Book 2 — Index.
Reading edition
Abbots, election of, 24.
Absolutism, papal, 14, 265.
Acta Augustana, 233.
Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, 141, 143, 242 f., 257.
Adelmann, Bernard, named in the first Bull against Luther, 249 and n.
Adriatic, the, the boundary between Christian and Moslem, 19.
Æneas Sylvius, on the wealth of German burghers, 86.
Africa, North, 18; 85.
Against the execrable Bull of Antichrist, 249.
Against the thieving, murdering hordes of Peasants, 336.
Agricola, John, 390.
Agricola, Rudolph, 58.
Agricola, Stephan, 353.
Aichili, provost-marshal of the Swabian League, murders Lutheran pastors, 340.
D'Ailly, Peter, 199 f., 254.
Alber, Matthew, 310, 391.
Aleander, Jerome (Roman nuncio),—
on the devotion of Germany to Rome, 115;
at the Diet of Worms, 261 ff.;
his education, 262;
his letters to Rome, 262. ff.;
his estimate of Charles V., 263;
his task at the Diet of Worms, 263;
his address to the Diet, 270;
drafted the Ban against Luther, 298; 259, 267 n., 269, 271, 275 f., 279, 282, 283 and n., 285, 288, 291 n., 293, 295, 386.
Alexander of Hales on Indulgences, 219, 221 f.
Alpersbach, Petreius, 66.
Alstedt, 330.
Altenberg, 318.
Amsdorf, Nicholas, 211 n., 275, 317.
Anabaptists, 339, 366;
and Humanists, 156.
Andreæ, Laurentius, 422, 424.
Angelico, Fra, 49.
Anhalt, Prince of, 346, 363, 373.
Anjou, province of, 23.
Anna, Saint, “the Grandmother,” cult of, 135 f., 138.
Annaberg, town of, Indulgence-seller at, 213.
Annates, 12, 17, 24 f., 245, 321.
Anne of Beaujeu, 23.
Anselm of Lucca, 2.
Anthony, Duke of Lorraine, 334, 338.
Anti-Hapsburg feeling in Germany, 350, 370, 374, 376.
Apology for the Augsburg Confession, The, 367.
Apostles' Creed, 365, 468, 484.
Apostolic Succession, 403.
Aquinas. See Thomas.
Aragon, 27.
Argyropoulos, John, 48, 68.
Aristotle, a forerunner of Christ, 56;
influence on mediæval thinking, 449;
disliked by the Humanists, 57;
disliked by Luther, 206, 469.
Armstrong, Edward, quoted, 264 n.
Art, German, and popular life, 62.
Arthur, Prince of Wales, 21.
Articles:
the Twelve, 331 ff., 336, 337;
the Marburg, 353, 359;
the Swabach, 359, 367;
the Schmalkald, 374, 467 n., 468;
the Bern, 478.
Artisan life, 80 ff.; artisan capitalists in England, 21.
Artists, German, and the Reformation, 307;
belonged to the burgher class, 86.
Artushöfe, 86.
[pg 514]
Asia Minor, 18.
Ass, Feast of the, 120.
Astrologists in the beginning of the sixteenth century, 129.
Athanasius and Luther, 433, 470, 471 and n., 473.
Attrition, the doctrine of, 201, 219, 222 f.;
taught by John of Palz, an Augustinian Eremite theologian, 138, 199, 201.
Augsburg, city of, 234, 320, 322, 353, 391;
the Humanist circle of, 60 f.;
the Brethren in, 152.
See Diet.
Augsburg Confession (Augustana), 147 f., 363, 365 ff., 396, 399, 403.
Augsburg Interim, 266, 390 ff.
Augsburg Religious Peace,, 395 ff.;
international consequences of, 398 n.
Augustine, the papal claim to universal supremacy and, 3;
influence on mediæval theology, 449;
disliked by the Humanists, 167, 185;
his influence on Luther, 203, 207, 211, 433, 436.
Augustinian Eremites, 137 ff., 146;
their theology not Augustine's, 138, 199 f., 229;
their chapter at Heidelberg, 230;
most of them accept Luther's teaching, 305.
Augustus, Elector of Saxony, 395.
Avignon, the Popes at, 5.
Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 241 f., 266 n., 282 n., 306.
Ban, the, against Luther, 297 ff.
See Worms, Edict of.
Barclay, Alexander, the Ship of Fools, 17 n.
Basel, city of, 310;
Council of, see Councils.
Baths in the Middle Ages served as a life-school for artists, 88.
Bauernmeister, the, 92.
Bavaria, the Dukes of, 319, 325, 370, 376.
Bebel, Heinrich, 67.
Beer, Einbecker, 277 n., 293.
Beggars, ecclesiastical, 142.
Begging, a Christian virtue, 142.
Beguines and Beguine-houses, 116, 142.
Beham, Hans Sebaldus, artist, 62.
Beheim, Hans, supposed to have abducted Luther, 295.
Belgrade, 19.
Bernard of Clairvaux, 125, 205, 209, 433 and n.
Bessarion, Cardinal, 48 f.
Bible, translations of the, into the vernacular, 149 f., 174, 387, 402.
See Scripture.
Biblia Pauperum, 117.
Biel, Gabriel, 55, 196, 199.
Bigamy of Philip of Hesse, 380 ff.
Bishops, modes of electing, 8, 24.
Black Death, the, in England, 20, 440.
Boccaccio, 47.
Böhm, Hans, and the socialist revolts, 99 ff., 135.
Bologna, University of, 64;
a great Law School, 2;
city of, 360.
Bonaventura on Indulgences, 221, 224.
Bonzio, Cardinal, 2.
Books in the German language due to the Reformation, 300.
Bosnia, 19.
Bourges, Concordat of, 11.
Brand, Sebastian, author of Narrenschiff, quoted, 17;
on usury, 84;
on the Niklashausen pilgrims, 102;
on the diffusion of Scripture, 151 n.; 52, 58, 118.
Brandenburg, the Elector of, Joachim i. (1499-1535), 341;
Joachim ii. (1535-1571),
Fat old Interim, 377, 383, 395, 396;
Margrave of, George, 326, 346, 362, 373;
Margrave of Brandenburg-Culmbach, Albert Alcibiades, 383, 393;
Albert of (brother of Joachim i.), Archbishop of Mainz, see Mainz;
Albert of (brother of Margrave George), secularises his principality, becomes Duke of East Prussia and a Protestant, 326;
province of, peasants die of starvation, 111;
secular administration of the Church in fifteenth century, 140.
Brask, Johan, Bishop of Linkoeping, 423.
Braunfells, Otto, 306.
Bremen, an episcopal State, 81, 320, 373.
Brenz, John, 353, 391, 392.
Breslau, the students' paradise, 53, 378.
Brethren of the Common Lot, the, 51 ff.;
their relation to the praying circles of the German Mystics, 154.
Brethren, the, mediæval evangelical nonconformists, 150, 152 ff.;
distributed devotional literature, 155.
Brethren of St. Anthony, 143.
Brethren of St. James (Jacobs-Brüder), 134.
Brissmann, John, 305.
[pg 515]
Brotherhood, the Evangelical, 329, 334.
Brotherhoods in the fifteenth century, the Blessed Virgin, 135;
of St. Anna, the Grandmother, 136;
of the Eleven Thousand Virgins (St. Ursula's Schifflein), 145;
among the artisans, 146;
the Holy Brotherhood (Hermandad) of Spain, 28.
Brück, Dr. Gregory, Chancellor of Electoral Saxony, 266 n., 276, 278, 363, 366, 369.
Brunswick, the city of, churches in, 116.
Bucer, Martin, the Reformer of Strassburg, 284, 306, 310, 353, 374, 380, 391.
Bugenhagen, John, 306.
