INDEX

Aaron ben Elijah, xli, 362-387; relation to Maimonides, 363 f.; to the Muʿtazila, 364; reason and faith, 364 f.; physics, 366 ff.; defends atomic theory, 367 f.; creation, ibid.; existence of God, 368 f.; unity, ibid.; incorporeality, ibid.; attributes, 369 f.; will of God, 372; problem of evil, 373 f., 376 f.; Providence, 375 f.; reward and punishment, 379, 383; purpose of the world and of man, 379 f.; prophecy, 380 f.; immutability of the Law, 382; reason of the commandments, ibid.; immortality, 384; resurrection, 385 f. Aaron ben Joseph, 363 Abarbanel, Don Isaac, 304, 312, 328, 430 Abarbanel, Judah Leo, 431 Abd Al Rahman III, 59 Abélard, 305 Abraham bar Hiyya, xlvi, 114-124; standpoint, 115; physics, 116 f.; matter, ibid.; form, 117 ff.; intellect, soul and nature, 119; ethics, 119, 122 f.; reward and punishment, 119, 122 ff.; immortality, 120 f.; problem of evil, 123 f., 128, 139, 175, 309, 435 Æsculapius, 155 Afer, Constantinus, 1 Aher, 197 Akiba, Rabbi, xxvi Al-Ashari, xxiii Albalag, Isaac, 328, 429, 430, 447, note 403a Albalia, Baruh, 151 Al Basir, Joseph, xxv, xlvii, 48-55; priority of reason, 48; atomic theory, 49; existence of God, 49 f.; creation, ibid.; attributes, 50; divine will, ibid.; eternity, 51; incorporeality, unity, simplicity, ibid, f.; God's word, 52; ethics, ibid, f.; problem of evil, 54; freedom, 54 f.; and foreknowledge, ibid.; reward and punishment, 55, 56, 57, 81, 126, 127, 128, 141, 146, 200, 246, 363, 434 Albertus Magnus, 1, 200, 306, 312, 313, 323 Albo, Joseph, I, 406-427; standpoint, 406 ff.; purpose of his work, 408; principles of religion, ibid.; criticism of Maimonides's 13 articles, 409 ff.; Albo's own view, 410 f.; divine law distinguished from natural and conventional, 408 ff.; freedom, a principle, 412; creation, 413, 415; existence of God, 419 f.; attributes, 420; angels, ibid.; revelation, 420 f.; prophecy, 421; immutability of the Law, 423; God's knowledge, 424; and human freedom, ibid.; Providence, 425; reward and punishment, 425 f.; 428, 430, 436, 447, note 403a Alexander of Aphrodisias, xviii, 7, 60, 290, 313, 321, 332, 334, 335, 336 Alexander the Great, xvii Alexander of Hales, 306 Alfadhil, 239 Alfarabi, xx, xxi, xxxix, xlvi, 2, 26, 60, 177, 178, 198, 199, 218, 223, 252, 253, 276, 281, 302, 312, 313, 362, 391, 392 Alfasi, 151 Algazali, xxxix, 80, 152, 153, 389, 392, 420, 443, note 230 Ali, 86 Al-Kirkisani, Joseph Ha-Maor, 363 Almohades, 238 Alphonso VI, 151 Al-Mansur, 1 Almoravid, 151 Anatoli, Jacob, 302, 309 Angels, xlvi; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 190 f.; in Ibn Daud, 221 f.; in Maimonides, 266 f.; in Albo, 420 Anthropomorphism, xxii, xxvi, xlv, 35, 95, 186, 260 f. Appel, 448, note 442 Aquinas, Thomas, 1, 61, 63, 200, 207, 306, 307, 312, 313, 323, 331, 332, 406 Arama, Isaac, 430 Archimedes, xviii Aristotelians, xl, 150, 165, 246, 364, 365, 366, 368, 428 Aristotle, xvi, xviii, xix, xx, xxi, xxix f., xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xli, xlii, xlv, xlvi, 7, 8, 9, 13, 20, 26, 60, 62, 64, 72, 89, 92, 107, 111, 126, 132, 138, 139, 155, 157, 173, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 199, 200, 206, 207, 210, 213, 216, 217, 218, 236, 240, 247, 252, 253, 