GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND DIFFICULT TERMS USED IN THIS VOLUME.

Adjunctive, having the quality of joining.

Alluvial, pertaining to the deposits of sand, clay, or gravel, made by river action.

Amalgamate, to mix or blend different things or races.

Antero-posterior, in a direction from behind forward.

Aphelion, that point of a planet's or comet's orbit which is most distant from the sun.

Archæo-geologist, one versed in pre-historic remains, or familiar with both archæology and geology.

Archives, public records and papers preserved as evidence of fact.

Aryan, a term applied to all the nations who speak languages derived mainly from the Sanskrit, or ancient Hindoo.

Atomic, a system of philosophy which accounted for the origin and formation of all things by assuming that atoms are endowed with gravity and motion.

Auditory, having the power of hearing.

Baton, a staff used as an emblem of authority.

Brachycephalic, a skull whose transverse diameter exceeds the antero-posterior diameter.

Breccia, a rock made up of angular fragments cemented together.

Bronze, an alloy of copper, with from ten to thirty per cent. of tin, to which other metals are sometimes added.

Calcareous, consisting of, or containing, carbonate of lime.

Calcined, reduced to a powder, or friable state, by the action of heat.

Carbonate, a salt formed by the union of carbonic acid with a base.

Carnivora, an order of animals which subsist on flesh.

Carpal, that portion of the skeleton pertaining to the wrist.

Cataclysm, a deluge.

Celt, one of an ancient race of people who formerly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Europe; an implement made of stone or metal, found in the ancient tumuli of Europe.

Cereal, edible grain.

Champlain Epoch, a name derived from the beds on the borders of Lake Champlain. The beds are subsequent in origin to the glacial epoch.

Chert, an impure variety of flint.

Clavicle, the collar-bone.

Conglomerate, rock made of pebbles cemented together.

Coronoid, the process of the ulna and lower jaw.

Cosmogony, the science of the origin of the world or universe.

Cranium, the skull.

Crannoges, small islets in the lakes of Ireland and Scotland, used by the ancients as places of habitation.

Crucible, a vessel capable of enduring great heat, and used for melting ores, metals, etc.

Cyclical, pertaining to a periodical space of time marked by the recurrence of something peculiar.

Data (pl. of datum), a ground of inference or deduction.

Debris (dā-breé), fragments detached from rocks, and piled up in masses.

Demi-relief, the projection of one half the figure beyond the plane from which it rises.

Dendrites, a stone on which are tree-like markings.

Devonian, the geological age between the Silurian and Carboniferous.

Diluvium, the time when the glacial beds were deposited.

Diorite, a tough rock, in color whitish, speckled with black, or greenish black.

Dolichocephalic, a skull whose diameter from the frontal to the occipital bone exceeds the transverse diameter.

Dorsal, the name given to the second division of the vertebræ.

Drift, a collection of loose earth and bowlders, distributed during the glacial epoch over large portions of the earth's surface.

Druidical, pertaining to the religious ceremonies of the ancient Celtic nations in France, Britain, and Germany.

Dynasty, a succession of kings of the same line or family.

Eccentricity, the distance of the centre of the orbit of a heavenly body from the centre of the body round which it revolves.

Edible, eatable.

Elliptical, having an oval or oblong figure.

Eocene, the oldest of the three epochs of the tertiary.

Epoch, any period of time marked by some particular cause or event.

Esplanade, a clear space, or grass plat.

Fauna, the animals of any given area or epoch.

Flora, the complete system of vegetable species native in a given locality, or period.

Fluor-spar, a mineral of beautiful colors, composed by fluorine and calcium.

Fluvio-marine, the deposits formed by the joint action of a river and the sea.

Foramen, a little opening.

Fossa, a depression in a bone.

Fossil, the form of a plant or animal in the strata composing the surface of the earth.

Genus (pl. genera), an assemblage of species possessing certain characters in common, by which they are distinguished from all others.

Geode, an irregular shaped stone, containing a small cavity.

Geognostic, pertaining to a knowledge of the structure of the earth.

Glabella, the middle or frontal protuberance of the superciliary arch.

Glaciation, the process of becoming covered with glaciers.

Glacier, an immense mass of ice, or snow and ice, formed in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down mountain slopes or valleys.

Gneiss, a crystalline rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica.

Herbivora, that order of animals which subsists upon herbs or vegetables.

Homologous, having the same typical structure.

Humerus, the bone of the arm nearest the shoulder.

Hybrid, that which is produced from the mixture of two species.

Ilium, the upper part of the hip bone.

Jade, a hard and compact stone, of a dark green color, and capable of a fine polish.

Lambdoidal, the suture which connects the occipital with the parietal bones.

Leptinite, a fine-grained granitic rock.

Loam, a soil composed of siliceous sand, clay, carbonate of lime, oxide of iron, magnesia, and various salts, and also decayed vegetable and animal matter.

Loess, a term usually applied to a tertiary deposit on the banks of the Rhine.

Lumbar, the vertebræ near the loins.

