from the Origins To the Renaissance (continued 9)

He dwells at length on the misdeeds of the wicked Malouins, who are stopped by nothing, obey no one, and are protected by the innumerable rocks of their bays, amidst which they alone know the passages. Conclusion:

The anxious injunctions scattered in the "Libelle" must not be taken, any more than Parliamentary speeches of later date, as implying that the nation had no confidence in itself. The instinct of nationality, formerly so vague, has grown from year to year since the Conquest: the English are now proud of everything English; they are proud of their navy, in spite of its defects; of their army, in spite of the reverses it suffered; of the wealth of the Commons; they even boast of their robbers. Anything one does should be well done; if they have thieves, these thieves will prove the best in the world. The testimony of Sir John Fortescue, knight, Lord Chief Justice, and Chancellor of England, who must have known about the thieves, is decisive on this point. He writes, in English prose, a treatise on absolute and limited monarchy[870]; admiration for his country breaks out on every page. It is the time of the Two Roses, but it matters little with him; like many others in his day, he does not pay while writing much attention to the Roses. England is the best governed country in the world; it has the best laws; the king can do nothing unless his people consent. In this manner a just balance is maintained: "Our Comons be riche, and therfor they gave to their kyng, at sum tymys quinsimes and dismes, and often tymys other grete subsydyes.... This might thay not have done, if they had ben empoveryshyd by their kyng, as the Comons of Fraunce." Fortescue puts forth a theory often confirmed since then: if the Commons rebel sometimes, it is not the pride of wealth that makes them, but tyranny; for, were they poor, revolts would be far more frequent: "If thay be not poer, thay will never aryse, but if their prince so leve Justice, that he gyve hymself al to tyrannye." It is true that the Commons of France do not rebel (Louis XI. then reigned at Plessis-lez-Tours); Fortescue is shocked at that, and remonstrates against their "lacke of harte."

Some people might say that there are a great many thieves in England. They are numerous, Fortescue confesses, there is no doubt as to that; but the country finds in them one more cause to be proud: "It hath ben often seen in Englond that three or four thefes, for povertie hath sett upon seven or eight true men and robbyd them al." The thieves of France are incapable of such admirable boldness. On this account "it is right seld that French men be hangyd for robberye," says Fortescue, who had never, judging by the way he talks, passed by Montfaucon, nor come across poor Villon; "thay have no hertys to do so terryble an acte. There be therfor mo men hangyd in Englonde in a yere for robberye and manslaughter than their be hangid in Fraunce for such cause of crime in seven yers."[871] As a judge, Fortescue hangs the thieves; as an Englishman he admires their performances: the national robber is superior to all others. An engraving in Punch represents a London drunkard carried off by two policemen; the street boys make comments: "They couldn't take my Father up like that," says one of them, "it takes six Policemen to run him in!" If this boy ever becomes Chief Justice, he will write, in the same spirit, another treatise like Fortescue's.

Thus is popularised in that century the art of prose; the uses made of it are not unprecedented, but they are far more frequent. This is one more sign that the nation settles and concentrates; does not stand on tiptoe, but sits comfortably. Previous examples are followed; there are schools of prose writers as of poets. Bishop Pecock employs Wyclif's irony to defend what Wyclif had attacked; pilgrimages, friars, the possessions of the clergy, the statues and paintings in churches.[872] His forcible eloquence is embittered by sarcasms; he continues a tradition, dear to the English race, and one which, constantly renewed, will come down to Swift and to the humourists of the eighteenth century. Boiling over with passion, he does his best to speak coldly and without moving a finger. Wyclif wants everything to be found in the Bible, and forbids pilgrimages, which are not spoken of in it. But then, says Pecock, we are greatly puzzled, for how should we dare to wear breeches, which the Bible does not mention either? How justify the use of clocks to know the hour? And with great seriousness, in a calm voice, he discusses the question: "For though in eeldist daies, and though in Scripture, mensioun is maad of orologis, schewing the houris of the dai bi the schadew maad bi the sunne in a cercle, certis nevere, save in late daies, was eny clok telling the houris of the dai and nyht bi peise and bi stroke; and open it is that noughwhere in holi scripture is expresse mensioun made of eny suche." Where does the Bible say that it should be translated into English?[873] In the same tone of voice Wyclif had pointed out, in the preceding century, the abuses of the Church; in the same tone of voice the author of "Gulliver" will point out, three centuries later, the happy use that might be made of Irish children as butcher's meat.

The thing to be remembered for the moment is that the number of prose-writers increases. They write more abundantly than formerly; they translate old treatises; they unveil the mysteries of hunting, fishing, and heraldry; they compose chronicles; they rid the language of its stiffness. To this contributes Sir Thomas Malory, with his compilation called "Morte d'Arthur," in which he includes the whole cycle of Britain. The work was published by Caxton, the first English printer, who was also a prose-writer.[874] They even write on love; prose now retaliates upon verse, and trespasses on the domains of poetry.[875]

The diminished importance of the nobles and of the feudal aristocracy, the increased importance of the citizens and of the working class, bring the various elements of the nation nearer to each other, and this fact will have a considerable effect on literature: the day will come when the same author can address the whole audience and write for the whole nation. In a hundred years it will be necessary to take into consideration the judgment of the English people, both "high men" and "low men," on intellectual things; there will stand in the pit a mob whose declared tastes and exigences will cause the most stubborn of the Elizabethan poets to yield. Ben Jonson will be less classic and more English than he would have liked to be; he intended to introduce a chorus into his tragedy of "Sejanus"; the fear of the pit prevented him; he grumbles, but submits.[876] The thrift and the toil of the English peasant and craftsman in the fifteenth century had thus an unexpected influence on literature: they contributed to form an audience for Shakespeare.

IV.

The new times are preparing, in still another manner; the gods are to come down from Olympus and dwell once more among men.

While the ancient literature is dying out, another is growing which is to replace it in France, but which will continue it, transformed and rejuvenated, in England. Rome and Athens will give England a signal, not laws; but this signal is an important one; happy the nations who have heard it; it was the signal for awakening.

In that Italy visited by Chaucer in the fourteenth century, the passion for antiquity goes on increasing; the Latins no longer suffice, the Greeks must be known. Petrarch worshipped a manuscript of Homer, but it was for him a dumb fetish: the fetish has now become a god, and utters oracles that all the world understands. The city of the Greek emperors is still standing, and there letters shine with a last lustre. While the foe is at its gates, it rectifies its grammars, goes back to origins, rejects new words, and revives the ancient language of Demosthenes. Never had the town of Constantine been more Greek than on the eve of its destruction.[877] The fame of its rhetoricians is spread abroad; men come from Italy to hear John Argyropoulos, the Chrysoloras, the famous Chrysococcès, deacon of St. Sophia and chief Saccellary.

But the fatal hour is at hand, the era of the Crusades is over; an irresistible ebb has set in; Christendom draws back in its turn. No longer is it necessary to go to Jerusalem to battle against the infidel; he is found at Nicopolis and Kossovo. The illustrious towns of the Greek world fall one after the other, and the exiled grammarians seek shelter with the literate tyrants of Italy, bringing with them their manuscripts. Some, like Theodore Gaza, have been driven from Thessalonica, and teach at Mantua and at Sienna; others left after the fall of Trebizond.

On the throne of the Paleologues sits Constantine XII., Dragassès. Brusa is no longer the capital of the Turks; they have left far behind them the town of the green mosques, of the great platanes and tombs of the caliphs, they have crossed the Bosphorus and are established at Salonica, Sophia, Philippopolis. Adrianople is their capital for the time being; Mahomet II. commands them. Opposite the "Castle of Asia," Anatoli Hissar, he has built on the Bosphorus the "Castle of Europe," Roumel Hissar, with rose-coloured towers; he is master of both shores.

He approaches nearer to the town, and draws up his troops under the wall facing Europe; he has a hundred and thirty cannon; he opens fire on the 11th of April, 1453. On the 28th of May, the Turks take up their positions for the onset; whilst in Byzantium a long procession of priests and monks, carrying the wood of the true cross, miraculous statues and relics of saints, wends its way for the last time. The assault begins at two o'clock in the morning; part of a wall, near the gate of St. Romanus, falls in; the "Cercoporta" gate is taken. The struggle goes on in the heart of the town; the emperor is killed; the basilica erected by Justinian to Divine Wisdom, St. Sophia, which was in the morning filled with a praying multitude, contains now only corpses. The smoke of an immense fire rises under the sky.

All that could flee exiled themselves; the Greeks flocked to Italy. Out of the plundered libraries came a number of manuscripts, with which Nicholas V. and Bessarion enriched Rome and Venice. The result of the disaster was, for intellectual Europe, a new impulse given to classic studies.

With the glare of the fire was mingled a light as of dawn; its rays were to illuminate Italy and France, and, further towards the North, England also.

FOOTNOTES:

INDEX.