254, 256, 258, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 290, 291, 299, 300, 303, 305, 306, 307, 309, 312, 313, 315, 316, 321, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 338, 346, 347, 350, 352, 353, 354, 366, 367, 375, 378, 388, 389, 390, 395, 402, 408, 412, 425, 429, 430, 431 "Arugat Habosem," 184 Ashariya, xxiii, xxvii, xlvii, 23, 246, 251, 291, 362, 365, 372, 378, 379 Atomic theory, in the Kalam, xxii, 249 f.; in Saadia, 25; in Al Basir, 49; in Jeshua ben Judah, 56; in Aaron ben Elijah, 367 f. Attributes, doctrine of, in the Kalam, xxiii, xxvii, xl, xliv; in Saadia, xliv, 33 f.; in Mukammas, 18 ff.; in Al Basir, 50; in Bahya, 93 f.; in Ibn Zaddik, 145 f.; in Judah Halevi, 161 ff.; in Ibn Daud, 220 f.; in Maimonides, xlv, 262 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, xlv, 344 f., 351 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 369 f.; in Crescas, 391 f.; in Albo, 420 Auerbach, Heimann, 445, note 331a Augustine, xli, 51, 305, 445, note 307 Averroes (Ibn Roshd), xx, xxi, xxxix, xli, xlvi, xlvii, 7, 60, 62, 125, 177, 199, 306, 309, 310, 312, 313, 318, 321, 322, 323, 329, 332, 334, 335, 336, 362, 392, 431 Avicebron, see Gabirol, Solomon Ibn Avicenna (Ibn Sina), xx, xxi, xxxix, xlvi, 2, 26, 60, 62, 107, 108, 175, 177, 178, 179, 198, 199, 207, 210, 211, 213, 218, 223, 224, 253, 276, 281, 302, 312, 313, 362, 391, 392, 420 Bacher, W., 437, 443, notes 212 and 214; 445, note 312a Back, Samuel, 436 Baeumker, Clemens, 440, note 84; 441, notes 86 and 89 Bahya, Ibn Pakuda, xix, xxviii, xxxix, xlii, l, 80-105; duties of the limbs and duties of the heart, 82 f.; sources of knowledge, 83; creation, 86 ff.; unity, 89 f.; attributes, 93 f.; study of nature, 96 f.; gratitude to God, 97 f.; submission to God, 98; freedom, ibid.; the laws, 98 f.; trust in God, 99 f.; "unity of conduct," 101 f.; humility, ibid.; repentance, 102; self-examination, 103; temperance, 104; asceticism, ibid.; love of God, 105, 106, 126, 128, 146, 147, 162, 167, 168, 195, 200, 201, 217, 241, 246, 252, 309, 362, 428, 434 Baradæus, Jacob, 34 Bardenhewer, 439, note 7 Bardesanes, 375 Becker, C. H., xxvi, xxvii Beer, 433 Bernfeld, Simon, viii, 433 Bisliches, M. L., 445, notes 312 and 315 Bloch, Philipp, 436 Brahmins, 380 Brethren of Purity, xxxix, 60, 107, 125, 126, 128, 139, 187, 199 Broydé, Isaac, 106, 441, note 131 Cicero, 431 Clement VI, Pope, 329 Clement of Alexandria, 302 Chazars, 153 Crawford, J. P. W., 436 Creation, in Kalam, xxii, xlii, 24, 247, 252; in Saadia, xlii, 24; in Israeli, 5 ff.; in Al Basir, 49 f.; in Jeshua ben Judah, 56; in Gabirol, 68; in Bahya, xlii, 86 ff.; in Pseudo Bahya, 110; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 116 ff.; in Ibn Zaddik, xlii, 143; in Judah Halevi, 157; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 190; in Maimonides, 269 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 352 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 367 f.; in Albo, 413, 415 Creed, articles of, l; in Maimonides, 409 f.; in Crescas, 392 ff.; in Albo, 410 f. Creizenach, M., 443, note 214 Crescas, Hasdai, xv, xix, xxvii, xxxix, xl, xlii, xlix, l, 173, 200, 312, 388-405; standpoint, 389; existence of God, 389 f.; unity, 