Mammalia, that class of animals characterized by the female suckling its young.

Marl, a mixed earthy substance, consisting of carbonate of lime, clay, and siliceous sand.

Mastoid, a process situated at the posterior part of the temporal bone.

Matrix, a mould; the cavity in which a thing is held.

Maxillary, the upper jaw bone.

Metacarpal, the part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers.

Metallurgy, the art of working metals.

Metatarsal, the middle part of the foot.

Miocene, the middle or second epoch of the Tertiary.

Molar, a grinding tooth.

Mold, or mould, a prepared cavity used in casting; to form or shape; fine soft earth.

Mollusca, an order of invertebrate animals having a soft, fleshy body, which is inarticulate, and not radiate internally.

Moraine, a line of blocks and gravel extending along the sides of separate glaciers, and along the middle part of glaciers formed by the union of one or more separate ones.

Nebulous, having a faint, misty appearance; applied to uncondensed gaseous matter.

Neolithic, new stone age; a term applied to the more modern age of stone.

Nummulitic, composed of, or containing a fossil of a flattened form, resembling a small coin, and common in the early tertiary period.

Obsidian, a kind of glass produced by volcanoes.

Occipital, pertaining to the back part of the head.

Ochreous, consisting of fine clay, containing iron.

Olecranon, the large process at the extremity of the larger bone of the fore-arm.

Onusprobandi, the burden of proof.

Orbit, the cavity in which the eye is located; the path described by a heavenly body in its periodical revolution.

Osar, a low ridge of stone or gravel formed by glaciers.

Oscillation, the act of moving backward and forward.

Osseous, composed of bone.

Osteologist, one versed in the nature, arrangement, and uses of the bones.

Oxide, a compound of oxygen, and a base destitute of acid and saltish properties.

Pachyderm, a non-ruminant animal, characterized by the thickness of its skin.

Palæolithic, the ancient stone age; a term applied to the earliest traces of man when he was cotemporary with many extinct mammalia.

Palæontological, belonging to the science of the ancient life of the earth.

Parallelogram, a figure having four sides, the opposite sides of which are parallel, and consequently equal.

Parietal, pertaining to the bones which form the sides and upper part of the skull.

Pathological, pertaining to the knowledge of disease.

Pelvic, pertaining to the open, bony structure at the lower extremity of the body.

Perihelion, that point in the orbit of a planet, or comet, in which it is nearest to the sun.

Perimeter, the outer boundary of a body.

Phalanges, the small bones of the fingers and toes.

Philologist, one versed in the laws of human speech.

Pliocene, a term applied to the most recent tertiary deposits.

Post-Tertiary, the second period of the age of mammals.

Prototype, a model after which anything is to be copied.

Quadrangular, having four angles, and consequently four sides.

Quadrumana, an order of animals whose fore feet correspond to the hands of man.

Quartz, a stone of great hardness, with a glassy lustre, and varying in color from white, or colorless, to black.

Quartzite, granular quartz.

Quaternary, same as Post-Tertiary.

Radius, the smaller and exterior bone of the fore-arm.

Reliquiæ, remains of the dead.

Rhematic, that period when men first began to coin expressions for the most necessary ideas.

Rodent, an animal that gnaws.

Ruminant, an animal that chews the cud.

Sagittal, the suture which connects the parietal bones of the skull.

Savant (sä-vŏng), a person eminent for acquirements.

Scapula, the shoulder-blade.

Schist, a rock having a slaty structure.

Scientist, a person noted for his profound knowledge.

Sediment, the matter which subsides to the bottom.

Semitic, pertaining to one of the families of nations, or languages, and so named from its members being ranked as the descendants of Shem.

Serpentine, a soft, massive stone, in color dark to light green.

Siliceous, containing silica, or flinty matter.

Simian, a name given to the various tribes of monkeys.

Squamous, the anterior and upper part of the temporal bone, scale-like in form.

Stalagmite, a deposit of earthy matter, made by calcareous water dropping on the floors of caverns.

Stratified, formed or deposited in layers.

Stratum (pl. strata), a bed or layer.

Subsidence, the act of sinking or gradually descending.

Superciliary, the bony superior arch above the eye-brow.

Suture, the seam which unites the bones of the skull.

Symphysis, a connection of bones without a movable joint.

Talus, a sloping heap of fragments of rocks lying at the foot of a hill.

Tarsal, relating to the ankle.

Temporal, pertaining to that portion of the head located to the front and a little above the ear.

Terra-cotta, a kind of pottery made from fine clay, hardened by heat.

Tertiary, the first period of the age of mammals.

Thoracic, pertaining to the breast or chest.

Troglodyte, an inhabitant of a cave.

Truncated, cut off.

Tufaceous, consisting of, of resembling, tuff.

Tuff, a sand rock formed by agglutinated volcanic rock.

Turanian, that order of languages known as monosyllabic.

Ulna, the larger of the two bones of the fore-arm.

Veda, the ancient sacred literature of the Hindoos.

Vertebra, a joint of the back bone.