Bulls, papal, Execrabilis et pristinis, 5;
Pastor Æternus, 5;
Inter cetera divinæ, 5;
this Bull bestowed the continent of America upon Ferdinand and Isabella, 5 n.;
Unam Sanctam, 1 n., 4;
Exurge Domine, the first Bull against Luther, 247 f.;
Decet Romanum, the second Bull against Luther, 267 n.
Bundschuh League, the, peasant risings under, 103 ff., 110;
the banner, 103, 105;
the watchword of revolt, 296.
Burchard, John, 16.
Bürgerrecht, Das christliche, 350.
Burgmaier, Hans, artist, 67.
Burgundy, the district of, 21;
the Duke of, see Charles the Bold.
Burkhardt, George, of Spelt. See Spalatinus.
Burning the Pope's Bull, 251.
Burning heretics, 248;
heretical books, 259, 264, 299.
Busch, Hermann von, 52, 67.
Butzbach, Johann (a wandering student), 55.
Cadan, peace of, 377, 379.
Cajetan, Thomas de Vio, Cardinal, 232, 247, 252, 303.
Calabria, Greek spoken in, 46.
Calvin, John, and St. Anna, 136;
and Dean Colet, 165;
and the Augsburg Confession, 365;
on the doctrine of Scripture, 462, 465, 467 n.;
the impious mysteries of Calvin, 398 n.; 475, 476.
Campeggio, Lorenzo, papal nuncio, 184, 322, 361, 370.
Canon Law, based on the Decretum of Gratian, 2.
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 12, 349.
Capitalist class, rise of a, 83.
Capito, Wolfgang, 309.
Cappel, battle of (Zwingli slain), 374.
Caraccioli, Marino, papal nuncio, 262, 297.
Carlstadt, Andrew Bodenstein of, 211 n., 237, 249, 308;
and the Wittenberg “tumult,” 311 ff.;
dispenses the Lord's Supper in evangelical fashion, 313;
responsible for the "Wittenberg Ordinance," 314, 316, 320, 337;
on the Lord's Supper, 356, cf. 313;
in Denmark, 419.
Castile, consolidation of, 27 f.
Catalonia, 27.
Catechism of Dietrich Kolde, 126.
Catechism of the Brethren, 155.
Catechisms of the Reformation:
Luther's Small Catechism, 408, 472;
adopted in Denmark, 421;
Luther's Large Catechism, 472;
the Heidelberg, 477, 479.
Catholic Church, term not conceded to Romanists, 404.
Celibacy of the clergy, 312, 343.
Celtes, Conrad, Humanist, 67;
on the diffusion of Scripture, 151.
Chancery, rules of the Roman (contain lists of prices of benefices), 10.
Charitable foundations placed under lay management, 143.
Charity in the Middle Ages, 141 ff.
Charles v., Emperor, 37, 184, 334, 341;
elected to the Empire, 40;
crowned at Aachen, 262;
held his first Diet at Worms, 262 ff.;
the real antagonist of Luther, 264;
a good child, 263;
his confession of faith, 264 f., 293 f.;
his conception of the Church, 265;
differences between himself and the Diet about Luther, 267 n., 270 f., 272, 276 ff.;
asks for Luther's condemnation, 293;
regrets that he did not burn Luther, 295;
his views of the religious question in Germany, 360, 389;
at the Diet of Augsburg (1530), 359 ff.;
resolves to crush the Reformation by force, 360;
finds it difficult to do so, 370;
his idea of a true reformation, 375;
conquers the Duke of Cleves, 382;
makes peace with France, 383;
forces the Pope to convoke a Council, 383;
defeats the German Protestants, 389 f.;
[pg 516]
his religious compromise, the Augsburg Interim, 390;
forced to flee from Germany, 393;
abdicates, 395.
Charles vi. of France, 22.
Charles vii. of France, 22.
Charles viii. of France, 26.
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy 23, 37, 98 f., 109.
Cheese-hunters, 143 f., 302.
Chieregati, Francesco, Papal Nuncio, 321.
Christ, the Person of, Luther adopted the doctrinal definitions of the old Catholic Church, 468, 470, 472 f.;
did not like the terminology, 471;
the two Natures in, 474;
Luther put new meaning into the old definitions, 472, 474;
with the Reformers, Christ fills the whole sphere of God, 460, 472 ff., 478, 480;
He is the only Mediator, 476;
He is the efficacy and the virtue in the sacraments, 478;
His divinity to be reached from His work, 475;
a part of the religious experience, 474 f., 478.
Christian ii., King of Denmark, 418.
Christian iii., King of Denmark, 420.
Christendom, small extent at the time of the Reformation, 18 f.
Christianity, the sum of, 430;
how to express it, 431.
Christopher of Utenheim, Bishop of Basel, 257.
Chrysoloras, Manuel, 47.
Church of Christ, doctrine of the, a double fellowship, 480;
three conceptions of, in the mediæval Church, 481, 482;
and priesthood with the sacraments, 482, cf. 438 f.;
Luther's difficulties in conceiving a, 483;
his final conception of, 484;
both Visible and Invisible, 485;
made Visible by the proclamation of the Word and the manifestation of Faith, 485 ff.;
ministry in the, 486.
Mediæval, 1 ff., 31.
The Pope's House, 11, 194, 205, 235, 483.
States of the, 32 f.
A national German, 36, 324.
Churches (buildings), innumerable in Germany, 115;
full of treasures, 116.
Churches, Lutheran Territorial, 343, 387;
principles according to which they were organised, 400 ff.;
duties belonging to the Christian fellowship, 401;
attempted organisations before the Peasants' War, 401 f.;
Saxon Visitations, 405 ff.;
Consistorial Courts, 410, 412, 413, 415;
ecclesiastical circles, 411;
Superintendents, 404, 411;
Synods, 413.
Civitas Dei of Augustine, 2 f.
Claims of the Mediæval Papacy, 1 f.
Clergy and laity, 243, 443 f.
Cleves, Duke of, 382.
Coburg, Luther at, 369.
Cochlæus, Johannes, R.C. theologian († 1552), 185, 368.
Colet, John, Dean of St. Paul's, 22, 163 ff.;
travels in Italy, 164;
lectures at Oxford on St. Paul's Epistles, 164, 209;
rejected the allegorical interpretation of Scripture, 165;
sermon before Convocation, 165 f.;
his idea of a true reformation, 166;
dislike to the Scholastic Theology, 167;
studies Dionysius the Areopagite, 169;
his views on the priesthood and the sacraments, 170 f.
Collin, Rudolph (at the Marburg Colloquy), 353.
Cologne, the city of, its churches and ecclesiastical buildings, 116;
Luther's books burnt at, 259.
Columbus, Christopher, 85.
Concord, the Wittenberg, 377.
Concordats, 11, 24.
Concubinage of priests, 246.
Confession, auricular, 218, 220.
Confessions of the Reformation, Confessio Augustana (1530) or Augsburg Confession, 364 f., 435, 467 n., 468, 476;
adopted in Denmark, 420;
Confession Tetrapolitana (1530), 368;
Zurich Articles (1523), 468 n.;
Scots Confession (1560), 465, 468 n., 477, 478, 480;
First Helvetic Confession (1536), 467 n., 479;
Geneva Confession (1536), 468 n.;
Second Helvetic Confession (1562), 468 n., 477, 479;
French Confession (1539), 468, 479;
Belgic Confession (1561), 468 n.;
Netherlands Confession (1566), 477;
the Instruction of Bern (1532), 478;
the Thirty-nine Articles (1563, 1571), 468 n., 479;
Formula Concordiæ, 425.
Confraternities. See Brotherhoods.
Consistorial Courts, mediæval, 412.
Consistories in the Lutheran Church,
[pg 517]
their beginnings, 410;
of Wittenberg, 412-415.
Consolidation, the political idea of the Renaissance, 19, 43.
Constance, the city, 309, 346, 368;
Council of. See Council.
Constantinople, 19.
Constitutiones Johanninæ, 9.
Continuity of the religious life during the Reformation period, 122.