391 f.; attributes, ibid.; fundamental dogmas of Judaism, 392 ff.; God's knowledge, 392 f.; Providence, 393 f.; problem of evil, 394; prophecy, 395; freedom, 396 f.; influence on Spinoza, 398 f.; purpose of the Law, 399 f.; immortality, 400; creation, 402; criticism of Maimonides's 13 articles of the creed, 402, 404; reward and punishment, 403 f.; resurrection, 404 f., 406, 407, 408, 409, 414, 416, 419, 420, 421, 424, 426, 428, 430, 436, 447, notes 403a and 409 "Cusari," see "Kusari" Daud, Abraham Ibn, xix, xx, xxvii, xxxix, xlii, xliii, xlv, xlvi, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 61, 62, 63, 71, 79, 125, 166, 197-235; standpoint, 197 f.; Ibn Daud neglected, 201; purpose of his book, 201 f.; duty to study philosophy, 202; relative value of the sciences, 203 f.; categories, 205; physics, 205 ff.; matter and form, ibid.; motion, 207; infinity, 208; psychology, 209 ff.; rational soul, 212 ff.; the three kinds of intellect, 214; immortality, 215; metempsychosis, 215 f.; the heavenly spheres, 216; existence of God, 217 ff.; incorporeality, 217; unity, 219 f.; attributes, 220 f.; angels, 221 f.; active intellect, 222; emanation of Intelligences, 223; tradition, 223 f.; prophecy, 224 f.; abrogation of the Law, 226 f.; freedom, 201 f., 229 ff.; problem of evil, 228 f.; and foreknowledge, 229 f.; ethics, 231 ff.; virtues, 232; reason of commandments, 233 f. 237, 240, 241, 246, 248, 253, 254, 257, 266, 267, 276, 281, 302, 307, 309, 317, 332, 350, 362, 366, 388, 428, 435 De Boer, 439, note 5 "Definitions, Book of," 2, 4, 60 Deinard, E., 447, note 404 Delitzsch, 446, note 360 Delmedigo, Elijah, 431 Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, 431 Democritus, xxii, 3 Dieterici, 439, note 6 Doctor, Max, 435, 442, note 162 Dominicus Gundissalinus, 61, 63 Dukes, 443, note 213 Dunash ben Labrat, 59 Duns Scotus, 61, 63, 200, 307 Duran, Simon, 406, 447, note 403a "Duties of the Hearts," 80, 81 Duval, 439, note 5 "Eight Chapters," 239 Eisler, Moritz, 433 "Elements, Book of," 2, 3, 4, 10, 60 Elias of Nisibis, 34 Elisha ben Abuya, 197 Empedocles, 60, 61, 64, 126, 127, 145, 179, 184 "Emunah Ramah," 198 "Emunot ve-Deot," 24 Engelkemper, D. J., 434 Entelechy, xxxv, 209 Ephodi, 328 Epicurus, 290, 367 Eriugena, 200 Ethics, in Jewish Philosophy, xlvii f.; in Saadia, 46 f.; in Al Basir, 52 f.; in Jeshua ben Judah, 57; in Gabirol, 71 ff.; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119 ff.; in Ibn Zaddik, 148; in Judah Halevi, 168; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 195; in Ibn Daud, 228 ff., 231 ff.; in Maimonides, 281 ff.; in Hillel ben Samuel, 325. See also "Virtue." Euclid, xviii, 90 Evil, Problem of, in Al Basir, 54; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 123 f.; in Ibn Zaddik, 148; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 195; in Ibn Daud, 228 f.; in Maimonides, 288 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 373 f.; in Crescas, 394 Exegesis, Biblical, xvi, xxxvii; in Saadia, 35; in Gabirol, 78 f.; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 187 f.; in Maimonides, 302 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 357 f., 437 "Ez Hayim," 363 Ezekiel, Vision of divine chariot, xvii, 