Abbeys, 158 ff. A. B. C., 275. Abel, 475. Abélard, 170, 461. Abernun, P. d', 120. Abraham and Isaac, a play, 466. Abstractions, personified, 218, 331, 490. Achilles, 129, 310. Acta Sanctorum, 470. Actors, 446 ff., 467 ff. Adam, in Anglo-Saxon Bible, 72, and Eve, 359; 381, a mystery, 468 ff., 474 ff. Adam, "scriveyn," 339. Addison, 296. Adgar, 123. Adrian IV., pope, 111, 188. Ælfric, 45, 88 ff., 205, 449. Aelred of Rievaulx, 154, 193, 213, 445 ff. Æneas the Trojan, 114, 129, 295, see "Enéas." Æsop, 508. Æthelberht, 61. Æthelred, 79. Æthelstan, 28, 46, 93. Æthelwold, 88. Æthelwulf, 63. Aetius, 26. Agricola, 20. Ailill, 13. Aïmer, 147. Aix, Albert d', 409. Alaric, 26. Albin, St., 220. Alchemist, in Chaucer, 325, 327. Alcuin, 65 ff., 81, 82. Aldhelm, 66, his riddles, 72. "Alemanni," 25. Alexander, romances on, 127 ff.; 222. Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, 162. Alfred the Great, 27, 28, 61, 63, life and works, 79 ff.; 243. Aliénor of Aquitaine, 112. Aliénor of Provence, 112, 454. Allegories, in Roman de la Rose, 276 ff. Allen, Grant, on Germanic names, 31, on Norman names, 244. Alliteration, in Anglo-Saxon and in French, 37 ff., in Aldhelm, 66, after the Conquest, 205 ff.; 245, Chaucer's opinion about, 339; 348, 351, in Langland, 401. Ambrose, companion of Richard Cœur-de-Lion, 121. America, discovered, 491. Amis and Amile, 142, 229. Ammianus Marcellinus, 32, 114. Anatomy of Abuses, 346. Anchoresses, 153, 211 ff. Ancren Riwle, 211 ff., 218, 247. Anderida, 30. Andreas, 39, 69, 73 ff. Anelida see Complaint. Angevin England, literature of, Bk. ii. c. ii., iii., iv., 116 ff.; survives in Gower, 364. Angle, Sir Guichard d', 284. Angles, 22, 25, 27, 84. "Angli," 20. Anglo-Saxons, their name, 28, vocabulary, 29, national poetry, Bk. i. c. iii., 36 ff., Mss. and art of, 45, 63, 65, despondency of, 47 ff., 56 ff., their idea of death, 57 ff., their Christian literature, Bk. i. c. iv., 60 ff., their internal divisions, 93, how transformed by Norman conquest, 203 ff., 250, mind and genius of, 300, 316, 344, 402, Chaucer and the, 338 ff. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 46, 47, 62, 86 ff., on Hastings, 100, 103, on William, 105 ff. Anne of Bohemia, 265, 454 ff. Annebaut, R. d', 120. Anselm, St., 165, 193, 198. Antenor, the Trojan, 113. Antigone of Sophocles, 34. Antiocheis, 176. Antoninus Pius, 19, 20. Apelles, 286, 294. Apollinia, life of St., and drama on, 470 ff. Apollonius of Tyre, in A.S., 79. Appius and Virginia, 325, 330. Aquinas, St. Thomas, 165. Arabian Nights, 496. Arbois de Jubainville, d', on Celts, 5 ff. Arc, Joan of, 256, 354, 459. Architecture, of the Anglo-Saxons, 63, Norman, 107, perpendicular, 261, with "pinnacles," 297; 353, of Westminster Hall, 414. Argentille, 223. Argyropoulos, 523. Ariosto, 17, 97. Aristotle, 120, 165, 173, 194, 380. "Armachanus," see Fitzralph. Armenia, 201. Armorica, 33. "Army," the Danish, 80. Arnold, T., on Beowulf, 48, on Wyclif, 432. Art: Henry III.'s style, 200, 262, gold and silver tablets, cups, &c., 258 ff., pictures, 258, 262, miniatures, 259, tapestries, 262, embroidery, 264, statue from the nude, 265, painted walls and stained glass, 280, in Italy, 285 ff., antique, 287 ff., portrait of Chaucer, 341, 503, favoured by Plantagenets, 353 ff., tomb of Gower, 365, Malvern Church, 376, picture by Fouquet, 470 ff., fresco at Stratford-on-Avon, 494; see Architecture, Miniatures. Arthur, King, early songs on, 32; 112, 113, 127; cycle of, 131 ff.; 177, in Layamon, 220 ff.; 222, 226, 348 ff. Ass, feast of the, 452. Asser, 81, 82. Astrée, 139. Astrolabe, 337, 341, 411. Attila, 26, 44, 48. Aucassin, 227, 404, 503. Augier, of St. Frideswide's, 123. Augustine, comes to England, 60 ff. Augustus, the emperor, 129, 481, 486. Aungerville, Sir R., 166. Ausonius, 33. Avebury, circles at, 4. Avesbury, Robert of, 174, 201. Avignon, 158, 391, 420. Avit, St., bishop of Vienna, 75. Ayenbite of Inwyt, 214. Aymon, 156. Bacchanals, 449 ff. Bacchus, theatre of, 476. Bacon, Roger, 165, 193, 194. "Badin," on the stage, 492. Bailey, Harry, of the "Tabard," 316 ff., 321 ff., 341. Balade de bon Conseyl, 341. Balduf, 221. Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, 176, 177, 198. John Ball, priest, 359, 368, 401, 413, 491. Ballads, by Chaucer, 271, on Griselda, 332; 352 ff., by Gower, 366 ff.; 512, see "Chansons," and Songs. Ballets, 456. Barbour, J., 361 ff., 507. Bards, Celtic, 10. Barking, Clemence of, 123. Barry, Gerald de, on Welshmen, 10; 19, 117, 134, 176, 192, 198. Barry, Richard de, 203. Barry, William de, 198. Bartholomew, St., life of, in A.S., 91. Bartholomew the Englishman, 169, 195, 225, 406. Bath, ruins at, 19, 59. "Battle," Bk. ii. c. i., 97 ff. Battle abbey, 102 ff. Bavaria, Isabeau of, 455. Bayard, a horse, 271. Bayeux tapestry, 100. Beauchamp, family of, 109. Beaufort, Jane, 504. Beaumont, Louis de, bishop of Durham, 162. Beauty, physical, 264, Chaucer's idea of, 292; 353, ff. Beauveau, Pierre de, 311, 354. Becket, St. Thomas, life in French, 123; 156, 165, 188 ff., 208, 319. Bede, 57, 62, life and works, 66 ff., 81, translated by Alfred, 82 ff.; 205, 220. Bedford, George Neville, duke of, 515. Bédier, on fabliaux, 142. Bello Trojano, De, 176. Beowulf, 37 ff., 45, 47, analysis of, 48 ff., compared with Roland, 54 ff.; 99, 219, 338. Bercheur, Pierre, 183. Berger, S., on Bible, 433. Berkeley, Edward of, 284. Bernard, St., 188, 191. Berners, Dame Juliana, 522. Bernlak de Haut Désert, 350. Bérou, author of a Tristan, 134. Berry, Jean duc de, 76. Beryn, tale of, 320. Bessarion, 168, 525. Bestiaire d'Amour, 123. Bestiaries, 76, 123, 214, 276, 409. Betenham, William, 312. Bevis of Hampton, 223. Bible, in Anglo-Saxon, 71 ff., by Ælfric, 87, in English, in French, 207; 315, quoted in Parliament, 415 ff., translated by Wyclif, 432 ff., dramatised, 489, Pecock on, 521. "Bibles," moral works, 366. Biblesworth, Walter de, 237. Bigod, 250, 109. Biquet, Robert, 226. Biscop, Benedict, 66. Bishops, warrior, learned, saintly, 162 ff. Blacke, Anthony, 256. Black Prince, 232, 242, 262, 264, 284, 425. Blanket, of Bristol, 256. Blickling Homilies, 45, 88 ff. Boccaccio, 143, 268, 282, 288 ff., 299 ff., 320 ff., 332, 370 ff., 499. Body and Soul, debate of, 230. Boece, translated by Alfred, 82, 84 ff.; 165, 175, translated by Chaucer, 291; 339, 411, 490, 505. Bohemia, heresies in, 438. Bohemond, of Antioch, 107. Böhler, Peter, 438. Bohun, 109, 250. Boileau, 330, 473. Boke of Nurture, 264, of St. Albans, 522. Boldensele, William of, 409. Bollandus, 470. Bonaventure, St., 214. Boncuor, William de, 272. Boniface, St., 64, 65, 68. Boniface VIII., 432. Book of Cupid, 279, of the Duchesse, 272, 279 ff., 499, of Nurture, 264, of St. Albans, 522. "Börn," 44. Bossert, on Tristan, 135 ff. Bourgogne, Jean de, à la barbe, 407 ff. Bourse pleine de sens, 226. Bozon Nicole, 118, 123. Bracton, H. de, 196, 235, 254. Bradford-on-Avon, Anglo-Saxon Church at, 63. Bradshaigh, lady, 333. Bradshaw, on Chaucer, 324 ff. Bradwardine, archbishop, 193, 194. Brakelonde, Jocelin de, 124. Brampton, Thomas, 496. Brandan, St., 209, 210. Brantingham, Thomas de, 452. Breakspeare, Nicolas, 111, 188. Brescia, Albertano de, 325, 331. Brétigny, peace of, 271, 391. Britain, Celtic, Bk. i. c. i., 3 ff. Britons, 7 ff., not destroyed by Anglo-Saxons, 29 ff.; 177, "gentil," 330, 338. Brittany, its literature, 13, how populated, 33; 132. Broker, Nicolas, 265. Bromyard, John of, 183. Brooke, Stopford, 39, 72. Browning, Robert, 342, and Preface. Bruce, David, 