Contritio, 201, 222 f.
Copernicus, 42.
Cordus, Curicius, Humanist, 255.
Corpus Christi Processions, 119, 362.
Cotta, Frau, 195, 427.
Council, a General, the seat of authority in the Church, 265;
demanded, 342;
Charles v. resolves upon a, 372, 383;
of Basel, 6, 23, 140, 254, 259;
of Constance, 140, 226, 254, 259, 268, 290;
of Trent, 148, 225, 383, 455.
Council, a German, 321, 323 f., 379.
Cradle hymn, a, 121.
Cranach, Lucas, 63, 308, 369.
Cromwell, Thomas, 374.
Crotus Rubeanus (Johann Jaeger of Dornheim), a Humanist, 66, 75, 255.
Cujus regio ejus religio, 397.
Cup, the, for the laity, 343, 437.
Curia, the Roman, the universal court of ecclesiastical appeal, 14 f.;
sale of offices in, 15;
counted on the devotion of the Germans, 115; 245, 255, 265 f., 321, 332 n.
Cusanus, Cardinal Nicholas, 57 f.
Cuspinian of Vienna, Luther writes to him from Worms, 283.
Dalmatia, 19.
Dante and the Renaissance, 47.
Dantzig, churches in, 116.
Decretals, forged, 2; Luther studies the, 235.
Decretum of Gratian, 2, 44.
Denmark, Reformation in, 388, 418, 420.
Deusdedit, a canonist, 2.
Deutsche Theologie, 155.
Deventer, the school at, 51, 64.
Devotional literature circulated by the Brethren, 155.
Diet, the feudal Council of the German Empire, of Worms (1521), 262 ff., 267, 278, 284 ff., 296 f., 304, 341;
of Nürnberg (1522-23), 321, 403;
of Speyer (1524), 324, 403;
of Augsburg (1525), 341;
of Speyer (1526), 341, 398, 403, 404, 415;
of Speyer (1529), 345, 396;
of Augsburg (1530), 360, 363 ff.;
of Nürnberg (1532), 374 f.;
of Augsburg (1555), 395 ff.
Dionysius the Areopagite, 169.
Dispensations, fees for, 13, 382 n.
Disputations, university, 311 f.
Dominican Order, 70, 137, 306, 321.
Dominicans demand the destruction of Hebrew literature, 70 f.
Donation of Constantine, 49.
Dormi secure, 117.
Dringenberg, Ludwig, 52.
Drinking habits of the Germans, 87 f.
Dunkeld, disputed succession in the See of, 10.
Dürer, Albert, 31, 62, 63, 88, 90;
appeals to Erasmus, 188;
on Luther's piety, 191;
his admiration for Luther, 256;
grief at report of Luther's death, 296.
Eberlin of Gunzberg, John, controversial writer, 304 f., 310.
Ebernberg, the, castle of Francis V., Sickingen, 262, 273.
Eccius dedolatus, 249 n.
Eck, John, Official of the Archbishop of Trier, 278, 280, 281, 283, 285, 290.
Eck, John Mayr of, professor at Ingolstadt, 235 f., 247, 303, 368.
Economic changes at the close of the Middle Ages, 43, 80 f., 108 f.
Egypt, 18.
Ehrenberg, the Pass of, 393.
Eisenach, 193, 198.
Eisleben, 193, 385.
Electors, the German, 35, 270;
accustomed to exercise the jus episcopale, 140.
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 6 n., 398 n.
Elizabeth, St., 195, 198.
Elsass and the Peasants' War, 334, 338.
Emmerich, school at, 52.
Emser, Jerome, 185, 337.
Emperor, the Vicar of God, 31.
Empire, German, elective, 35;
attempts to frame a Common Council (Reichsregiment), 36 f.;
extent of the, 36.
England, consolidation of, under the Tudors, 7, 20.
Eoban of Hesse (Helius Eobanus Hessus), 66, 255.
[pg 518]
Episcopate weakened by the Papacy, 14.
Epistolæ obscurorum virorum, 67, 72 f., 74.
Erasmici, 255.
Erasmus, 52, 67, 71, 74, 156, 164, 171, 266 n., 273, 288, 299;
a typical Christian Humanist, 172; visit to England, 172, 177;
his conception of a reformation, 172 ff.;
his Christian Philosophy, 173;
desire for the Scriptures in the vernacular, 174;
Sancte Socrates, ora pro nobis, 175, 253;
dislike to Augustinian theology, 167, 185;
writings in aid of the Reformation, 179;
on saint worship, 180;
on the monastic life, 180 f.,
estimate of Luther, 185, 253, 301.
Erfurt, University of, 56, 64;
its foundation, 195;
theology, 196.
Erfurt Tumult, the, 305.
Eric, King of Denmark, 417.
Evangelical Brotherhood, 329, 334.
Evangelical life at the close of the Middle Ages, 124.
Excommunication of princes and its consequences, 6 and n., 398 n.
Exile at Avignon, papal, 5.
Fagius, Paul, 391.
Faith, the religious faculty which throws itself upon God, 429, 436, 438, 458;
an active and living thing, 431;
rests on the historic Christ, 446;
good works are the sign of, 431;
is the gift of God, 429, 430;
depends on promise, 441, 460;
enables us to see the meaning of the historic work of Christ, 446;
what it lays hold of in repentance, 452;
is personal trust in a personal Saviour, 203, 459;
the conceptions of Faith and of Scripture always correspond, 461;
is needed to apprehend infallibility, 464, 465, 466;
creates a natural unity in Scripture, 455, 459;
two kinds of, 429, 445;
mediæval conception of, a frigida opinio, 429;
is intellectual, 430, 461;
and reason in the Scholastic Theology, 469.
See Justification.
Family religion at the close of the Middle Ages, 121 ff.
Famine years in Germany, 110 ff.
Fastnachtspiele, 54, 90.
Ferdinand of Aragon, 5, 6, 27, 29, 30.
Ferdinand of Austria, 278, 319, 322, 342, 360, 394.
Festivals, Church, 119 ff., 141, 246.
Feudalism in England, 20.
Five Nations, the, 19 ff.
Five powers of Italy, 31 f.
Florence, 32 f.
Florentius Radewynsohn, 51.
Folk-songs of Germany, 67, 90, 94, 99, 109.
Fondaco dei Tedeschi at Venice, 83.
Forest laws, severity of, 108.
Forgeries, papal, 2, 235.
France, 7, 18, 19, 20, 22 ff., 31;
not a compact nation, 25;
trade in, 25.
Francis of Assisi, 125, 142, 158, 203, 433, 435.
Francis i. of France, 25, 184, 265, 342, 345.
Frank, Sebastian, his chronicle, 107.
Frankfurt-on-the-Main, 40, 87.
Frederick, Elector of Saxony. See Saxony.
Frederick iii., Emperor, 37.
Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein, King of Denmark, 419.
Free Nobles of Germany, 83.
Frundsberg, General, 279.
Friends of God (Gottesfreunde), 51, 154.
Frigida opinio, 429.
Fritz, Joss, founder of the Bundschuh League, 104, 135.
Froben, the Basel printer; printed Luther's works, 256;
printed the copies of Luther's works produced at the Diet of Worms, 281 n.
Froscher, M. Sebastian, at the Leipzig Disputation, 237, 238.
Fugger, the, family, 84, 361;
in possession of mines, 85.
Fulda, monastery of, 46, 75.
Gaismeyer, Michael, leader in the Peasants' War, 330.
Galileo, 42.
Gascoigne, George, 11.
Geiler of Keysersberg, 53, 59, 118, 134, 310.
Geographical discoveries, 43, 84 f.
George of Trebizond, 47 f.
George, Duke of Saxony. See Saxony.