303 Falaquera, Shem Tob, 61, 63, 64, 309, 328, 441, note 86 "Fons Vitæ," 60, 61, 72, 80, etc. "Fountain of Life," see "Fons Vitæ" Frankl, P. F., 434, 440, note 80 Frankl-Grün, Ad., 435 Freedom of the Will, xiv, xlvii; in Saadia, 41 f.; in Al Basir, 54 f.; in Bahya, 98; in Judah Halevi, xlviii, 171 ff.; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 193; in Ibn Daud, xlviii, 229 f.; in Maimonides, xlviii, 285 ff.; in Crescas, xlviii, 396 ff.; in Albo, 412, 424 Freimann, 442, note 148 Fried, S., 439, note 30; 440, note 34 Friedländer, M., 444, note 250 Gabirol, Solomon Ibn, xix, xxxix, xlvi, 59-79; fate of G. in Jewish Literature, 60 f.; tendency of his work, 63 f.; G. a Neo-Platonist, 64; his doctrine, 64 ff.; emanation, 65; matter in spiritual substances, 65, 67; man typical of the universe, 65; Intelligence, Soul, Nature, 66; matter, 66 f.; creation, 68; will, 68 f., 70; mystic knowledge, 69 f.; ethics, 71 ff.; the virtues, 72 f.; the "Royal Crown" (Keter Malkut), 75 f.; Biblical exegesis, 78 f.; influence on Jewish Philosophy, 79; on Kabbala, ibid., 80, 81, 89, 91, 107, 126, 127, 131, 151, 184, 185, 187, 188, 198, 200, 206, 237, 246, 307, 309, 328, 428, 434 Galen, xviii, 2, 3, 72, 209, 252 Genesis, creation story, xvii, xxix, 303 Gersonides, see Levi ben Gerson Ginzberg, L., 439, note 13 God, in Aristotle, xxxiii; existence of G. in Kalam, xlii, 24, 247; in Saadia, xlii, 28 ff.; in Al Basir, 49 f.; in Jeshua ben Judah, 57; in Bahya, xlii, 86 ff.; in Ibn Zaddik, xlii, 143; in Ibn Daud, xlii f., 217 ff.; in Maimonides, xliii, 248, 257 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 350 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 368 f.; in Crescas, 389 ff.; in Albo, 419 f. Goldenthal, 445, note 318 Goldziher, Ignaz, 106, 433, 439, notes 10 and 23; 442, note 132 Gorfinkle, Joseph I., 444, note 251 Graetz, H., 445, note 311 Graf, 440, note 64 Gugenheimer, 435 "Guide of the Perplexed," 239 Guttmann, Jacob, 434, 435, 436, 439, note 27; 440, notes 33, 41 and 83; 442, note 133; 443, notes 230 and 245; 445, notes 310 and 331a; 447, notes 403a, 436 and 437 Guttmann, Julius, 435 Halevi, Judah, xix, xxxix, xl, xlv, xlvi, xlviii, xlix, 125, 150-183; his standpoint, 150, 152, 157 f.; his life, 151 f.; philosophy and religion, 152; influence of Algazali, 152 f.; the "Kusari," 153 ff.; the "philosopher's" creed, 154 f.; the Christian's, 155 f.; the Mohammedan's, 156; the Jew's, 156 ff.; creation, 157; existence of God, 158; will, 159; motives of philosopher and believer, 159 f.; meaning of the name of "Jhvh," 159 f., 165; of "Elohim," 160, 165; mysticism in H., 160; attributes, 161 ff.; incorporeality, 162; superiority of Israel, 162 f.; need of revelation, 163; superiority of Palestine, 164; Israel the heart among the nations, 164; superiority of the Hebrew language, 164 f.; prophecy, 165 f.; the active Intellect, 165 f.; the ceremonial law, 167 f.; ethics, 168 f.; immortality, 169 f., 181 f.; future world and reward and punishment, 170; freedom, 171 ff.; and foreknowledge, 172 f.; interpretation of "Sefer Yezirah," 173 f.; the Rabbis knew the sciences, 174; exposition of the current philosophy, 174 ff.; H. understands Aristotle's definition of the