Part 4 — Footnotes

1.

The several elements in the Roman military federation may be seen at a glance from the following scheme: I. Roman citizens— (a) with full civic rights (optimo iure).(b) with private rights only (sine suffragio).II. Roman allies— (a) Latins.(b) Federate peoples of Italy.

2.

Another, but apparently later, Roman tradition placed the establishment of the tribunate in 494, when two tribunes were elected, and merely attributes an increase in their number to 466.

3.

One explanation of the origin of this tribunate offered in antiquity and still held in some quarters is that it was created to take the place of the consulship as an office to which plebeians might be admitted while they were still excluded from the regular presidency. Against this view, besides the existence of another explanation equally old which has been adopted above, it may be urged that although the military tribunate first appeared in 436 B. C. it was not until 40 years later that plebeians were elected to it. And further, plebeians only appear in six of the fifty-one colleges of military tribunes elected between 436 and 362.

4.

To the Romans the Carthaginians were known as Poeni, i. e., Phoenicians, whence comes the adjective “Punic,” used in such phrases as the “Punic Wars.”

5.

This alliance was renewed in 248 B. C.

6.

See W. W. Tarn, “The Fleets of the First Punic War,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1907, p. 51, n. 19.

7.

Authorities differ as to the pass which Hannibal used in crossing the Alps, arguing variously for the Little St. Bernard, Mont Genèvre or Mont Cenis. Polybius, our best authority, seems to indicate the Little St. Bernard. A recent discussion of the problem is Spencer Wilkinson’s Hannibal’s March across the Alps, London, 1917.

8.

See Kromeyer und Veith, Antike Schlachtfelder, iii. 2.

9.

The details of this re-organization are uncertain. From our sources it is clear that each of the first two classes had 70 centuries, one of seniors and one of juniors from each of the 35 tribes. But we are left in the dark with regard to the other classes. Botsford, in his Roman Assemblies, would assign 70 centuries to each class; making a total of 350, plus the 18 equestrian and 5 supernumerary centuries, in all 373. Cavaignac, Histoire dé l’Antiquité, vol. III, gives 10 centuries to each of the three lower classes, thus keeping the old number of 193 centuries in all.

10.

Seymour, P. A., English Historical Review, 1914, pp. 417 ff.

11.

The details of this arrangement have not been preserved; for a suggestion see Heitland, Roman Republic, II, pp. 447 ff.

12.

On the much disputed date of the end of Caesar’s second term, see Hardy, E. G., Journal of Philology, 1918, pp. 161 ff.

13.

After the adoption his full name was Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus. Although he was known as Caesar by his contemporaries, it is more convenient to refer to him henceforth as Octavian, to distinguish him from his adoptive father.

14.

Laudandum adulescentem, ornandum, tolendum, Cicero, Fam., xi, 20, 1.

15.

In this I follow Dio. xlix, 15, 6; li, 19, 6 and liii, 32, 5 and 6.

16.

Provinces of the Roman Empire, I, 5, trans. Dickson, Scribner’s, 1906.

17.

The distribution of the dioceses among the prefectures was as follows: Prefecture of Gaul—dioceses of Britain, Gaul, Spain;Prefecture of Italy—suburban diocese of the city of Rome, and the dioceses of Italy, Africa, Illyricum;Prefecture of Illyricum—dioceses of Eastern Illyricum, Thrace, Macedonia;Prefecture of the Orient—dioceses of Asia, Pontus, the Orient and Egypt.

18.

ἀρχίερευς βασιλεύς. The title Basileus (King) was in common use in the eastern part of the empire from the fourth century, but was not assumed officially by the emperors till 629 A. D.