Germany, political condition at the close of the Middle Ages, 30;
divided condition and desire for unity, 35;
attempts at unity, 36 ff.;
connections with Italy, 50;
devotion to the Roman See, 115 ff.;
multitude of ecclesiastical buildings [pg 519] in, 115 f.;
grievances against Rome, 233, 243, 245, 270, 288, 21, 342;
divided into two separate camps, 338;
a national Church for, 324, 335; 321, 323 f., 379.
Gerson, Jean, Luther's debt to, 209 and n., 254.
Gilds in mediæval towns, 43, 81.
Ginocchino di Fiore, 47, 158.
Glapion, Jean, confessor to Charles v., 266 n., 273, 285.
Glossa ordinaria, 202.
Golden Rose, the, 234, 260.
Goslar, 374.
Gospel, the Little, 135.
Gotha, 353.
Gottesfreunde, 51, 154.
Göttingen, 374.
Græcia Magna, 46.
Gran in Hungary, 9.
Granada, 27, 29.
Gratian's Decretum, 2, 44.
Gratius, Ortuin, 67.
Graubund, the, 95.
Greece, 19.
Greek, the knowledge of Greek in the Middle Ages, 46;
spoken in Sicily and Calabria, 46;
printing press in Paris, 26.
Greeks, learned, in Italy, 47.
Gregory. See Popes.
Gregory of Pavia, a canonist, 2.
Grimma, town in Electoral Saxony, 201, 205, 316, 318.
Grocyn, 22, 164.
Groot, Gerard, 51.
Grunbach, Argula, a learned Lutheran lady, 307.
Gruniger, a Strassburg publisher, 300.
Gude and godlie Ballates, the, 123 n.
Guelderland, 382.
Gustaf Ericsson, King of Sweden, 421;
adopts the Reformation, 422 f.
Haingerichte, 331 ff.
Hall, a town in Swabia, 353, 391.
Hamburg, 374.
Hanseatic League, 82 f.
Hapsburg, House of, 35, 37, 345, 350, 359, 370, 376, 398.
Hebrew, the study of, 68.
Hebrew books to be destroyed, 69 f.
Hedio, Caspar, 353.
Hegenau, Conference at, 379.
Hegius, Alexander, 52, 64.
Heilbronn, 347.
Held, Chancellor, 379.
Helding, Michael, 390.
Henrique, Don, of Portugal, 84.
Henry iv. of Castile, 28.
Henry vii., King of England, 20 f.
Henry viii., King of England, 21 f., 26, 184, 324, 378, 388;
on Luther's condemnation, 298;
orders Luther's books to be burnt, 299.
Henry, Duke of Saxony. See Saxony.
Hermandad, the, in Spain, 28 f.
Herredag, 419.
Herzegovina, 19.
Hesse, the district, 347, 386, 415.
Hierarchies, celestial and terrestrial, 169.
Hoc est Corpus Meum, 358.
Hochstratten, Jacob, 70 f.
Hohenstaufen Emperors, the, 1.
Holbein, Hans, artist, portrait of Erasmus, 177; 57, 62.
Holy days, ecclesiastical, 141, 246, 343.
Holy Roman Empire, 31 f.
Homberg, Synod at, 415.
Homoousius, word not liked by Luther, 471.
Honius, Christopher, theory of the Lord's Supper, 355.
Humanists, the Christian, 158 ff.;
weakness of their position, 186 ff., 299;
their ideas of a reformation, 190.
Humanists in France, 26.
Humanists, German, 39, 57;
called Poets or Orators, 64;
hatred of Aristotle, 57;
band together to defend Reuchlin, 68, 71 f.;
societies of, in German cities, 60 f.;
write in praise of St. Anna, 136;
in the German universities, 63 f., 196;
religious eclecticism among, 65;
with Luther after the Leipzig Disputation, 239, 254 f.;
disliked Augustinian theology, 325;
how far responsible for the Peasants' War, 328.
Humanists, Italian, 22, 115;
relations with Savonarola, 160.
Hundred Years' War, 22.
Hussite propaganda, 98, 196, 238, 309, 325.
Hutten, Ulrich v., 59, 67, 267 n., 269, 273, 284;
youth and education, 75 f.;
passion for German unity, 76;
admiration for Luther, 77;
at the Ebernberg, 262.
Hymns, evangelical, in the Mediæval Church, 121 f., 125;
Reformation collections of, 387, 402;
in praise of the Blessed Virgin, 135;
of [pg 520] St. Anna, 135;
of St. Ursula, 145;
pilgrimage, 128, 132.
Images in churches, 312.
Immaculate Conception, the, 135, 138.
Imperialism, intellectual, 168.
Index expurgatorius, 185.
In dulci jubilo, 122 f.
Indulgence, an, for the Niklashausen chapel, 100;
for the church of All Saints at Wittenberg, 130;
for a bridge at Torgau, 259.
Indulgence money went to found Wittenberg University, 206;
had the effect of an endowment, 224; 245, 259.
Indulgence-sellers, 213, 226.
Indulgences, helped to create a capitalist class, 83;
fostered pilgrimages, 128;
the theory and practice of, 216 ff.;
earlier abuses of, 219, 223;
did they give a remission of guilt, 225; 248, 306.
Industry and trade in France, 25;
in England, 21;
in Germany, 81 ff.
Innsbruck, 393.
Inquisition in Spain, 29 f., 266, 267 n.
Instruction, the, of Frederick of Saxony, 316.
Instruction of the Synod at Bern, 478.
Instruction drafted by the Saxon Visitors, 410.
Insurrections, in England, 20, 21;
in France, 23;
in Spain, 28, 30.
Interdict, 439 f.
Interest on money, 84.
Interim, the Augsburg, 390 ff.,
the Leipzig, 391 n.
Interim, Fat Old, 396.
Isabella of Castile, 5, 27 ff.
Isidorian (pseudo-) Decretals, 2.
Isny, 347.
Italy, political condition of, 32 f., 30.
Jacobs-Brüder, 134.
Jaeger of Dornheim, Johann (Crotus Rubeanus), 66, 75, 255.
Jak Upland, 302.
James IV. of Scotland, 21.
Jesus the Judge, not the Mediator, 134. See Christ.
Jews, in Spain, 29;
persecuted, 69;
their literature to be destroyed, 70 f.
John, Elector of Saxony. See Saxony.
John Frederick, Elector of Saxony. See Saxony.
Jonas, Justus (Jodocus Koch of Nordlingen), 255, 273 f., 275, 312, 385, 411.
Joss Fritz, leader in the Bundschuh League, 104, 135.
Junker Georg, 297, 317.
Jurisprudence of the Renaissance, 44.
Jurists, French, of the Renaissance, 26.
Jus episcopale, exercised by secular rulers in the fifteenth century, 140 f., 147, 412;
lies in the Christian magistracy, 401, 412, 413.
Justification by Faith, a divine act and therefore continuous, 447;
corresponds to the absolution by the priest, 448;
word used with different meanings, 448;
mediæval theory of, depends on initial grace, 450;
is seen in the action of the sacraments, and especially in penance, 450;
Reformation doctrine of, 447, 451;
Chemnitz on the, 451;
reformation and mediæval theories contrasted, 452.
Justinian, Code of, 44; 390.
Jüterbogk, 214.
Kalands, the, 146.
Kampen, Stephen, 305.
Karben, Victor V., 70.
Karsthans, 302.
Katharine of Aragon, 21.
Kempton, Abbey lands of, 102, 103.
Kessler, Johann, of St. Gallen, 317.
Knight of Christ (Erasmus), 301.
Knox, John, 349.
Koburgers, the, printers in Augsburg, 151, 155.
Lachmann, Johann, 310.
Lacordaire on Protestant idea of Scripture, 457.
Laity and clergy, 243, 443.
Lambert, Francis, 337 n., 415.
Landsknechts, 40, 77, 106, 109, 110 n.
Latin, in the Middle Ages, 46, 51;
hymns sung in school, 51, 53;
Luther's studies in, 197.
Latin War, the, 56.
League of the Public Weal (France), 23.