soul, 175; physics, 175 ff.; matter, 175; criticism, 176 f.; emanation of Intelligences, 178; criticism, 178 f.; psychology, 179 f.; criticism, 181 f., 197, 198, 200, 201, 210, 211, 216, 223, 224, 226, 230, 231, 246, 248, 281, 309, 332, 362, 389, 392, 396, 414, 420, 421, 426, 429, 435 Harizi, Judah, 125, 184 Harkavy, Abraham, 17, 433 Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, 59, 153, 308 Hayyuj, 187, 309 Hefez ben Yazliah, 84 "Hegyon ha-Nefesh," 114 Hermes, 60, 155, 184 Hertz, J. H., 434 Hillel ben Samuel, xlvi, 312-327; standpoint, 314; the soul, 314 ff.; definition of soul, 317; active intellect, 317 ff.; reward and punishment, 323 ff.; prophecy, 325; ethics, ibid.; resurrection, 326; interpretation of Rabbinic writings, 326 f., 332 Hippocrates, xviii, 2, 3, 72, 209 Hirschfeld, 440, note 31; 442, note 178 "Hobot ha-Lebabot," see "Duties of the Hearts" Homonym, 240, 351, 371 Horovitz, S., 433, 442, notes 162, 163 and 165; 443, note 226 Husik, Isaac, 436, 439, note 9; 445, note 308; 446, note 334; 448, note 443 Hypostasis, xxxviii, 6, 91, 115 Ibn Aknin, Joseph, 302 Ibn Badja, 60 Ibn Caspi, Joseph, 302, 310, 329 Ibn Daud (Aven Death), 61 Ibn Daud, Abraham, see Daud, Abraham Ibn Ibn Ezra, Abraham, xxxix, 79, 80, 81, 114, 184, 187-196; Biblical exegesis, 187 f.; unity of God, 189; incorporeality, ibid.; creation, 190; matter, ibid.; the universe, 190 f.; Intelligences, ibid.; angels, ibid.; soul, 191 f.; reward and punishment, 192; transmigration, 192; freedom, 193; and foreknowledge, ibid.; knowledge of God, 193 f.; prophecy, 194; classification of the laws, 194; problem of evil, 195; ethics, ibid., 200, 246, 309, 310, 429, 435 Ibn Ezra, Moses, xxxix, xlvi, 79, 125, 184-187; man a microcosm, 185; definition of philosophy, 185; unity of God, ibid.; active intellect, 186, 200, 246 Ibn Migash, Joseph, 151 Ibn Janah, 84, 309 Ibn Roshd, see Averroes Ibn Sina, see Avicenna Ibn Zaddik, Joseph, xix, xxxix, xlii, xlv, xlvi, xlix, 60, 79, 125-149; standpoint, 125 f.; division of his book, 128; purpose, 129; definition of philosophy, 129; process and sources of knowledge, 129 f.; physics, 130 ff.; matter and form, ibid.; substance, 131; the sphere, 131 f.; the four elements, 132 f.; the human body, 133 f.; the soul, 134 f.; the three souls, ibid.; the emotions, ibid.; life, 136; death, ibid.; sleep and waking, ibid.; the rational soul, 137; definition of soul, 138; intellect, 139; world soul, 140; duty to use the reason, ibid.; criticism of the Kalam, 141 f.; creation, 143; existence of God, ibid.; unity, ibid.; self-sufficiency, 144; will of God, ibid.; attributes, 145 f.; commandments, 147; rational and traditional, ibid.; the virtues, 148; reward and punishment, 148; evil, 148 f.; Messiah, 149, 162, 175, 184, 200, 206, 209; 211, 237, 246, 309, 317, 362, 435 "Ikkarim," 406 Immortality, in Pseudo-Bahya, 112 f.; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 120 f.; in Judah Halevi, 169 f., 181 f.; in Ibn Daud, 215; in Levi ben Gerson, 339 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 384; in Crescas, 400 Incorporeality, in Kalam, xliv, 253; in Saadia, 32; in Al Basir, 51; in Jeshua ben Judah, 57; in Judah Halevi, 162; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 