115. Bruce, the, 361. Brunanburh, ode on, 46. Brunne, see Mannyng. Brut of Layamon, 219 ff. Brutus the Trojan, 112, 114. Bukton, 341. Bunyan, 57, 216, 382. Burgundy, Henry of, 107. Burnellus, the ass, 178. Burns, Robert, 510. Burton, Thomas of, 266. Bury, Richard of, 166 ff., 169, 175, 188, 202, 203. Byrhtnoth, 47. Byron, lord, 38, 139. Cædmon, 45, 68, life and works, 70 ff. Cæsar, on Celts, 6, 7, 11, 18, on Germans, 23; 29, 222. Cain, 475. Callisthenes, pseudo, 128, 129. Cambinscan, 325. Cambrensis, see Barry. Cambridge, University of, 173 ff. Canterbury, Gervase of, 202. " Thomas of, 258. Canterbury Tales, 245, 296, 313 ff., 373, 497, 499, 511. Canynges, of Bristol, 515. Capet, Hugues, 99. Capgrave, 496, 522. Caracalla, 19. Carlyle, T., 87. Carols, 349. Carpenter's Tools, 230, 443. Cartaphilus, 201. Castle of Love, 214. Castle of Perseverance, 491. Castoiement d'un père à son fils, 370, 447. Cathedrals, Norman, 107 ff., 124, 162. Catherine, life of St., 459, drama on St., 459 ff. Cato on Gauls, 9. Causa Dei, De, 194. Caxton, 152, 342, 366, 372, 406, 515, 521, 522. Ceadwalla, 63. Celestinus, 185. Cecile, St., see Lyf of. Celts, name, origin, literature, religion of the, 5 ff.; fate after the A.S. conquest, 29 ff., their ideal, 210, wit and genius, 300, 402, in Scotland, 503. Cemeteries, dances in, 448 ff. Cento Novelle Antiche, 325. Cervantes, 97, 133, 141, 330. Champeaux, Guillaume de, 170. Chanson de Roland, 54 ff., 125 ff., 146, 156, 273. Chansons, French, 142 ff., 148, sung in London, 355 ff. Chantecleer, the cock, 149 ff., 325, 328 ff. Chanteloup, Walter de, 444, 449. Chantries, 378 ff. Chap-books, 225, 506. Chapelain, André le, 140. Chapu, Guillaume, 120. Chardry, 123. Charisius, 9. Charlemagne, 35, 61, 65 ff., 79, 99, 125; caricatured, 146 ff.; 156, 222, 441. Charles the Bald, 63. Charles V. of France, 171, 195, 259. " VI. " , 456. " V. of Germany, 101. Charnay, Henri de, inquisitor, 159. Chastoiement des Dames, 230. Château d'Amour, 213. Chaucer, Alice, 354. " Geoffrey, his "somnour," 161; 182, 215, 218, 225, 232, 240, 244; life and works, Bk. iii. c. ii., 267 ff., his contemporaries, Bk. iii. c. iii., 344 ff.; 369; compared with Langland, 372 ff, 388 ff., 392, 402; 379, 382, 422; on miracle plays, 461, 469, 478, 490; successors and imitators, Bk. iii. c. vii., 495 ff. Chaucer, John, 268. " Philippa, 272. " Thomas, 273, 354. "Chaucer Society," 343. Cheldric, 221. Cheriton, Odo de, 178. Chester Plays, 465 ff., their end, 492. Chester, Randolf, earl of, 359. Chestre, Thomas, 230. "Chests," at the University, 175. Chettle, 332. Chevy Chase, 512. Chienne qui pleure, 154, 184, 225 ff., 447 ff. Child, Prof., on ballads, 353. Chimneys, 262. Chlochilaicus, 50. Christ, 72, 75. Christianity, in Roman England, 18, in Anglo-Saxon England, 30, 57, 60 ff. Christmas, how celebrated, 450 ff., plays, 457 ff. Chronicles, Anglo-Norman, 113 ff., 121, Latin, 166 ff., 197 ff., in the XVth century, 496 ff. Chrysococcès, 523. Chrysoloras, 523. Church, the English, 157 ff., Wyclif on, 423 ff., 430 ff., decaying in the XVth century, 497. Cicero, 168, 498. Cirencester, Richard of, 202. Claris Mulieribus, De, 294. Clarissa Harlowe, 333, 484. Classic influences and models, 166, 374. Claudian, 295, 297. Claudius the emperor, 18, 19. "Clavilegno," 330. Cleges, 226. Cleomades, 325. Cleopatra, on the stage, 129. Clerc, Guillaume le, 123, 483. Clerk of Oxford, Chaucer's, 314, 325, 332 ff. Clerks, slothful, 167 ff., at the University, 169 ff., belong to the Latin country, 176 ff. Clovis, 26, a Romanised barbarian, 34, 50, 99. Cnut the Dane, 93, 112, 113. Coal mines, 255. Cobham, Thomas de, 175. Cobsam, Adam de, 496. Cochin, H., on Boccaccio, 288. Codex Exoniensis, 45. Codex Vercellensis, 45. Cœnewulf, 66. Coggeshall, Radulphus de, 195, 202. Coinci, Gautier de, 325. Coins, Anglo-Saxon, 79. Cokaygne, 226. Cokwolds' Dance, 226. Coleridge, S. T., 42. Colgrim, 220. Colonna, Gui de, 299. Columba, St., 63. Comedy, scenes of, 484 ff. Comestor, Pierre, 215, 409. Cominges, Count de, 202. Commines, 250, 255. Commons, of England, 250 ff., 266, Langland on the, 389 ff. Complaint of Anelida, 292, 294, of a Lover's Life, 279, unto Pite, 272, 279, of the Plowman, 401, of Venus, 275, 341. Communism, Wyclif on, 430 ff. Comus, 456. Conchobar, 11 ff. Condé, Baudouin de, 445. " Jean de, 444. Confessio Amantis, 365, 366, 369 ff. "Confrères de la Passion," 480, 493. Conquest, Norman-French, Bk. ii., 95 ff., silence after the, 204 ff. Constance, Chaucer's Story of, 325, 331, 335. Constant du Hamel, 496. Constantius Chlorus, 19. Constantine the Great, 20. Constantine XII., 524. Constantinople, taken by the Turks, 524. Conte des Hiraus, 445. Corbichon, Jean, translates Bartholomew the Englishman, 195, 225. Cook, Captain, 7. Cookery, 263 ff., 516. Cordier, H., on Mandeville, 407, 409. Corneille, Pierre, 156, 471. Cornelius Gallus, 33. Cornelius, Nepos, 176, 191. Cornish drama, 466. Cornwall, Celtic, 32, 132. Corpus Christi plays, 459. Corpus Poeticum Boreale, 40 ff. Cotton, Bartholomew de, 202. Cotton, John, a painter, 258. Councils, on the drama, 440 ff., 449. Coupe Enchantée, 226. Court, amusements at, 441 ff., fool, 441 ff., dramas, 476, poetry, 353 ff., 366 ff. Court of Love, 279, 497, 512. Courtenay, embroiderer, 264. Courtenay, bishop of London, 426. Courtesy, books of, 515 ff. Courtin, Honoré, ambassador, 255. Coventry Mysteries and pageants, 465 ff. Cowper, William, 57. Coxe, Brinton, on Bracton, 196. Credon, Sir Richard, 275. Cressida, 301 ff., see Troilus. Croniques de London, 119, 242. Cuchulaïnn, 11 ff. Cursor Mundi, 215 ff., 222, 225, 260. Cuthberht, 64, 67, 68. Cuthwine, 67. Cycles of France, Rome and Britain, 125 ff. Cynewulf, 39, 70, works and genius of, 72 ff., 92. Daisy, praise of the, 275 ff. Dalila, 372. Dame Siriz, 225 ff. Danes, place names recalling them, 80; 120. Dante, 118, 128, 154, 169, 186, 206, 288, 290, 294 ff., 325 ff., 330, 393. Dares the Phrygian, 128 ff., 134, 297, 299. David, King, 272. Davidson, Ch., on Mysteries, 466. Davy Adam, 360. Deadly Sins, in Langland, 386. Death, Celts' idea of, 7 ff., Greeks', 7 ff., Frenchmen's, 57 ff., Anglo-Saxons', 56 ff., 74, Rolle of Hampole's, 218, Black Prince's, 353; an occasion for jokes, 449, on the stage, 490, 491. Débat des Hérauts de France et d'Angleterre, 517. Decameron, 287, 320 ff., 325. Defoe, 162, 224, 407. Degrevant, 347. Deguileville, 275, 498, 500. Dekker, 332. Delisle, Leopold, on Bartholomew the Englishman, 195. Des Champs, Eustache, 257, 275, on Chaucer, 278, on diplomatic service, 282; 289, 340, 360. Deor, 38, 59. Departed Soul's Address, 75. Derdriu, 15 ff. Dermot, 121. Despencer, Henry le, bishop of Norwich, 164. Devil, described by Ælfric, 90, and St. Dunstan, 209, tempts Rolle of Hampole, 217, on the stage, 471, 475. Dialect, of Chaucer, 338 ff., of Langland, 401, Scotch, 503. Dialogues, in Celtic Literature, 13 ff., in Anglo-Saxon, 75, in Latin, 187, 191, in Troilus, 303; 442, ff., after dinner, 444, in interludes, 446 ff., in pageants, 454 ff., in Mysteries, 477 ff., in Roman de la Rose, 490. Dialogus de Scaccario, 196. Diceto, Radulph de, 202. Dictys of Crete, 128 ff. Diderot, 328. Dido (in Chaucer), 295. Dietrich, 72. Digby Mysteries, 466 ff. Diodorus Siculus, 101. "Dirige," 379. Disobedient Child, 491. "Disputoisons" or Debates, 144, 230, 441 ff. Dissuasio Valerii ad Rufinum, 191. "Doctors," 193 ff. Dogmas, attacked by Wyclif, 425, 435 ff. Domesday Book, 100, 104 ff., 158. Dominicans, 159 ff. "Dominium" Fitzralph and