League, the Schmalkald, 373 ff., 376, 380.
League, the Swabian, 323, 330, 334, 377.
[pg 521]
Leagues of Protestants in Germany, 325, 347, 350, 373.
Leagues of Romanists in Germany, 324, 325, 341.
Learning, the New, 22, 76, 159, 165;
in France, 26;
in Germany, 50, 57, 67, 68;
how used by Erasmus, 179.
Leipzig, The Disputation at, 61, 77, 236 ff., 252, 275, 325, 385;
beginning of historical criticism of institutions, 239;
made the German Humanists support Luther, 239.
Leisnig Ordinance, 401.
Leitzkau, Luther at, 166, 213.
Leo Alberti, architect, 49.
Leon, 27.
Liberty of a Christian Man, 192, 240 f.
Libraries, the Vatican, 49;
of San Marco, Florence, 49;
of Cardinal Cusanus, 58;
of a parish priest, 409.
Lindau, 346, 368.
Link, Wenceslas, of Nürnberg, 256.
Literature. See Popular Literature.
Localis, 202.
Lollards, 97, 171, 302.
Loriti, Heinrich (Glareanus), 67.
Louis xi. of France, 23, 25.
Louvain, 185.
Lund, Archbishop of, 379.
Luneberg, Dukes of, 341, 346, 362, 363, 373, 386.
Luther, Hans, 193.
Luther, Magdalena, 369.
Luther, Margarethe, 193.
Luther, Martin, on wandering students, 54;
on John Wessel, 58;
the society to which he spoke, 113;
criticism of prevalent preaching, 118;
fondness for St. Anna, 136;
on Brotherhoods, 146;
on begging, 143;
debt to the Mystics, 155;
religious atmosphere in which he was reared, 157;
and Savonarola, 163;
and Dean Colet, 165, 170;
and Erasmus, 167, 175 f., 179;
why he succeeded as a Reformer, 189 ff.;
an embodiment of personal piety, 191;
his slow advance, 192;
embodied the Reformation, 193;
youth and education, 193 ff.;
a Poor Scholar, 195;
at Erfurt University, 195 ff.;
influenced by pictures, 198;
in the convent, 199 ff., 426 f.;
his teachers in theology, 199 f., 223;
conversion, 203;
at Wittenberg, 205 f.;
sent to Rome, 207;
early lectures on theology, 208;
teaches Aristotle's Dialectic, 206;
becomes a great preacher, 207, 212;
issues his Theses, 215 ff.;
his Resolutiones, 230 f.;
summoned to Rome, 232;
appears before Cardinal Cajetan, 232;
interview with Miltitz, 235;
at the Leipzig Disputation, 236 ff.;
burns the Pope's Bull, 250 ff.;
the representative of Germany, 252 ff.;
writings translated into Spanish, 269, 388;
writings in Great Britain, 388;
writings burnt in the Netherlands, 271,
and at Cologne, 259;
at Oppenheim, 274;
at Worms, 275 ff.;
first appearance before the Diet of Worms, 278;
description of his person, 279 f.;
second appearance before the Diet, 284 ff.;
rumours that he would recant, 286;
attitude in speaking, 288;
last words at the Diet, 291 n.;
last scene in the Diet, 291 f.;
conferences after the Diet, 294;
report that he had been murdered, 295;
Ban against, 297 f.;
in the Wartburg, 297;
the hero of the popular literature, 301;
his teaching spreads, 305 ff., 322;
back in Wittenberg, 316 ff.;
hopes of a National Church of Germany, 326;
how far responsible for the Peasants' War, 327 f.;
how the war affected him, 337, 338;
and Zwingli, 347 ff.;
at Marburg, 352 ff.;
his doctrine of the Sacrament of the Supper, 357;
his letters from Coburg, 369;
declared that the Turks must be driven back, 374;
his idea of a reformation, 275;
and the bigamy of Philip of Hesse, 380;
his death, 384 ff.;
ideas of ecclesiastical organisation, 400 ff.;
suggested did not prescribe, 402;
proposed the visitations, 405 ff.;
preface to the Small Catechism, 408;
influence in Denmark, 419;
in Sweden, 422, 424;
his Reformation based not on doctrine, but on religious experience, 426 ff.;
on the two kinds of faith, 429, 430 f., 445;
at Ziesar, 435;
on the priesthood of believers, 440;
on clergy and laity, 240, 441;
on Simple Stories in the Bible, 460;
and the Epistle of James, 462 n.;
on theological terminology, 471;
his doctrine of the Church, 484.
[pg 522]
Lyra, Nicholas de, 117, 196, 209, 456 n.
Machiavelli on the condition of Italy, 31.
Magdeburg, school at, 53; Ordinance, 401;
beginning of the Reformation in, 307; 194, 198, 384.
Magistry, the Christian, possess the jus episcopale, 147, 401.
Maid who lost her shoe, There was a, 313.
Mainz, Albert, Archbishop of, 187, 213, 229, 270, 293, 295, 296, 334, 341, 378.
Mansfeld, Counts of, 193, 295, 341, 373, 385, 386.
Mansfeld, district of, 193, 198.
Manuel, Juan, Spanish ambassador at Rome, 265, 272.
Marburg Articles, 353.
Marburg Colloquy, 352 ff.
Margaret Tudor, 21.
Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy, 21.
Mariolatry, 135.
Marlianus, Bishop of Puy, 185.
Marrani, 269.
Marriage of ecclesiastics, 343.
Marsiglio Ficino, 48, 158;
a disciple of Savonarola, 160.
Martiniani, 255.
Mary of Burgundy, 37.
Mass, the, propitiatory sacrifice in the, 312, 354.
Mastersingers, the, and the Reformation, 310.
Matthias Corvinus, 6, 9.
Maurice of Saxony, 382, 384 and n., 389, 393, 394.
Maximilian, Emperor, 31, 37, 39, 206, 232;
the Humanist Emperor, 39, 67, 184;
death, 40, 261;
in folk-song, 67;
and the Swiss, 111;
and the Landsknechts, 40, 110 n.
Mediæval Church, struggle with the Empire, 1 ff.
Mediæval Empire, 30 f.
Mediæval learning, 55,
Medici, the, rulers in Florence, 32;
Lorenzo de, 49;
relations with Savonarola, 162.
Medii fructus, 12 f.
Melanchthon, 156, 273, 308, 313 ff., 316, 350, 353, 364, 380, 402.
Memmingen, 333 f., 337, 346, 351, 368.
Marsilius of Padua, 306 n., 333.
Meissen, 208, 234.
Michelangelo, 50.
Middle class in England, 20.
Milan, 32 f.
Miltitz, Charles v., 234.
Minkwitz, Hans von, 277.
Mirabilia Romæ, 131.
Miracle Plays, 119.
Modrus in Hungary, 9.
Moldavia, 19.
Monasteries under secular control in Switzerland, 349.
Monastic life, Erasmus on the, 180 f.;
Luther on the, 211;
Eberlin on the, 304.
Money exactions by the Papacy, 11, 244 f., 268, 304.
Monks join the Lutheran movement, 305 f.
Monte Cassino, the Abbey of, 46.
Morals, clerical, at the close of the Middle Ages, 137 f., 190, 246.
More, Sir Thomas, 178, 186, 328.
Mosellanus, Peter, at the Leipzig Disputation, 237 f.
Moslems, 18 f., 26.
Mühlberg, battle of, 389.
Mühlhausen, battle of, 330, 334.
Municipal interference in ecclesiastical affairs, 141, 414.
Munster, Sebastian, chronicler, 170.
Munster, town on the Ems, 52.
Münzer, Thomas, people's priest at Zwickau, 314, 330, 334, 336.
Murad i., 19.
Murmellius, Johann, 52.
Murner, Thomas, 185, 303.
Musculus, Wolfgang, 391.
Mutianic Host, 68.