189 f.; in Ibn Daud, 217; in Maimonides, xliv, 257 ff., 260 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 368 f. Infinity, in Kalam, 251 f.; in Saadia, 25, 30; in Bahya, 86, 87; in Ibn Daud, 208; in Maimonides, 251 f., 254, 256 f.; in Crescas, 390 Intellect, active, xli; in Jewish Philosophy, xlvi f.; acquired i., xlvii; active i. in prophecy, xlix, 109; in Ibn Zaddik, 139; in Judah Halevi, 155, 162, 165, 181; in Moses ibn Ezra, 186; in Ibn Daud, 222; in Maimonides, 268, 277; in Hillel ben Samuel, 317 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 337 ff.; See also "Intelligence," "Soul" Intelligence, xlvi; in Israeli, 6 f.; in Gabirol, 65, 66; in Pseudo-Bahya, 109; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 190 f.; in Maimonides, 266 f. Israeli, Isaac, xix, xlvi, xlix, 1-16; Maimonides on I., 1 f.; his works, 2; his sources, ibid.; theory of the elements, 3, 12; definition of philosophy, 4; creation, 5 ff.; Intelligence, 6 f.; Soul, 8 ff.; three kinds of soul, 10 ff.; element and principle, 12 f.; prophecy, 15, 17, 24, 31, 60, 72, 91, 127, 175, 224, 434 Jabariya, xxi, xlvii Jacob ben Machir, 309, 310 Jacobites, xviii, 34 Jaulus, 437 Jeshua ben Judah, xxv, xlvii, 55-58; priority of reason, 56; atomic theory, ibid.; creation, ibid.; existence of God, 57; incorporeality, ibid.; good and evil, ibid., 200, 246, 363, 434 Jesus, xxvii, 86, 91 Job, xv, xxvi, 304, 346, 377 f. Joel, M., 398, 435, 436, 445, note 310; 446, notes 335 and 398; 447, note 398 end Johannes Hispanus, 61 Joseph ben Shemtob, 429, 430, 447, note 404 Joseph ibn Zaddik, see Ibn Zaddik, Joseph Jourdain, A., 63, 441, note 85; 445, note 306 Judah ben Barzilai, 17 Judah Hadassi, 363 Judah Halevi, see Halevi, Judah Judah Messer Leon, 431 Justinian, xvii Kabbala, 79, 429, 430 Kadariya, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 23 Kalam, xxiv, xxvii, 16, 17, 48, 50, 52, 55, 86, 106, 125, 128, 141 f., 146, 154, 171, 183, 200, 245, 246 ff., 362, 366, 428, 433, 439, note 10 Kalisch, Isidor, 433 Karaites, xiii, xxiv, xxv, xli, xlvii, 23, 24, 48, 55, 59, 108, 125, 126, 146, 154, 174, 183, 200, 245, 246, 362, 363, 364, 365, 370, 373, 377, 378, 428 Kaufmann, David, 152, 153, 433, 434, 435, 436, 441, note 88; 442, note 181; 444, notes 250 and 305 Kellermann, Benzion, 436 "Keter Malkut," see "Royal Crown" Kindi, Al, xxxix Klein, Miksa, 434 Knowledge, sources of, xl; in Saadia, 27 f.; in Bahya, 83; in Ibn Zaddik, 129 f. Koran, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, xxix, xliv, 34, 156 Krochmal, Nahman, 189, 435 "Kusari," 153 Lactantius, 431 Landauer, S., 175, 440, note 37 Laws, rational and traditional, 1; in Saadia, 38 f.; in Ibn Zaddik, 147; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 194; in Ibn Daud, 233 f.; in Maimonides, 294 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 382 Lebid-ibn Al-Aʿsam, xxvi Leibnitz, 307 Leverrier, 275 Levi ben Gerson, xix, xx, xxxix, xli, xliii, xlvii, xlix, 7, 16, 166, 217, 235, 302, 312, 313, 328-361; standpoint, 329 f.; reason and authority, 330 f.; his style and method, 331; the passive intellect, 332 ff.; active intellect, 337 ff.; problem of knowledge, 338; of definition, 339; immortality, 