Wyclif on, 429. Domitius Afer, 33. Donatus, 175. Dormi Secure, 354. Douglas, Gavin, 510. "Dowel, Dobet, Dobest," 375 ff., 387, 395, 400. Dragons and monsters, 50, 55 ff. Drama, Bk. iii. c. vi., 439 ff.; civil 439 ff., religious, 456 ff. Dramatic genius of the Celts, 13. Dreams, Chaucer and Addison on, 296, Davy's, 367, Gower's, 368, poets', 497. Dresemius, S., 117. Druids, 9 ff. Dryden, 343. Duchesse, see Book of. Dujon, see Junius. Dunbar, 372, 503, 507, life and works, 510, 513. Dunstable, play at, 460. Dunstan, St., 88 ff., 209, 210, 217. Durham, Simeon of, 202. " William of, 175. Duries, J., a scribe, 195. Duties of a Parish Priest, 496. Eadgar child, 103. Eadmer, 198. Eadwine's Canterbury Psalter, 76. Eadwine, earl, 103. Ealdred, archbishop of York, 103. Ealwhine (Alcuin), 65. Earle, on A.S. Literature, 39, on Beowulf, 48, on A.S. Chronicle, 87. Easter, origin of the name, 62, drama, 457 ff. Ecgberht, 68. Ecgferth, 87. École des Maris, 324. Edda, 40 ff. Edgar, king, 87, 88 ff. Edgeworth, Miss, 332. Edmund, St., 113, 209. Edrisi, 129. Eduini, king, 57. Edward, king, the confessor, 97, 111, life of, in French, 123; 208. Edward I., 250, 270, 421, 443, 506. " II., 108, 163, 194, 236, 253, 259, 260, 360, 384, 452. Edward III., 232, 235, 247, 249, 256, 264, 266, 272, 284, 360 ff., 406, 415, 495. Edward IV., 513 ff. Eginhard, 24, 46. Eglamour, 347. Ekkehard, 48. Elene, 72 ff. Elizabeth, queen, 372. " wife of Lionel son of Edward III., 270. Eloi, St., 209. Enéas, 130. England, first inhabitants of, 3 ff., between northern and southern civilisations, 97 ff., described by Robert of Gloucester, 122, "merry," 225, 232, 260, 267, 345, to the English, Bk. iii., 232 ff., trade and navy of, 255 ff., Chaucer's, 314 ff., threatening and threatened, 360, 363, Langland's, 374 ff., 389, parliamentary, 413 ff. "Englescherie," presentment of, 235. English, literature, under Norman and Angevin kings, 204 ff., revived, 216; use of, by upper classes, 219 ff., authors adopt French tastes, 219 ff., fusion of, with French, 235 ff., people, how formed, 247 ff., Chaucer's, 337, Gower's, 369, used in Parliament, 421 ff., Wyclif's, 432, dramas, 460 ff., spoken in Scotland, 503, pride, 518. Enoch, 227, 475. Eostra, the goddess, 62. Epinal Glossary, 45. Erceldoune, Thomas of, his prophecies, 141. Estorie des Engles, 113 ff. "Estrifs," 230, 443, see Disputoisons. Eulogium Historiarum, 197. Euphuism, 38. Eutrope, 120. Everyman, 491. "Exempla," 153 ff., 182 ff. Exeter, Joseph of, 37, 176 ff., 181, 191. Eyck, van, 352. Eyrum, Robert de, 176. Fables, Latin, 178, by Lydgate, 498, by Henryson, 508 ff. "Fabliaux," French, 118, 152 ff., Latin, 183, 184, English, 225 ff., 325, 442 ff., turned into dramas, 447, of the XVth century, 496, 498. Fahlbeck, on Geatas, 51. Falle of Princes, 498 ff. Fals Semblant, 397 ff., 490. Falstofe, Sir J., 262. Fame, see Hous of. Fantosme, Jordan, 118. Fasciculi Zizaniorum, 425, 428, 431, 435. Fashions, 265, ridiculed, 358. Fates of the Apostles, 72. Ferumbras, 223. Fielding, H., 224, 336, 517. Figaro, 151, 229. "File," 11. Filocopo, 325. Filostrato, 294, 299 ff. Finsburg, song on the battle of, 47. Fitzosbern, William, 103. Fitzralph, Richard, 427, 429 ff. Fitzstephen, 202, 460. Fitzwarin, Fulke, 224. Fleta, 197. Floire and Blanchefleur, 142, 229. Florence, mediæval, 286 ff., plague at, 320. Flower and Leaf, 497, 512. Foix, Gaston Phébus de, 273 ff. Foliot, Gilbert, 165. Fontevrault, royal tombs at, 109. Fools, feast of, 452. Forme of Cury, 263. Fortescue, Sir John, 518. Fouquet, Jean, picture by, 470 ff. Four Elements, 491. Four Sons of Aymon, 223. Fournival, Richard de, 123. Fournivall, lord, 502. Fox, George, 216. Fox and Wolf, 228 ff., 443. Fozlan, Ahmed Ibn, 27. Fragonard, 455. France, first inhabitants of, 3 ff., a home for fabliaux, 155; satirised, 360, see French. France, Marie de, see Marie. Franciade, 114, 339. Francis, St., of Assisi, 159, 429. Francis, St., of Sales, 211. Francis I., King of France, 101, 253. Franciscans, 159 ff., 165. Francus the Trojan, 114. Franklin, Chaucer's, 314, 325, 390 ff. Franks, 22, 23, 25, 27, in Beowulf, 49, 53, loved by Christ, 147. Freeman, Prof., 28. French, invasion, Bk. ii., 95 ff., followers of William, 100, families and manners, 109, literature under Norman and Angevin kings, Bk. ii. c. ii., 116 ff.; language, in general use, 118 ff., at Court and in Parliament, 119, 420 ff., character, 126 ff., ideal, 155 ff., taught at the University, 175, not known by the "lowe men," 205; used by English authors, 213 ff., 219 ff.; fusion of the, with the English, Bk. iii. c. i., 235 ff., in the courts of law, 238 ff., at Oxford, 239, disuse of, 239 ff., in diplomatic relations, 240 ff., survival of, 242 ff., Chaucer studies, 273, spoken by Richard II. and Gaston de Foix, 274, words in Chaucer, 337 ff., used by the Black Prince, 353 ff., songs, 355, Gower's, 364, 366 ff., Langland's 377, 400, Mandeville in, 408, not used by Christ, 434, of kings in Mysteries, 480. Friar, Chaucer's, 323, 325, 327 ff., Diderot's, 328, derided, 358, Langland's, 384, 429 ff., 435. Friday, "chidden," 285, 329. "Friend of God of the Oberland," 403. Frisians, 22, 27, in Beowulf, 53; 65. Fritzsche, on Andreas, 39. Froissart, 127, 239, 255, 260, 261, 271, 273 ff., 301, compared with Chaucer, 317 ff.; 340, 404 ff., 455. Furnivall, F. J., founder of the Early English Text Society, Chaucer, and Wyclif Society, &c., on Chaucer's tales, 324 ff. Gaddesden, John of, 194. Gaddi, Taddeo, 286. Gaillard, Claude, 253. Gaimar, 113 ff., 121, 223. Galen, 178, 315. Galois, Jean le, 226. Gamelyn, tale of, 324. Games, 414, 439 ff., 444. Gascoigne, the theologian, 451. Gaunt, John of, Duke of Lancaster, 272, 280 ff., 312, 406, 423, 426. Gauvain, 141, 259. Gawayne and the Green Knight, 223, 348 ff. Gaytrige, John, 206. Gaza, Theodore, 524. Geatas, 51 ff. Genesis and Exodus in English, 207. "Genius," 371. Genseric, 26. Geoffrey, abbot of St. Albans, his play, 459 ff. Geoffrey the grammarian, 517. Gerald, see Barry. Gerda, 42. Gering, H., on Gretti, 49. Germans, origin, manners, religion, war-songs of the, 21 ff., compared with the Celts, 240 ff. Gerson, 278. Gesta Regum Anglorum, 199. Gesta Romanorum, 182, 183, 185 ff., 496, 501. Gibbon, 122. Gildas, 67, 132. Gilds, perform religious plays, 465. Giotto, 206 ff., 284, 286 ff., 294. Giraldus Cambrensis, see Barry. Gladstone, W. E., on University life, 173. Glanville, Ralph, 196. Glascurion, 338. "Globe," the, 268. Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 152, 176, 264. Gloucester, Robert of, 116 ff., 119, 122, 221, 243, 404. Gloucester, Thomas, Duke of, 277, 312, 365. Goethe, 97. Grosseteste, Robert, 118, 123, 160, 165, 205, 213 ff., 452. Goldborough, 223. Golias, 192. Gollancz, 3, 39, 70, 75. Gombert, 156, 324. Gospels, copied by Anglo-Saxons, 65, in A.S., 88, in French, 123. Gower, John, 119, 242, 257, 279, 285, 299, 325, 341, 354, life and works, 364 ff., compared with Langland, 373 ff., 502 ff., 510. Gower, Sir Robert, 364. Graal, quest of the, 141. Graham, Sir Robert, 504. Grammar, A.S. and English, 245. Granson, O. de, 275. "Graund Amoure," 347, 496. Graystanes, Robert de, 166. Greek classics, 523 ff. Green, Mrs., on XVth century trade and navy, 514. Gregory of Tours, 49. Gregory the Great, St., 63; translated by Alfred, 81 ff.; 123, 153. Gregory IX., 160, 449 ff., 463. Grein's Bibliothek, 40, 79. Grendel, 50 ff., 69. Greteham, Robert of, 118, 123. Gretti and Beowulf, 49. Grignan, Madame de, 57. Grim, of Grimsby, 223. Grimbold, 81. Grindecobbe, 405. Griselda, 142, 289, 325, 331 ff., 459, 478. Grosvenor, Sir Robert, 271. Grueber (and Keary) on A.S. coins, 79. Gudrun, Queen, 44. Guesclin, Du, 115, 156. Guinevere, Queen, 139 ff. Guiron, lay of, 136. Guiscard, Robert, 107. Gulliver, 407. Gunnar, 42 ff. Güterbock on Bracton, 196. Guthrum, 80. Guy of Warwick, 223 ff., 347, 500. Hacon, King, 200. Hadrian, 19. Haigh, D. H., on Beowulf, 49. Hales, Alexander of, 193. " Thomas of, 211. Hali Meidenhad, 206. Hamlet, 57. Hampole, Rolle of, 207, life and works, 216 ff.; 411. Handlyng Synne, 214, 216. Hardy, Sir T. D., on Matthew Paris, 200. Hardyng, 497. Harold, Godwinson, 97 ff., 198. Harold Hardrada, 98 ff. Harrowing of Hell, 443, 460. Harry, Blind, the minstrel, 506 ff. Hartley, Mrs., the actress, 129. Hastings, battle of, Bk. ii. c. i., 97 ff. Haughton, 332. Hauréau, on G. de Vinesauf, 180. Hauteville, Jean de, 177. Havelok, lay of, 222, 223. Hawes, Stephen, 496, 513. Hawkwood, Sir J., 257, 284. Hebenhith, Thomas de, 262. Hector of Troy, 305. Helen of Troy, 210. Heliand, 71. Hell, painted by Giotto, 206, represented at Torcello, 207, described, 210, besieged, 388, in Mysteries, 475, painted at Stratford-on-Avon, 494. Helwis, 448. Hemingburgh, Walter of, 201. Hengest, 62, 112, 220. Hengham, Judge, 238. Henry I., Beauclerc, 176. Henry II. of England, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 133, 156, 165, 176, 190, 198, 319. Henry III., 107 ff., 112, 200, 201, 262, 417, 441, 454. Henry IV., 236, 240, 342, 365, 421. Henry V., 500. Henry VII., 202, 504, 511, 513. Henry VIII., 242, 342, 436. Henryson, 497, 507 ff., 513. Henslowe, Philip, 332. Hereford, Nicolas de, 433. Hereward, 224. Hermit who got drunk, 183. Herod, King, 326, 461, 469, 473, 479, 480 ff. Herrtage, on Gesta Romanorum, 183. Hervieux, on fabulists, 178. Heyroun, Thomas, 268. Heywood, Thomas, 500. Higden, Ralph, 201, 236, 240, 258, 406. Higelac (in Beowulf), 50 ff. Hilary, his Latin plays, 460. Hilda, abbess of Streonshalch, 63, 70. Hildgund, 48. Hincmar, of Reims, 63. Hippocrates, 315. Hirdboc, 81. Historia Anglorum, 199. Historia ecclesiastica of Bede, 67 ff., of Orderic Vital, 198. Historia Novorum, 198. Historia Regum Britannia, 133 ff. Histrions, 440 ff. Hniflungs (Niblungs), 43. Hoccleve, 341, 342, 496, 498, life and works, 501. Hohlfield, on Mysteries, 466. Holinshed, 114. Holkot, Robert, 167. Holy-Church, in Langland, 380. Holy-Grail, 223. Homer, 8, 127 ff., 293, 297, 299, 523. Homilies, English, 206. Honecourt, Villard de, 200. Hood, Robin, 224, 359, 456. Horace, on Gauls, 7; 177, 180. Horn, 223. Horsa, 62, 112. Horstmann, on Lives of Saints, 208. Houghton, Adam, 415. Hous of Fame, 279, 285, 291, 294 ff., 362, 497, 499. Hoveden, Roger de, 162, 164, 202. Hrothgar, in Beowulf, 50 ff. Hübner, baron de, 58. Hugh, St., bishop of Lincoln, 165. Hugo, Victor, 3. Hugolino, 325, 330. Hugon, of Constantinople, 146. Humour, Chaucer's, 317 ff., Wyclif's, 434 ff., Pecock's, 520. Hundred Years' War, 202. Hungerford, Sir Thomas, 251. Huntingdon, Henry de, 132, 133, 166, 177, 199 ff. Huntingdon, earl of, 284. Huon de Burdeux, 223. Hus, John, 438. Iceland, its literature, 40 ff. Image du Monde, 120. Inferno, 118. Ingelend, 491. Innocent III., 170, 449, 450, 463. Innocent IV., 173. Innocents, feast of, 452. Invasions, Germanic, Bk. i. c. ii., 21 ff., Scandinavian, 22 ff., Frankish, 25, 33, Anglo-Saxon, 28 ff., Danish, 79 ff., French, Bk. ii., 95 ff. Ipomedon, 130. Ireland, its literature, 10 ff., monks from, 63; 518. Irish language and literature, 10 ff., at the University, 173 ff. Iscanus, 176. Iseult, 211, see Tristan. Isle of Ladies, 279, 497. Isumbras, 347. Italy, models from, copied by Chaucer, 291 ff., travels in, 283 ff., early Renaissance in, 285 ff. Itineraries, 517. Ivain, 141. Jacquerie, 271. Jacques le Fataliste, 328. James, St., 393. James I. of Scotland, 372, 503 ff. " IV. " 510, 511. Jarrow, monastery of, 66. Jerome, St., 26, 191, 241. Jessopp, Dr., on Matthew Paris, 200. Jew, Wandering, 201. Jews, saved, 399, 420, 485. John the Baptist, St., 455. John, King, Lackland, 108, 157, 441. John, King of France, 115, 254. John, the Saxon, 81. Johnson, Dr., 57. Joinville, 404. Jonathan Wild, 336. Jonathas, the Jew, 485. Jones, Inigo, 476. Jongleur, d'Ely, 442. Jonson, Ben, 456, 522. Joseph and Mary, 479, 484, as a workman, 485. Joseph of Arimathea, 144, 223. Judas, 398. Judith, 39, 45, 71. Jugglers, 439 ff. Julian the Apostate, 471. Juliana, 72. Julleville, Petit de, on Mysteries, 457 ff. Junius (F. Dujon), 71. Jurists, 196 ff. Justinian, 26, 50, 120, 250. Jutes, 27 ff., 51. Kaines, Ralph de, 211. Kaluza, on Romaunt of the Rose, 278. Keary, C. F., on Vikings, 44, on coins, 79, on Danish place-names, 80. Kellawe, Richard de, 176. Kenelm, St., 208. Kent, Eustache or Thomas of, 130. Kent, John, 290. "King and Queen," Game of the, 444. King Horn, 223. King's Quhair, 505 ff. Kings, Wyclif on, 432. Kitredge, on Troilus. Kitsun, 522. Knight, Chaucer's, 314, 321, 324, 330, 504. Knighton, on Wyclif, 436. Knights, in Langland, 399. Knyvet, John, 416, 417. Koch, on Chaucer, 291. Kölbing, on romances, 223. La Calprenède, 300. Lactantius, 77. La Fontaine, 58, 179, 183, 226, 296, 298, 324, 325, 508. Lai de l'Oiselet, 142. Lai du Cor, 225. Lamartine, 17. Lament for the Makaris, 510. Lancaster, Blanche, duchess of, 280 ff. Lancaster, Henry of, 236, 240, see Henry IV. Lancaster, see Gaunt. Lancaster, Isabella of, 259. Lancelot of the Lake, 139 ff., 192, 480. Landscapes, in Anglo-Saxon literature, 55, 58 ff., 69 ff., 71 ff., 74, 92; in Renart, 152, in Chaucer, 281, 298, Scotch, 363, 508 ff., Shakespeare's, 473. Lanfranc, 165, 193. Lang, Andrew, on Aucassin, 237. Lange, C., on Easter, 458. Langland, William, 37, 240, 262, 345, 355, 359, life and works, Bk. iii. c. iv., 373 ff.; 422, 436, 441. Langlois, on Roman de la Rose, 276. Langtoft, Peter de, 118, 122, 214. Langton, Stephen, 145, 165, 169. Lapidaire, 123. Latimer, Hugh, 436. Latin, in Roman Britain, 20, in A.S. Britain, 65 ff., in France, 78, in England after the Conquest, Bk. ii. c. iii., 157 ff., used by summoners, 161, poems, 176 ff., fables, 178, romances and tales, 182 ff., treatises 188 ff., chronicles 197 ff., despatches, 241, models of Chaucer, 291 ff., Gower's, 367 ff., Langland's, 377, survival of, 405, chroniclers, 405 ff.; Wyclifs, 427 ff.; 434;dramas, 457 ff., 460, 481. Latini, Brunetto, 118, 241. Latymer, impeached, 253. Lauchert, on Physiologus, 76. "Laudabiliter," bull, 110. Launfal, 230. Lavoix, H., on mediæval music, 345. Laws, Welsh, 9, A.S., 78, Roman, Anglo-Norman and English, 196. Lay, of Guiron, 222, of Havelok, 222. Layamon, 219 ff., 243, 245, 247. Lazarillo de Tormes, 184. Leechdoms, A.S., 79. Legende of Good Women, 279, 294, 343. Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ, De, 196. Leo IV., Pope, 79. Leovenath, 219. Letters of the Paston family, 516. Leven, Hugues of, 265. Lewis, son of Chaucer, 341. Lewis, John, on Wyclif, 423. Lex Salica, 78. Libelle of Englyshe Polycye, 517 ff. Liber Festivalis, 208. Libraries, 166 ff., 175, 524. Lincoln cathedral, 162. Lindbergh, John of, 215. Lindner on Romaunt of the Rose, 278. Lionne, Hugues de, 255. L'Isle, Alain de, 177. Lison, Richard de, 147. "Littus Saxonicum," 27, 30. Lives of Saints, in A.S., 76, by Ælfric, 91, in French, 121 ff., in English, 203, 303, by Lydgate, 500. Lodbrok, Ragnar, 58. Logeman, on A.S. reliquary, 73. Logic, taught in the Universities, 171. Loki, 44, 55. Lollards, 359, 437 ff. "Lollius," 289. Lombards, 22, 23, 25, 26, 114. London, mediæval, 268 ff., Chaucer's life in, 289 ff., pageants in, 453 ff., Mysteries, 460. London Lickpeny, 498. Lonelich, 223. Longchamp, William de, 162 ff., 178, 261. Lorens, friar, 214, 215, 325. Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 287. Lorris, Guillaume de, 276 ff., 293. Loserth, on Hus, 438. Lot, J., 11. Louis VII. of France, 164. Louis IX. " 110, 201. Louis XI. " 519. Louis XIV. " 203, 241, 493. Lounsbury, on Chaucer, 343. Love, in Irish literature, 15 ff., in Scandinavian literature, 42, in Tristan, 137 ff., in Arthurian poems, 139 ff., as a ceremonial, 140, in chansons, 143 ff., in Latin tales, 185 ff., in English songs, 230, poems by Chaucer, 272 ff., 279, by Froissart, 274 ff., in Roman de la Rose, 276 ff., in Boccaccio, 299, 321, in Chaucer's Troilus, 301 ff., in Gawayne, 349, songs, 354, in Gower, 366 ff., 370 ff., in Langland, 388, 399, in the early drama, 447, in Mary Magdalene, 483 ff., "king of," 505, in King's Quhair, 505 ff., written about in prose, 522. "Lowe men," their English, 204 ff., and their French, 236 ff. Lowell, on Chaucer, 343. Lucanus, on Druids, 8; 114, 293, 297. Lumière des laïques, 120. Lutterworth, 423, 426. Lydgate, 303, 341, 354, 496, life and works, 498 ff.; 502, 513, 515. Lyf of Seinte Cecile, 291, 294, 325, 331. Mabinogion, 9, 17. Macaulay, 122. Mac Datho's Pig, 13. Machault, 275, 325. Machinery, stage, 474 ff. Macpherson, 16. Mael Duin, 12. Magnyfycence, 491. Mahomet, 472, 483. Mahomet II., 524. Maidstone, Richard of, 207, 454 ff. Maldon, battle of, 47. Male règle de T. Hoccleve, 502. Malmesbury, William of, 64, 100 ff., 107, on Arthurian legends, 131 ff., 166, 199. Malmesbury, Monk of, 197. Malory, Sir Thomas, 521, 522. Malvern, 375 ff., 382 ff., 394. Mandeville, Sir John, 403, 406 ff. Manière de Langage, 241. Mantel Mautaillé, 226. Mannyng, Robert, of Brunne, 214, 216, 243, 462. Manuel des Pechiez, 213, 216, 463 ff. Manuscripts, A.S., 45, purchased for the king, 259, rich, 274, 303, of the Roman de la Rose, 277, of Chaucer, 338, of Gawayne, 351. Map, Walter, 188, life and works, 190 ff. Marcel, Etienne, 271. Marcol, 76. Mare, Peter de la, 419, Thomas de la, 419. Maréchal, William le, 121. Margaret, queen of Scotland, 511. Marguerite, la, poems on, 275. Marie de France, 142 ff., 229, 325. Marisco, Adam de, 193, 211. Marivaux, 318. Marlowe, 75. Marseilles, king of, 430 ff. Martin, St., of Tours, 99, 102, 110. Mary, see Virgin. Mary Magdalen, St., 452. Mary Magdalene, a drama, 475, 483 ff., 490. "Masks," 456. Mass, caricatured, 445. Massinger, 496. Matthew, F. D., on Wyclif, 422, 432. Matthew, see Paris. Maupassant, Gui de, 189. Maximinus, emperor, 459. May plays, 456. May songs, 230. Measure, sense of, 331 ff., 479. Medicine, 194. Medwall, 491. Meed, Lady, 383 ff., 397. Melibeus, tale of, 325, 331, 332, 490. Ménagier de Paris, 332. Merchant of Venice, Latin sketch of, 185 ff. Merchants, English, their wealth, 256, fond of art, 258 ff., Chaucer's, 318, 325, fond of songs, 355 ff., Gower's, 369, Langland's, 383 ff., 400, of London, 424, at the play, 463. Mérimée, 199. Merlin, 134, 141. Merovingians, in Beowulf, 53. Metalogicus, 188 ff. Meun, Jean de, 177, 276 ff. Meyer, Kuno, 4. Meyer, Paul, on Alexander the Great, 128, on Brut, 219. Miller, Chaucer's, 321, 322, 324, 326, 335, 478. Milton, 71, 72, 245, 456. Mimes, 440 ff. Miniatures, A.S., 45; 184, attributed to Matthew Paris, 201 ff.; 227, 259, 277, 303, 341, 351, 371, by Fouquet, 470 ff.; in the MS. of the Valenciennes Passion, 470; 503. Minot, Laurence, 360 ff. Minstrels, 221, 345 ff., in Langland, 382; 439, ff., high and low, 445 ff. Miracle plays, 459. Miracles de Notre Dame, 489. Miraclis pleyinge, treatise on, 461 ff., 468. Mireio, 144. Mirk, 496. Miroir de Justice, 239. Minstral, 144. Moktader, Caliph Al, 27. Molière, 229, 302, 404, 443, 472, 493. Monasteries, their wealth, 158; 179, literary work in, 197 ff., Wyclif on, 437. Monk, Chaucer's, 315, 321, 325, 499. Monmouth, Geoffrey of, 114, life and works, 132 ff., 182, 297. Monsters, in A.S. literature, 50, 55 ff., 92. Montaigne, 97, 323. Monteflor, Paul de, 264. Montesquieu, 255. Montfort, Simon de, 193, 250. Moral Ode, 206. Moralities, 84, 489 ff. Moravian Brethren, 438. Morgan the fairy, 134, 350. Morley, John, 343. Morris, William, 41. Morte Arthure, 223, 348, 521. Moubray, John de, 238. Mous, uplandis, 508 ff. Mowbray, family of, 109. Müntz, on Renaissance, 287. Musset, Alfred de, 139, 141, 143, 302, 394, 496. Mysteries, 326, 332, 459 ff., decay of, 489 ff., French, their end, 493. Napier, on Ormulum, 206. "Nature," her discourses, 177, 371. Nature, an interlude, 491. Naturis Rerum, De, 177, 178. Navy, German and Scandinavian, 26 ff., Alfred's, 27, English, 256 ff., in the XVth century, 515, 517 ff. Neckham, Alexander, 177. Nennius, 114, 132. Netlau, 11. Netter, Thomas, 428. Neville, impeached, 253. Nevilles, family of the, 109. Newbury, William of, 134, 202. Nibelungenlied, 41, 48. Niblungs, 41, 43. Nicholas V., 524. Nicholson, E. B., on Mandeville, 407. Nithard, 78. Noah, his ark, 201, his wife, 484 ff. Norfolk, men of, 443. Normans, of France, Bk. ii. c. i., 97 ff., their turn of mind, 182, 250. Norsemen, 27. Northgate, Michel of, 215. Nova Poetria, 179 ff. Nugis Curialium, De, 188 ff., 190 ff. Nunant, Hugh de, 162 ff. Nut-brown Maid, 512. "Oblar," 11. Ockham, 193, 194. Octa, 220. Octavian, 482. Odo, Bishop, 103, 105. Œdipus, 129. Oesterley, on Gesta Romanorum, 182, 183. Offa, 63, 68, 198. Ogier, 147, 156. Ohthere, travels of, 83 ff. "Old English," 28. Oliver (and Roland), 55, 99, 159. "Ollam," 11. Orcagna, 285. Orléans, Charles d', 354. Ormin, 206. Ormulum, 206. Orosius, 67, translated by Alfred, 82 ff. Orpheus, history of, told by Alfred, 85 ff.; 338. Osric, King, 87. Ossa, 220. Ossian, 16. Otia Imperialia, 195. Otuel, 223. Ovid, 175, 276, 278, 293, 297, 325, 500. Owl and Nightingale, 330, 443. Oxenede, John of, 202. Oxford, University of, 110, 173 ff., 248, and Wyclif, 423 ff., council of, 434, lollardry at, 437; bacchanals at, 449. Pageants, 453 ff., 468 ff. Palace of Honour, 510. Palladius on Husbondrie, 516. Palmieri, villa, 320. Pamphilus, 175. Pandarus, 302 ff. Panurge, 151. Pardoner, Chaucer's, 315, 323, 325; 435. Parfait, the brothers, 470. Paris, University of, 169 ff. Paris, Alexander de, 130. Paris, Gaston, 135, 141, 355. Paris, Matthew, 62, 63, 109, 112, 114, 200 ff., 453, 459 ff. Parlement of Foules, 294. Parliament, churchmen in, 160, institution and authority of, 249 ff., "good," 246, 419; Chaucer in, 312, Langland on, 386, 390 ff., sittings and debates, 413 ff. Parodies, 444 ff. Parson, Chaucer's, 315, 319, 325, 335, 339, 355, Langland's, 359. Paston Letters, 516 ff. Patient Grissil, 332. Patrick, St., 215. Patroclus, 221. Paul, St., 62, his vision, 92, 206, 215; 426, 472. Paul, monk of Caen, 198. Pauli, on Alfred the Great, 84. Pearl, 351 ff. Peasants, aspirations and revolt of, 359, 367 ff., 389, 405 ff., 412, reach heaven, 381, in the XVth century, 514. Pechiez, see Manuel. Peckham, Pierre de, 120. Pecock, Bishop, 520 ff. Pedro the cruel, 325. Pélerinage de Charlemagne, 146 ff. Penthesilea, Queen, 129. Pepin, 156. Percival, 134, 141, 259. Percy, Bishop, 353. Percy, Lord Henry, 223, 516. Pericles, 372. Perrault, on Griselda, 332. Perrers, Alice, 253, 264, 397, 415, 419. Peter, St., 435. Peterborough, pseudo Benedict of, 202. Petite Philosophie, 120. Petrarch, 166, 268, 285, 287 ff., meets Chaucer (?) 