Mutianus (Mut, Mutti, Mudt, Mutta), Conrad, 52, 64, 185, 255.
Myconius (Mecum), Frederick, on family religion, 124, 127, 156;
on the Indulgence-seller, 213;
on the Theses, 230;
at Worms, 289 n.; 305, 309, 353.
Mystics, prayer circles among the, 153;
Luther's debt to the, 209 n.; 256.
Naples, 32 f.
Narrenschiff, 17, 102.
Nathin, John, Luther's teacher, 199 f., 457.
National Church for Germany, 36, 338, 389.
National literature, 44.
Naumberg, conference of German Protestants at (1555), 396.
Navarre, seized by Ferdinand of [pg 523] Aragon in consequence of a papal excommunication, 6 and n., 29.
Neopaganism, 48.
Nepotism, papal and kingly, 9.
Neukarsthans, 306 n.
New and Old God, the, 303.
Nicene Creed, 365, 468.
Niklashausen, a pilgrimage chapel, 100.
Nobility, position of, in England, 20;
in France, 25;
in Spain, 29.
Nobility of the German Nation, Address to the, 14, 242.
Nordlingen, 347.
Normandy, 26.
Nürnberg, 88, 234, 320, 346, 347, 353, 363, 373, 391;
Humanists in, 60, 256;
the Brethren in, 152;
population of, 87;
retained its patrician constitution, 81.
Nützel, Caspar, 256.
Occam, William of, 55, 196, 199, 254.
Odense, Danish National Assembly at, 419.
Œcolampadius (Johann Hussgen), 306, 310, 353.
Œlhafen, Sixtus, deputy from Nürnberg to Worms, 284, 292.
Oppenheim, Charles v. at, 271;
Luther at, 274.
Orchan seizes Gallipoli, 19.
Ordinances for regulating public worship, 404, 414;
Wittenberg Ordinance, 315 f., 401;
Leisnig, 401;
Magdeburg, 401.
Ordinary, the Pope's right to act as, 24.
Osiander, Andrew, 310, 353, 391.
Ottoman Turks, 19.
Pack, Otto von, 344.
Palz, John of, a defender of Indulgences, 138, 223.
Pantaleone, H., on the state of the peasants, 107.
Papacy, its claim to universal supremacy, 1;
an Italian power, 7;
superior to common morality, 7.
Papal Tickets, 227, 231.
Paper, effects of the invention of, 45.
Pappenheim, Ulrich von, 277.
Paris, University of, 12;
Luther's writings in, 388.
Passau, conference of German princes at, 393.
Passion Plays, 119.
Passional Christi et Anti-Christi, 308.
Pastoral theology, manual of, 117.
Pastors, Lutheran, hung, 341.
Pater Patriæ, title given to Luther, 255.
Patricians in towns, 80.
Patrizzi, master of ceremonies in Rome, 16.
Pearl of the Passion, the, 135.
Peasantry, the, in England, 21;
in France, 25; in Germany, 89 ff.;
their condition of life, 90 ff.;
their diversions, 93;
revolts by the, 95 ff.;
causes of their revolts, 106 ff.;
Swiss, free themselves, 44; 103, 105, 106, 109, 111.
Peasants' War, 296, 325, 326 ff., 342, 386;
how far was Luther responsible for the, 327, 335 ff.;
how far Humanist Utopias, 328;
began at Stühlingen, 329.
Pellicanus, Theobold, 310.
Peloponnese, 19.
Penance, sacrament of, 201, 219, 220.
Penances, 218.
Penitentiaries, 218 f.
Petrarch and the Renaissance, 46 f.
Petri, Olaus and Laurentius, the Reformers of Sweden, 421 ff.
Petzensteiner, Brother, 275.
Peutinger, Dr., Deputy from Augsburg to Worms, 279, 284, 289, 291 n.
Pfefferkorn, John, 69 f.
Pflug, Julius von, 390.
Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, his peasants did not revolt, 331;
helps John of Saxony, 334;
proposed a democratic constitution for the Church of Hesse, 337 n., 415 f.;
a leader among the Protestant princes, 325, 341;
deceived by Pack, 344;
signed the Protests, 346, 371;
arranges for the Marburg Colloquy, 352;
admires Zwingli, 350;
further attempts to unite the Protestants, 359;
signs the Augsburg Confession, 363, 368;
supposed to be ready for war, 369;
at Schmalkalden, 373;
aids Duke of Würtemburg, 376;
his bigamy, 380 ff.;
tempted by Charles v., 383;
surrenders and is imprisoned, 389;
liberated, 394;
at Naumberg, 396.
Pico della Mirandolo, 48, 64;
a disciple of Savonarola, 160;
proposed to become a Dominican, 161;
buried in San Marco, Florence, 162.
[pg 524]
Pictures, the, which influenced Luther, 198.
Pictures in churches, 312.
Pilgrim guide-books, 131 ff., 226.
Pilgrim songs, 128 n., 132 f. and n., 194.
Pilgrimage places, 194;
Niklashausen, 100 ff.;
near Mansfeld, 127;
St. Michael's Mount, 128;
Wilsnack, 129;
the Holy Land, 130;
Rome, 131 f.;
Compostella, 131 ff.
Pilgrimages, epidemic of, 100, 128;
of children, 128, 129.
Pirkheimer, Willibald, 60 ff., 249 and n., 309.
Platonic Academies, 48.
Platonism, Christian, 48, 64.
Platter, Thomas, a wandering student, 55.
Plenaria, 149.
Plethon, Gemistos, 48.
Podiebrod, George, 6.
Pœnæ eternæ et temporales, 221 f., 225.
Poggio Bracciolini, 49.
Poliziano, Angelo, a disciple of Savonarola, 162.
Pollich, Dr., 205, 207.
Popes—
Nicholas i. (858-867), 2;
Gregory vii. (1073-1085), 2;
Innocent iv. (1243-1254), 4;
Urban ii. (1088-1099), 224;
Boniface viii. (1294-1303), 4;
Clement v. (1305-1314), 12;
John xxii. (1316-1334), 9, 10, 11, 12, 13;
Nicholas v (1447-1455), 49;
Boniface ix. (1389-1404), 16;
Eugenius iv. (1431-1447), 23;
Pius ii. (1458-1464), 5, 6;
Paul ii. (1464-1471), 6;
Sixtus iv. (1471-1484), 7, 29;
Innocent viii. (1484-1492), 34;
Alexander vi. (1492-1503), 5, 12, 16, 34;
Julius ii. (1503-1513), 6, 34, 49;
Leo x. (1513-1521), 5, 16, 22, 25, 34, 187, 229, 231, 240;
Adrian vi. (1522-1523), 16, 320, 322;
Clement vii. (1523-1534), 322, 380;
Paul iii. (1534-1549), 378;
Paul iv. (1555-1559), 185.
Pope's House, the Church is, 11, 194, 205, 235, 483.
Popular literature, on the Lutheran controversy, 300 ff.;
on the Augsburg Interim, 392.
Portugal, 29.
Postilla, the, of Nicholas de Lyra, 117.
Postills, Luther's, 409.
Præmunire, statutes of, 11.
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 24.
Preachers and towns, 310.
Preaching in the later Middle Ages, 117 ff.
Prices, rise in, at close of Middle Ages, 112.
Prierias, Silvester Mazzolini of Prierio, 230, 247, 303.
Priesthood, conception of, in the mediæval Church, 3, 438;
made clear by an interdict, 439;
Colet refused to accept it, 170;
Luther emancipated men from, 193, 444;
the, of all believers, 240, 244, 380, 435 ff.
Priests disliked, 96.
Princes, the, of Germany represented settled government, 36.
Printing made art and literature democratic, 45;
in Germany used from the beginning to spread devotional literature, 126.
Processions, ecclesiastical, 119, 362.
Procurationes, 13.
Proles, Andreas, 140, 163.
Protest, the, at Speyer, 346;
the second, 371.
Prussia, East, 326, 386.