339 f.; prognostication and prophecy, 340 ff.; and the contingent, ibid.; God's knowledge, 342 ff.; attributes, 344 f., 351 f.; Providence, 346 ff.; existence of God, 350 f.; origin of the world, 352 f.; eternal matter, 355 f.; interpretation of creation story in Genesis, 357; miracles, 358 f., 362, 363, 369, 384, 388, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 398, 399, 401, 402, 406, 419, 420, 421, 428, 429, 430, 436, 447, note 403a Levy, Louis-Germain, 436 "Liber de Causis," xx, 2, 64, 317 Lippmann, 443, note 214 Logos, xxvii, xli, 52, 71, 91 "Ma'amar Yikkawu ha-Mayim," 309 "Maase Bereshit," xvi, 242, 303, 430 "Maase Merkaba," xvi, 242, 303, 430 Maimonides, Moses, xvi, xix, xx, xxiv, xxv, xxvii, xxxix, xli, xlii, xliii, xlv, xlvi, xlvii, xlix, l, 1, 2, 16, 25, 60, 62, 63, 79, 88, 95, 96, 114, 125, 126, 146, 153, 158, 166, 167, 198, 199, 200, 201, 207, 218, 221, 235, 236-311; his life, 238 f.; his chef d'œuvre, 239 f.; his method, 240; his standpoint, 240 ff.; importance of science, 243 f.; difficulty of metaphysics, 244 f.; sketch of Jewish Philosophy, 245 f.; exposition of the Kalam, 246 ff.; propositions of the "philosophers," 254 ff.; existence of God, 257 ff.; unity, ibid.; incorporeality, ibid., 260 ff.; attributes, 262 ff.; meaning of "Jhvh," 265; angels, 266 f.; origin of the world, 269 ff.; emanation of Intelligences, 272 f.; criticism of Aristotle, 271 ff.; psychology, 281 ff.; virtue, 282 ff.; freedom, 285 ff.; and foreknowledge, 287 f.; problem of evil, 288 ff.; God's knowledge, 289 ff.; reason of the commandments, 294 ff.; Bible exegesis, 302 ff.; influence of M., 305 ff.; on Scholasticism, 305-307; on Judaism, 307-311, 312, 313, 314, 317, 323, 325, 329, 332, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 350, 352, 353, 357, 358, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 398, 399, 400, 402, 403, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 412, 416, 417, 419, 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 430, 431, 435, 447, note 403a "Malmad Hatalmidim," 309 Malter, H., vii, 445, note 316 Mandonnet, P., 445, note 308; 446, note 332 Manicheans, 375 Matter, rejected by Mutakallimun, xxii; doctrine of, in Aristotle, xxix ff.; in Plotinus, xxxviii; as source of evil, 38; in Gabirol, 66 f.; in Pseudo-Bahya, 109; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 117; in Ibn Zaddik, 130 ff.; in Judah Halevi, 175; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 190; in Ibn Daud, 205 f.; in Maimonides, 256, 270; in Levi ben Gerson, 355 f. Maywald, 446, note 332 "Mekize Nirdamim," 445, notes 313 and 321 "Mekor Hayim," see "Fons Vitæ" Menahem ben Saruk, 59 Messiah, in Saadia, 45; in Ibn Zaddik, 149; in Crescas, 402, 404; in Albo, 408 Metempsychosis, see Transmigration "Microcosmus," 60, 125 "Milhamot Adonai," 329 Miracles, in Levi ben Gerson, 358 f. Mohammed, xxv, 86 Monophysites, xviii, 34 "More Ha-moreh," 310 "More Nebukim," 238 Morgenstern, Ernö, 434 Moses ben Enoch, 59 Moses ben Maimon, see Maimonides Moses of Narbonne, 309, 310, 328, 430, 447, note 403a Motion, in Aristotle, xxvi; in Ibn Daud, 207; in Maimonides, 254, 269 Mukammas, David Al, 2, 17-22; definition of science and philosophy, 17 