289, 333; 293, 294, 325, 332, 366, 523. Petronius, 33. Pharaoh, 480 ff. Philip III., of France, 214. Philip le Bel, " 193. Philip VI., " 159, 360. Philippa of Hainaut, Queen, 273. Philippa Chaucer, 272 ff. Philobiblon, 167 ff. Philpot, John, 256, 284, 419. Phœnix, 76 ff. Physiologus, 76 ff. Piers Plowman, 374 ff., 490. Pilate, 461, 480 ff., his wife, 484. Pilgrims, Canterbury, 313 ff., Langland's, 382 ff. Pinte, the hen, 150. Pisa, mediæval, 286. Pisa, Andrew of, 285, Nicholas of, 286, William of, 286. Pisan, Christina de, 277, 501. Pizzinghe, Jacopo, 288. "Placebo," 379. Plantagenet, Geoffrey, archbishop of York, 163 ff. Players, 446 ff., 467 ff., 477. Plays, Bk. iii. c. vi., 439 ff. Plegmund, 81. Pliny, 67, 408, 409. Plowman's Crede, Complaint, &c., 401 ff. Poggio, 293. Poictiers, John of, 110, William of, 100, 104. Pole, Michel de la, 312, William de la, 417. Policraticus, 188 ff. Poliziano, 293. Polo, Marco, 408, 409. Poole, R. Lane on Wyclif, 428 ff. Pope, the, William blessed by, 99, and Norman kings, 110, gives Ireland to Henry II., 110, derided, 148, suzerainty of, over England, 157, appeals to, 158, and the University, 170, 173 ff., praised by Geoffrey of Vinesauf, 180, revenues of, drawn from England, 248, receives presents from Edward II., 259, has no peer, 263, Langland on, 391, Commons hostile to, 420, and Wyclif, 423 ff., on drama, 449 ff., and king, 432. Pordenone, Odoric de, 409. Porto, county of, 107. Powell, York, 40. "Præmunire," 248. Praise of Peace, 370. Prest, Godfrey, 265. Pricke of Conscience, 216. Pride of Life, 491. "Priests, simple or poor," Wyclif's, 425 ff. Priests at the play, 450 ff.; 463. Prioress, Chaucer's, 316, 321, 325. Priscian, 175. Processions, 357, 449, 453 ff. Proprietatibus Rerum, De, 195. Prose, A.S., 78 ff., English, 211 ff., of Rolle of Hampole, 218, Chaucer's, 337, 411; XIVth century, Bk. iii. c. v., 403 ff., English, compared with French, 404 ff., Wyclif's, 432 ff., Sir John Fortescue's, 519 ff., Pecock's, 520, Malory's, 521, Caxton's, 521. Prosody, English, after the Conquest, 205, 245, Chaucer's, 339, Lydgate's, 501, Hoccleve's, 501. Prothesilaus, 130. Proverbs of Alfred, 88. Provins, Guiot de, 366. "Provisors," 248. Pryderi, 17. Psalter, A.S., 45, 76, French, 123, English, 207, 496. "Pui" of London, 355 ff., 452. Puiset, Hugh de, 162 ff., 261. Punch, 520. Purgatorio, 294, 295. Puritans, 57, 72, 389, 428, 437. Purvey, J., 433. Pytheas, 4, 5. Quenouille de Barberine, 496. Quinctilian, 167. Quintus Curtius, 131. Racine, Jean, 150. Rabelais, 76, 91, 97, 172, 179, 193, 259, 440, 471, 492. Reason, speech of, 385. Recluse women, 211 ff. Reformation, 402, 427, 428, 491, and the drama, 492 ff. Regimine Principum, De, 501 ff. Regula Pastoralis, 81. Remi, bishop of Lincoln, 162. Renaissance, early in Italy, 285 ff.; 346, 476, 510, 523 ff. Renan, E., 210. Renart, see Roman de. Repressor, Pecock's, 520. Resurrection, Mystery of the, 466. "Reverdies," 144. "Rhyme Royal," 506. Rhys on Celts, 11. Rhys ap Theodor, 198. Richard Cœur-de-Lion, 100, 106, 109, 163, praised by Geoffrey de Vinesauf, 180, 181; 329. Richard II., 109, 247, 253, 264 ff., 274, 284, 367, 375, 390, 414, 416, 420 ff., 432, 452, 454 ff., 495. Richard, bishop of London, 196. Richard, canon of Holy Trinity, 180. Richard the Redeless, 375, 382. Richardson, Samuel, 224, 333. Richenda, sister of W. de Longchamp, 163 ff. Riddles, A.S. and Scandinavian, 72. Rigaud, Eudes, 453. Rishanger, William, 202. Robene and Makyne, 507. Robert the Devil, 98, 347. Robinson Crusoe, 403, 407. Rocamadour, 393. Roet, Sir Payne, 273; Catherine, 373. Rogers, Thorold, 514. Roland, 54 ff., 99, 100, 126, 139, 147, 159, 222, 347, 442, see Chanson de. Rollo, 99. Rolle, see Hampole. Rolls, Master of the, Chronicles ed. under his direction, 202. Roman, conquest of Britain, 18 ff.; remains, 33 ff.; law, 196. Roman de la Rose, 213, 259, 273, 276 ff., English translation of, 278 ff., 280, 288; 291, 298, 325, 371, 490. Roman de Renart, 132, 144, 147 ff., 183, 228, 325, 328. Roman de Rou, 99, 101. Roman de Thèbes, 130. Roman de Troie, 129 ff. Romances, French, 126 ff., caricatured, 146, 149, 335; English, 219; read by Chaucer, 273. Rome, sends monks to England, 60 ff., notion of Church and State, derived from, 60 ff., ties with, 157 ff.; 248, blamed, 366, religious life in, 378, Langland on, 391, encroachments of, 420; 432. Romulus, 347. Ronsard, 97, 114, 339. Rood, A.S., dream of the, 39, legends of the, 215. Rose, see Roman de la. Rossetti, on Troilus, 299. Rotelande, Hue de, 118, 130, 192. Rothschild, Baron James de, on Mysteries, 474. Round Table, 134, 330. Rufinus, Map's friend, 191. Ruin, 59. Runes, 65, 72, 73. Russell, John, 264. Rutebeuf, 397. Ruthwell cross, 73. Rymenhild, 223. Rysshetoun, Nicholas de, 241. Sachs, Hans, 332. Sacrament, play of the, 466, 485. Sad Shepherd, 456. Sagas, 40 ff. St. Albans, "Scriptorium" of, 197; chronicles of, 198, 405 ff.; copies burnt, 460. St. David's, 32, 198, 261. St. Josaphaz, 123. St. Paul's Cathedral, 269, 281, 379, 423, 455. Sainte Madeleine, 484. Sainte More, Benoit de, 108, 114, 121, 129, 177, 299, 404. Saladin, 454, 456. Salisbury, John of, 106, 110, on Paris University, 172 ff., life and works, 188 ff., on jugglers, 440, 471. Salomon and Saturnus, 75, 443. Sanxay, ruins at, 30. Saracens, saved, 399; 420, 472. Sarr, Ralph de, 110. Sarradin, on Des Champs, 275. Satan, in A.S. poems, 72. Satires and satirical poems, French, 146 ff., Latin, 178 ff., English, 225 ff., 358, by Langland, 391 ff., 397 ff., by Dunbar, 510. "Saturnalia," 450, 452. Saxons, 22 ff., 25, 27. Scandinavian Literature, 40 ff. Schick, J., on Lydgate, 498, 501. Schmidt, A., on Mary Magdalen, 483. Sciences, among Anglo Saxons, 79, under Angevin kings, 193 ff.; 410, ff. Scogan, 341. Scot, Duns, 193. Scotland, poets of, 362, 503 ff. Scott, Sir Walter, 362. "Scriptoria," 197. Scroby, Allan, 452. Scrope, Sir R., 271. Scyld, 50. Seafarer, 59. Secret des Secrets, 120. Secretum Secretorum, 500. Secunda Pastorum, 486 ff. Sejanus, 522. Selred, King, 87. Seneca, 278. Sentier batu, 444. Sergeant, L., on Wyclif, 422, 427. Sergeant, Chaucer's, 318, 325. Sermons, A.S., 88 ff., French, 123 ff., Latin, 146, with "exempla," 154, English, 205 ff., in Chaucer, 335, 354, in Langland, 387, by Wyclif, 434. Serpent of Division, 499. Severus, Emperor, 19. Sévigné, Madame de, 242. Shakespeare, 57, 93, 97, 134, 144, 244 ff., 269, 302, 338, 441, 458, 472 ff., 476 ff., 482, 484, 492, 494, 523. Shareshull, William de, 416. Shepherds, play of, 457, 483, 486 ff. Sheridan, 517. Shipman, Chaucer's, 314, 325. Shoreham, William de, 207, 215. Shows, 453 ff. Sidney, Sir Philip, 279, 343, 473, 512. Sidonius Apollinaris, 33. Siège d'Orléans, a drama, 459. Sienna, mediæval, 287. Sievers, E., on Cædmon, 71. Sigfried, 42. Simon, bishop of Ely, 421. Simpson, W. S., on St. Paul's, 379. Siriz, Dame, 447 ff. Skeat, W. W., 243, 244, on Langland, 375, on Testament of Love, 522. Skelton, 372, 491. Skirni, 42. Smith, Lucy Toulmin, on Mysteries, 466; 499. Socrates, 193, 278. Soderhjelm, on Horn, 223. Solomon, King, 372, 380. Somme des Vices et des Vertus, 214, 215, 325. Songs, "Goliardois," 192; English, 230 ff., 349, at Christmas, 450 ff.; 512. Sophocles, 476. Sorel, Albert, 255. Southwark, 269, 313, 326, 365. Speaker, the, 251, 418, 419. Spectator, 296. Speculum Charitatis, 446. Speculum Meditantis, 366. Speculum Stultorum, 178 ff. Speeches, in Parliament, 236, 242, 413 ff. Spencer, H., see Despencer. Spenser, Edmund, 343. Spont, on Chaucer, 