Rechtern, non fechten sondern, 372 n.
Red Cross, the, 214.
Regensburg (Ratisbon), conference at, 363, 379 f.
Reichskammersgericht, 372, 375, 377, 379.
Reichsregiment, the, 36, 38, 317, 320, 322, 323, 324, 338.
Relaxatio de injuncta pœnitentia, 219.
Religious background of the claim for papal universal supremacy, 2.
Religious life at the close of the Middle Ages, 131;
a non-ecclesiastical religion, 139 ff.
Religious pioneers have one method, 432.
Religious War, the, in Germany, 389 f.
Renaissance, the, period of transition from the mediæval to the modern world, 42;
beginning of science, 42 f.;
geographical exploration, 43;
a revolution in art, 44;
religion of the, 45;
revival of letters, 46 ff.
René of Provence, 23.
Reservations, papal, 9, 24.
Resolutiones of Luther, 230 f.
Reuchlin, 67 ff.
[pg 525]
Reutlingen, 347, 363, 391.
Revival of religion in the fifteenth century, 127 ff.
Revolts. See Social revolts.
Rhegius, Urban, 306, 310.
Rhodes, 19.
Robber-knights, 83.
Rohrbach, Jäklein, a leader in the Peasants' War, 330.
Roll-Brüder, 53.
Roman Empire, Holy, 31 f.
Roman Law and the peasants of Germany, 107.
Roman lawyers and their influence on theology, 168.
Romans, King of the, 31, 39, 360, 394.
Rome, ancient, the Papacy claims to succeed, 1 f.
Rome, Luther in, 207; sack of, 266, 343.
Rostock, 374.
Roumania, 19.
Sachs, Hans, 93, 307 n., 310.
Sacrament of the Supper, 353 ff., 377;
Zwingli on the, 355, 357;
Wessel on the, 355;
Honius on the, 355;
Luther on the, 358, f.;
Carlstadt on the, 356.
Sacramental efficacy, 232, 248, 478, f.
Sacraments, Colet on the, 171.
Sacraments, the number of the, 242.
Safe-conducts for Luther, 267 n., 273 and n., 276.
St. Gallen, 347.
Salerno, University of, 46.
Salzburg, Peasants' War in, 330.
Samlund, the Bishop of, a Lutheran, 306.
San Marino, 349.
Saracens, 18.
Satisfactions, 216 f., 447.
Savonarola, 22;
youth and education, 158;
sympathy with the New Learning, 159;
disciples among the Italian Humanists, 161 f.;
a mediæval thinker, 163.
Saxon Visitations, 405 f.
Saxony. Ernestine (Electoral till 1547, then Ducal), secular superintendence of the Church in the fifteenth century, 140, 259; 206, 214, 250, 316, 318, 347, 386, 407.
Saxony, Elector of, Frederick, makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 130, 258;
collects relics, 214, 258;
obtains an Indulgence for his church, 130, 214;
for a bridge, 259;
his family policy of controlling the Church, 141;
founds the University of Wittenberg, 205 ff.;
forbids Tetzel to enter his territories, 213;
protects Luther, 232 f., 297;
his religious position, 258 f., 292;
at the Diet of Worms, 263, 292;
provides for Luther's safety, 297;
troubled at the disturbances at Wittenberg, 316 f., 334;
death, 336.
John, brother of Frederick, 292, 316, 334, 341, 345;
signs the Protests, 346, 371;
refuses the nuncio's benediction, 360, 361;
signs the Augsburg Confession, 363 f.;
joins the Schmalkald League, 373.
John Frederick, son of John, signs the Augsburg Confession, 363;
marries Sibylla of Cleves, 382;
“the born Elector,” 394;
deprived of the Electorate and imprisoned, 384, 389;
death, 394;
Frederick (Duke, not Elector), son of John Frederick, 397.
Saxony, Albertine (Ducal till 1547, then Electoral), 214.
Saxony, Albertine, Duke of, George, at Leipzig Disputation, 237 f.;
desires a Reformation, 257, 203, 325;
gives a safe-conduct for Luther, 273 n., 276;
interferes in the affairs of Wittenberg, 316;
published Edict of Worms, 319;
feared the Hussites, 238, 324;
member of the Roman Catholic League, 341;
his daughter married Philip of Hesse, 344, 380;
death, 377.
Henry, brother of George, 377.
Maurice (Elector from 1547), son of Henry, married a daughter of Philip of Hesse, 382;
received the Electorate, 384 and n.;
took the Emperor's side in the Religious War, 389;
the Leipzig Interim, 391 n.;
attacked the Emperor, 393;
at the Conference at Passau, 393;
death, 395.
Augustus (Elector), 395.
Scala sancta at Rome, 207.
Scandinavia, 19;
the Reformation in, 417 ff.
Schappeller and the Twelve Articles of the Peasants, 333.
Scheurl, Christopher, of Nürnberg, 256.
Schism, the Great, 5, 136.
Schlettstadt in Elsass, school at, 52.
[pg 526]
Schmalkald Articles, 374, 467 n., 468.
Schmalkald League, 373 ff., 380, 382, 383.
Schmalkalden, 373.
Schnepf, Erhard, Reformer of Tübingen, 391.
Scholastic, the New, 325.
Scholastic Theology, 55, 118, 125, 159, 161, 167, 169, 173, 181, 199 ff., 210, 219, 221, 223 f., 253;
condemned by Luther, 211;
teaches work-righteousness, 211, 450, 469;
is sophistry, 469;
faith and reason in, 469.
Schools in Germany, 51 ff.
Schott, Peter, endows a people's preacher for Strassburg, 118.
Schurf, Jerome, professor of Law at Wittenberg, 276, 280, 281, 317.
Schwabach Articles, 359.
Scientific, the scientific element in theology is the fleeting, 167.
Scotland, 21;
Luther's books prohibited in, 299, 388.
Scotus, John Duns, 55, 169, 178, 196, 223, 449.
Scripture, the doctrine of;
Scripture, a personal rather than a dogmatic revelation, 165, 453;
mis-statement of the Reformation view, 453;
differences in meaning of word, 454;
unity in, natural and arbitrary, 455; theory of various senses, 165, 196 n., 456;
faith and, 459, 461;
Lacordaire on the Protestant doctrine of, 457;
gives direct communion with God, 460;
what is the infallibility of, 461 ff., 464;
Scripture and the word of God, 461 f.;
human and divine elements in, 464, 465;
inerrancy, 464;
Calvin on the authority of, 465;
place for the Higher Criticism, 466 f.;
in the Reformation Creeds, 467 n.
Scriptures in the mediæval Church, 147 f., 454 ff.;
reading the, a mark of heresy, 149.
Secular supervision of religious affairs in the fifteenth century, 140.
Servia, 19.
Sibylla of Cleves, wife of John Frederick of Saxony, 382, 389.
Sicily, part of Naples, 33;
Greek spoken in, 46.
Sickingen, Francis von, 268, 273, 295, 306 and n., 323.
Siebenberger, Maximilian, 281.
Simnel, Lambert, 21.
Sitten, Cardinal von, admires Luther, 257.
Social conditions at the close of the Middle Ages, 79 ff.
Social revolts in the later Middle Ages, 95 ff.;
not exclusively of peasants, 96;
detestation of priests, 96;
impregnated by religious sentiment, 97;
Hans Böhm, 99;
Bundschuh revolts, 103;
causes of the revolts, 106 ff.
Socius itinerarius, 275.
Spain, 7, 18, 19, 20, 21;
divisions of, 29;
Inquisition in, 266.
Spalatin (George Burkhardt from Spelt), 66, 185, 232, 250, 274, 276, 278, 291 n., 292.
Spaniards at the Diet of Worms, 292.
Spanish merchants at Worms, 269.
Spanish troops in Germany, 389, 392.
Speyer, delegates from the German towns meet at, 38;
a National Council for Germany to meet at, 323.
