ρεα, ἡνικα Ποσειδωνα ετεκε, τον μεν ες ποιμνην καταθεσθαι, διαιτην ενταυθα ἑξοντα μετα των αρνων. Pausan. l. 8. p. 6l3.

[1237] Scholia in Lycophron. v. 879.

[1238] Pausanias. l. 4. p. 337. So also says Eustathius. Ὁι δε φασι τον εκει Δια Αμμωνα κληθηναι απο τινος ὁμωνυμου Ποιμενος, προκαταρξαντος της του Ἱερου ἱδρυσεως. Schol. in Dionys. v. 211.

[1239] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 2. v. 515.

The same Poet of the nymph Cyrene.

[1240] Syncellus. p. 156.

[1241] Homer. Odyss. l. 1. Pastor Polyphemus of Virgil.

[1242] Macrobii Saturn. l. 1. c. 21. p. 210.

[1243] Hyginus. Fab. 68. Euri, and Eueris Filius. He is by Theocritus styled Μαντις Ευηρειδης. Idyl. 24. v. 70.

[1244] Nonni Dionys. l. 40. p. 1038.

[1245] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 128.

[1246] Cleanthes περι Θρομαχιας, quoted by Plutarch de Flum. Φασις.

[1247] Plutarch de Flum. Ισμηνος.

[1248] Herodotus. l. 5. c. 61.

[1249] Plut. de Fluv. Inachus.

[1250] Virgil. Æneid. l. 7. v. 678.

[1251] T. Livius. l. 1. c. 7.

[1252] Virgil. l. 8. v. 198.

[1253] Ἡ Ποιμανδρις εστιν ἡ αυτη τῃ Ταναγρικῃ. Strabo. l. 9. p. 619.

[1254] Ποιμανδρια πολις Βοιωτιας, ἡ και Ταναγρα καλουμενη. Schol. Lycoph. v. 326. Ποιμανδρια is by some interpreted mulctrale: but that was not the original purport of the word.

[1255] Hermes Trismegistus, sive Ποιμανδρης.

[1256] Syncellus. p. 126. Eusebius. Chron. p. 24.

[1257] By which are meant the Syrians, Arabians, and Armenians. Το μεν γαρ των Αρμενιων εθνος, και το των Συρων, και των Αραβων πολλην ὁμοφυλιαν εμφαινει κατα τε την διαλεκτον, και τους βιους, και τους των σωματων χαρακτηρας κτλ.—εικαζειν δε δει και τας των εθνων τουτων κατονομασιας εμφερεις αλληλαις ειναι. Strabo. l. 1. p. 70.

[1258] Zonaras. l. 1. p. 21.

[1259] Tacitus. Hist. l. 5. c. 2.

[1260] It should perhaps be proximas urbes. The same history is alluded to by Eusebius. Επι Απιδος του Φορωνεως μοιρα του Αιγυπτιων στρατου εξεπεσεν Αιγυπτου, ὁι εν Παλαιστινη καλουμενη Συριᾳ ου ποῤῥω Αραβιας ωκησαι. Euseb. Chron. p. 26.

[1261] Lucian de Deâ Syriâ.

[1262] They were in each country styled the mourning for Thamas, and Thamuz.

[1263] Εχουσι δε και αλλο Φοινικες Ἱρον, ουκ Ασσυριον, αλλα Αιγυπτιον, το εξ Ἡλιουπολιος ες την Φοινικην απικετο. κλ. Lucian de Deâ Syriâ.

[1264] In Bœtica they were called Oritani. Strabo. l. 8. p. 204.

There were Oritæ in Epirus. Dicæarchus status Græciæ. Μετα τουτον εισιν Ορειται. p. 4. v. 45.

Oritæ in Persis. Arrian. l. 4. c. 26. also in Gedrosia. See Auctor Peripli Maris Erythræi.

Προς τον δυσιν του Ινδου ποταμου Οριται. Schol. Dionys. v. 1095. Ωριται εθνος Ινδικον. Steph. Byzant. There were Oritæ in Persis, hard by the Cutha of Josephus. Ant. l. 9. c. 4. and c. 15.

[1265] Clemens. Alexand. Strom. l. 1. p. 382.

[1266] Diodorus Siculus. l. 1. p. 24.

[1267] Ex Diodori. l. xl. apud Photium. p. 1152.

[1268] A similar account is given by the same author. l. 1. p. 24.

[1269] Zonaras. v. 1. p. 22. Also Syncellus. p. 102.

[1270] He is very full upon this head. Contra Apion. l. 1. p. 443. and 444.

[1271] Plato. Critias. vol. 3. p. 110.

[1272] Legatio. p. 279.

[1273] Και απο των ονοματων δε ενιων το βαρβαρον εμφαινεται. Κεκροψ, και Κοδρος, και Αικλος (read Αρκλος) και Κοθος. κ. λ. l. 7. p. 495.