284. Squire, Chaucer's, 314, 325. Squyr of Lowe Degre, 347. Stacions of Rome, 517. Stafford, earl of, 419. Stage, the, Bk. iii. c. vi., 439 ff. Stamford-bridge, 98. State, Roman idea of, 60 ff., Wyclif on the rights of, 423 ff., 430 ff. States General, in France, 254. Statius, 128, 293, 297, 495. Stephen, King, 106, 108, 133. Sterne, 225. Stilicho, 26. Stoker, Whitley, 11. Stonehenge, 4. Stow, J., 460. Strasbourg, Gotfrit of, 135 ff. Stratford-at-Bow, French of, 240. Strode, Ralph, 290, 299, 364. Stuarts, 253, 362, 456, 503. Stubbes, Philip, 346. Stury, Sir Richard, 284, 377. Sudbury, Simon, 415, 431. Sudre, on Renart, 147. Suffolk, Duke of, 256, 354. Sully, Maurice de, 206. Summoners or Somnours, 161, Chaucer's, 325. Swalwe, John, 414. Swedes, in Beowulf, 53. Sweet, H., 37, 45. Swevenyng, Book of, 243. Swift, 225, 336, 407, 520. Swinburne, 134, 136 ff. Swithin, St., 209. Swynford, Thomas, 241. Tabard inn, 313 ff., 342, 365, 382. Taborites, 438. Tacitus, 7, 9, 12, 20 ff., 29, 31 ff., 36, 46, 66, 73. Taillefer, at Hastings, 99. Taine, II., 394, and Preface. Talbot, J., earl of Shrewsbury, 497. Tale, tales, moralised, 123, French, 152 ff., Latin, 182 ff., English, 225, of the Basyn, 226, of Beryn, 320, and short stories, 320 ff., of Gamelyn, 324, of Melibeus, 325, 331, 332, 490, by Gower, 370, told by histrions, 441, by Dunbar, 510. Tapestries, 262. Tartufe, 229. Temple of Glas, 498 ff. Ten Brink, 39, on Chaucer, 291. Tennyson, 17, 47, 134, 244, 342 ff., and Preface. Terence, 167. Teseide, 294, 324. Tesoroni, on Ceadwalla, 63. Testament of Cresseid, 507. Testament of Love, 279, 522. Teutonic races, 22 ff. Thaon, Philippe de, 123. Thebes, Story of, 303, 497 ff. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 196. Theodebert, 50. Theodore of Tarsus, 68. Theodoric the Great, 26, 61, 84. Theseus, duke of Athens, 330. Thierri, king of Austrasia, 50. Thomas, author of Horn, in French, 223. Thomas, author of a Tristan, 134. Thompson, Maunde, 45, 406, 428, 433. Thopas, Sir, 325, 335, 340, 346. Thor, 44, 62. Thornton, Gilbert of, 197. Thornton Romances, 347. Thorpe, W., 416. Thre Lawes, a comedy by John Bale, 491. Thrissil and the Rois, 511. Thrush and Nightingale, 230, 443. Thurkill, 215. Thurot, on the Paris University, 170 ff. Thynne, F., 343. Tiberius, 473. Til Ulespiegel, 325. Tilbury, Gervase of, 195. Titus, 19, 106. Torcello, mosaic at, 207. Tort, Lambert le, 130. Tour Landry, Kt. de la, 265, 516. Tournaments, 109, 227, 260. Towneley Mysteries, 466 ff. Toynbee, on Mandeville, 407. Trade, English, 256 ff., 514 ff., 517 ff. Travels, by Englishmen, 257 ff., in France, Bohemia, Italy, 282 ff., of Mandeville, 403, 406 ff. Treasures in Scandinavian literature, 43, in A.S. literature, 52 ff. Trees, not to be cut, 266. Trevisa, John of, 195, 201, 225, 240, 406. Triall of Treasure, 491. Tristan and Iseult, 134 ff., 211, 222, 273, 372. Trivet, Nicholas, 202, 325. Trogus Pompeius, 33. Troilus (and Cressida), 130, 293 ff., 298 ff., 339, 346, 364, 370, 372, 411, 454, 497, 500, 507, 512. Trojans, ancestors of European nations, 111 ff. Trojan War, 176. Trokelowe, John de, 202. Troy Book, 498 ff. Troyes, Chrestien de, 140. Tudors, 456, 490. Turnament of Totenham, 227. Tundal, 215. Tunstall, Sir Marmaduke, 427. Turks, besiege Constantinople, 524. Turpin, archbishop, 126. Tybert, the cat, 149 ff., 184, 510. Uccello, Paolo, 257. Ulysses, 500. "Unam Sanctam," bull, 432. University of Paris, 169 ff., of Oxford and Cambridge, 173 ff., 181 ff. Uplandis Mous, 508. Urban VI., 426. Usener, on Boece, 85. Usnech, 13. Utopia, 387. Vacarius, 196. Valenciennes Passion, 470. Valerius (alias Map), 191. Valkyrias, 42, 60, 223. Vandals, 22, 23, 26. Vandois, 438. Venus, described by Chaucer, 292, by Gower, 365, 372, by James I., 506, see Complaint. Vercingetorix, 6. Vespasian, 19. "Vice," in Moralities, 491 ff. Vices et Vertus, see Somme. Vieil Testament, Mystère du, 472 ff. Vigfusson, G., 40. Vigny, Alfred de, 156. Vikings, 4, 44. Villon, 366, 498, 510, 520. Vinesauf, Geoffrey de, 179 ff., 329. Virgil, 128, 167, 177, 186, 285, 293, 295, 299, 393, 495, 499, 510. Virgin Mary, 123, 183, 184 ff., 215, 231, see Joseph. Visconti, Barnabo, 284, 325. Visions, of St. Paul, Tundal, Thurkill, St. Patrick, 215, of Rolle of Hampole, 217, concerning Piers Plowman, 373 ff. Vital, Orderic, 62, 100, 104, 198, 202. Vitry, Jacques de, 154, 155, 409. Vocabulary, 237 ff., after the Conquest, 243 ff., of Chaucer, 338, 367, of Langland, 400, in the XVth century, 517. Voiture, 66. Volsungs, 41. Voltaire, 325. Volucraire, 123. Vox and Wolf, 152. Vox Clamantis, 366 ff. Wace, on Hastings, 99, 101; 114, 121, 134, 214, 215, 219 ff., 404. Wadington, William of, 118, 123, 213, on drama, 463 ff. Waldhere, 41, 47, 48. Wales, partly conquered by William, 104, 105, described by Gerald de Barry, 188; see Welsh. Walhalla, 41, 60, 61. Wall, of Hadrian, 18. Wallace, William, 506. Walsingham, Thomas, 200, 201, 359, 405 ff., 412 ff., on Wyclif, 424, 426, 427. Walter, archdeacon of Oxford, 133. Walter the Englishman, 177. Walter, Hubert, 196. Waltheof, 224. Walworth, Sir William, 284. Warner, G. F., on Mandeville, 406. Wanderer, 59. Wandering Jew, 201. War-songs, Germanic, 46, A.S., 46 ff., 65. Ward, H. L. D., on Beowulf, 49, on Map, 192. Warwick, see Guy. Washbourn, Richard, 414. Waterford, Geoffrey de, 120, 123. Waurin Jean de, 122. Weber, H. W., on Romances, 223. Wedmore, peace of, 80. "Wednesday," 62. Weeping Bitch, 154, 184, 447 ff., 484. Weland, 49. Welsh language, 5, laws, 9, literature, 17, 47, legends on Arthur, 131, traditions, 210. Wendover, Roger de, 200 ff. Werferth, bishop of Worcester, 83, 86. Wesley, 216, 438. Westminster Abbey, 342. Wey, William, 517. Whitsuntide plays, 459. Whittington, Richard, 256. Widsith, 38. Wife of Bath, 191, 316, 318, 324, 325, 370, 461, 462. Wife's Complaint, 59. Wilfrith, St., 64, 66. William the Conqueror, 98 ff., 110, 111, 116, 157, 198, 247. William Rufus, 158, 414. William of Palerne, 223, 348. Willibrord, St., 64. Winchester, Godfrey of, 177. Windisch, 11. Winfrith (St. Boniface), 64. Wireker, Nigel, 178 ff. Woden, 29, 58, 60 ff., 65, 69, 80. Woman, in Celtic literature, 15 ff., in Scandinavian literature, 42, in A.S. sermons, 90, in Chanson de Roland, 125 ff., in chansons, 144 ff., satirised by Map, 191, in English songs, 230 ff., in Chaucer, 303 ff., 332 ff., in Boccaccio, 308, 321, in Gawayne, 349, excluded from the Pui Society, 357, satirised, 358, 369, in Langland, 387. Women, see Legend. Woodkirk Mysteries, 465 ff. Worcester, Florence of, 202. Wordsworth, 343. Workmen, London, in Chaucer, 315, singing, 355, St. Joseph one of them, 485 ff. Wren, Christopher, 269. Wright, Aldis, on Robert of Gloucester, 122. Wright's Chaste Wife, 496. Wulfstan, the homilist, 89. Wulfstan, the traveller, 84. Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, 112, 209. Wülcker, on Cædmon, 71. Wyclif, 154, 218, 389, life and works, 422 ff., 520 ff. Wyclif Society, 427. Wykeham, William of, 175, 261, 416 ff. Wyntoun, Andrew de, 496. Year Books, 118, 238 ff. Ymagynatyf, 376. York plays, 465 ff., their end, 493. Ypres, John of, 424. Ysengrin, 149 ff. Zeno, Apostolo, 332. Zimmer, 11. Zupitza, on Beowulf, 48, on Guy of Warwick, 224.

Transcriber's Notes

The year in Roman numerals has been retained as it is in the original. Changed owned to owed on page 249, "allegiance is only owed" Added opening parenthesis in footnote 166, "see also P. Meyer" Added opening parenthesis in footnote 337, "cf. Bramlette's article"