See Diet.
Spinning-room, the, 94.
Spiritual, meaning of the word in the Middle Ages, 7.
Spiritual Estate, the false and the true, 243, 441.
Sprengel, Lazarus, of Nürnberg, 256.
State and Church, in France, 23 f.;
in Spain, 29;
in Brandenburg, 141;
in Saxony, 140.
States of the Church, 32 f.
States-General of France, 25.
Staupitz, Johann, 163, 185, 202, 205 f., 256.
Stoke-on-Trent, battle of, 21.
Stolle, Konrad, author of the Thuringian Chronicle, 99 n.
Storch, Nicholas, one of the Zwickau prophets, 314.
Strassburg, Humanists in, 60;
population of, 87;
the Brethren in, 152;
deputies from, at Worms, 282; 111, 309 f., 346, 347, 368.
Stubner, Marcus Thomä, 314.
Student-hostels, 54, 56;
dress, 56.
Students, wandering, 50, 54;
Breslau, the paradise of, 53;
burn Tetzel's Theses, 233; 251.
Sturm, Caspar, the herald who conveyed Luther to Worms, 275 f.
Styria, peasant revolts in, 330.
Subsidies, ecclesiastical, 13.
Sum of Christianity, the, 430.
Superintendents in the Lutheran Churches, 404, 411.
Supremacy claimed by the Popes,
[pg 527]
temporal, 5 f.;
spiritual, 7 f.;
Luther begins to doubt the, 235.
Suso, Heinrich, 203.
Swabia, the Peasants' War in, 330, 333, 334.
Swabian League, 323, 340, 376, 377.
Swan, the, hotel in Worms, 274, 276.
Swaven, Peter, at Worms, 275.
Swiss, the, popular in Germany, 95 f.
Synods in the Lutheran Churches, 413, 415.
Syria, 18.
Taborites (extreme Hussites), 97, 338.
Taille, the, 25.
Tausen, Hans, the Danish Luther, 420.
Temporal supremacy of the Pope, 5 ff.
Tertiaries of St. Francis, 116.
Tertullian on mitigation of ecclesiastical sentences, 217 n.
Tetzel, John, an Indulgence-seller, 213, 229, 235.
Textualis, 202.
Theodore of Gaza, 47.
Theodosius, Code of, 44.
Theological proof of universal papal supremacy, 4.
Theological phraseology, Luther and technical, 210, 471.
Theology, Luther's lectures on, 208.
See Scholastic Theology.
Thesaurus meritorum sire indulgentiarum, 219, 229.
Theses, Luther's, against Indulgences, 215 ff., 350;
make six assertions, 229;
wide circulation, 230;
Zwingli's, 350.
This is My Body, 355.
Thomas Aquinas, on universal papal supremacy, 4;
his knowledge of Greek, 46 n.;
studied by Savonarola, 159, 161;
on Indulgences, 221, 224; 55, 57, 167 ff., 449.
Thomas à Kempis, 126.
Thun, Frederick von, 287.
Thüringia, Peasants' War in, 331; 193, 208.
Tithes, ecclesiastical, 12, 97 f., 104.
Tolomeo of Lucca, a canonist and theologian, 4 n.
Tournaments, 371 n.
Tours, 18.
Trade in England, 22;
in France, 25;
in Europe, 43 f., 83 f.;
perils of, 83;
routes to the East, 85;
more a municipal thing than a national affair, 80.
Trading companies, English, 22;
German, 85 ff.
Treatises, the three Reformation, 239 ff.
Trent. See Council.
Trier, Archbishop of, 35, 270;
head of the commission to confer with Luther at the Diet of Worms, 294;
heard a statement from Luther under seal of confession, 295.
Triumph of Truth, the, 307.
Truchsess, general of the Swabian League, 330, 334.
Tübingen, 391.
Turkish invasions dreaded in Germany, 19, 129, 374.
Tunstall, Wolsey's agent at Worms, 298 and n.
Twelve Articles in the Peasants' War, 331, 336, 337.
Tyler, Wat, 20.
Ubiquity, doctrine of, 357, 478.
Ulm, 320, 346, 347, 391.
Ulrich, Duke of Würtemburg, 37, 376.
Unitas Fratrum (1452), 154 f.
Universities, of Paris, 12;
of Germany, 53.
Upsala, 422.
Urban, Heinrich, 66.
Ursula's, St., Little Ship, 145.
Utopia of Sir Thomas More, 186, 328.
Valdès, Alfonso de, on the Edict of Worms, 298 f.
Valentia, 27.
Valla, Laurentius, 49.
Valor ecclesiasticus of commuted Annates, 13 and n.
Vasco da Gama, 85.
Vatican Library, 49, 262.
Venezuela, German colony in, 85.
Venice, 32 f.;
Germans in, 50, 83.
Vicars of God, the Emperor and the Pope, 31.
Vienna, Concordat of, 11;
defence of, 19, 37, 374;
the Latin War in, 56; 378.
Village, life in a, 90 ff.;
government, 92;
a, sold to buy a velvet robe, 109.
Virgin, the Blessed, 123;
the Intercessor, 135;
confraternities of the, 135;
hymns in honour of, 135;
patroness of the Augustinian [pg 528] Eremites, 138;
of the University of Wittenberg, 205;
venerated in the social revolts, 97, 100, 135;
Immaculate Conception of the, 135, 138.
Visitations, ecclesiastical, 405 ff.;
Saxon, 405 ff.
Vogler, Georg, at Worms, 274, 284.
Vulgate, the, studied in schools, 51;
its use in the mediæval Church, 147 f.;
editions in the vernacular, 147, 149 f.;
the German, 150, 309.
Waldenses, 238.
Walfart und Strasse zu Sant Jacob, 132, 226.
Wallachia, 19.
Wandering Students, 54.
Wanner, Johann, 310.
Warbeck, Perkin, 21.
Wartburg, the, 297, 402.
Wealth, based on possession of land, 80;
new sources of, in trade, 84 ff.;
from farming Indulgences, 83.
Wehe, Jacob, a peasant leader, 330.
Weinsburg, the massacre at, 330.
Weisthümer, collections of village consuetudinary law, 90 ff., 103, 107.
Welser, the, family of capitalists, 85, 361.
Wesley, John, and Luther, 403.
Wessel, John, 58, 196.
Wiclif, John, 149, 238, 290.
Wiclifites, 150.
Wimpheling, Jacob, 52, 58, 257, 309.
Wimpina, Conrad, wrote counter-theses, 229.
Windsheim, 347.
Wissenberg, 347.
Wittenberg, town of, 204, 206, 234, 238, 389.
Wittenberg, the “tumult” in, 313, 320.
Wittenberg, University of, 205, 208, 232, 250, 311 ff.
Wittenberg Concord, 377.
Wittenberg Nightingale, 310.
Wittenberg Ordinance (1522), 315, 401.
Wolfenbüttel Library, Luther's MSS. in the, 209.
Wolsey, Cardinal, 184, 298.
Worms, Edict of, 297, 298, 310, 319 and n., 342 f., 369, 345;
conference with Luther at, 293.
See Diet.
Würtemburg, Duchy of, seized by the House of Hapsburg, 37;
recovered by its Duke, 376 f., 392, 395.
Würzburg, the Bishop of, 334.
Zasius, Ulrich of Freiburg, 257.
Zell, Matthew, 350.
Zerbst, 214.
Zimmerische Chronik, 88, 134.
Zurich, 350.
Zwickau, 206, 314, 318.
Zwickau Prophets, the, 314, 320, 325.
Zwilling an Augustinian Eremite preacher, 313, 316.
Zwingli, relations with Luther, 347 ff.;
influenced by Humanism, 348;
social environment, 348;
South German towns under his influence, 351;
at Marburg, 352 ff.;
his doctrine of the Sacrament of the Supper, 356;
his death, 374; 333, 337, 352, 353, 388, 463, 467 n.