f.; attributes, 18 ff.; unity, 18; reward and punishment, 21 f., 34, 52, 81, 84, 95, 200, 246, 434 Munk, Solomon, 63, 304, 328, 433, 434, 440, note 83; 441, notes 86, 87 and 105; 444, notes 250, 280 and 302; 445, notes 314 and 316; 448, note 442 Münz, J., 436 Mutakallimun, xxi f., xl, xli, xlvii, 9, 11, 24, 25, 26, 48, 81, 88, 96, 106, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139, 142, 145, 149, 158, 182, 183, 199, 240, 246-253, 256, 275, 352, 353, 362, 366 f., 369, 372, 382, 406, 428 Muʿtazila, xxii ff., xxvii, xlvii, 3, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 48, 108, 171, 246, 251, 291, 292, 362, 365, 366, 375, 377 Nachmanides, 426, 429 Nature, in Plotinus, xxxviii; in Gabirol, 65, 66; in Pseudo-Bahya, 109; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119 Neo-Platonic, xx, xxviii, xxxix, xlvi, 2, 6, 13, 24, 38, 64, 79, 81, 86, 89, 90, 92, 106, 107, 114, 115, 125, 126, 127, 129, 138, 139, 177, 178, 199, 200, 266, 305, 317, 319 Neo-Platonism, xxix, 17, 64, 70, 79, 91, 114, 150, 187, 200, 266, 288, 317, 428 Neo-Platonists, xl, 31, 64, 91, 106, 184, 199 Neo-Pythagoreans, 188 Nestorians, xviii, 34 Neumark, David, viii, 433, 435, 436, 441, note 107 "Nous," xxxviii, 7, 91 "Olam Katon," see "Microcosmus" "Or Adonai," 389 Origen, 288, 302 Orschansky, G., 435 Perles, J., 445, note 309 Philo, xvi, xxvii, xxxviii, xli, 23, 91, 95, 188, 240, 266, 268, 288, 302 Philoponus, 247, 353 Philosophy, and religion, xiii; content of Jewish P., xl-l; defined by Israeli, 4; by Ibn Zaddik, 129; by Moses Ibn Ezra, 185 Physics, in Kalam, xxii, xli; in Aristotle, xxx; in Israeli, 3, 5, 12; in Saadia, xli; in Ibn Zaddik, xlii, 130 ff.; in Judah Halevi, 175 ff.; in Ibn Daud, xlii, 205 ff.; in Maimonides, xlii, 254 ff., 269 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 352 f., 355 f.; in Aaron ben Elijah, xli, 366 ff.; in Crescas, xlii, 389 Plato, xxix, xli, xlv, 5, 7, 8, 37, 47, 90, 91, 122, 138, 155, 179, 181, 182, 184, 195, 231, 268, 269, 288, 304, 305, 353, 413, 431 Plato of Tivoli, 114 Plotinus, xx, xxxvii f., xxxix 6, 64, 65, 91, 107, 115, 126, 139, 178, 431 Pollak, J., 433 Porphyry, 60 Proclus, xx, 3 Prophecy, xlvi, xlix f.; in Israeli, xlix, 15; in Saadia, 40; in Judah Halevi, xlix, 165; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 194; in Ibn Daud, xlix, 224 ff.; in Maimonides, xlix, 276 ff.; in Hillel ben Samuel, 325; in Levi ben Gerson, xlix, 340 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 380 f.; in Crescas, 395; in Albo, 421 Providence, xl; in Maimonides, 290 ff.; in Levi ben Gerson, 346 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 375 f.; in Crescas, 393 f.; in Albo, 425 Pseudo-Bahya, xlvi, xlix, 106-113; standpoint, 106 f.; the soul, 108 ff., 111 ff.; Intelligence, Soul, Nature, 108 f., 110; matter, 109; creation, 110; virtue, 112; immortality, 112 f.; reward and punishment, 113, 122, 126, 139, 148, 317, 434 Ptolemy, xviii, 273, 309 Pythagoras, 60, 179, 184, 185 Pythagoreans, 9 Rashi, 187 Raymond, Bishop of Toledo, 61 Reason, and authority, xiii; r. in Aristotle, xxxvi; active and passive, xxxvi f.; in Plotinus, xxxviii; r. as a source of knowledge, xl; r. and authority in Levi ben Gerson, 330 f. See also "Intellect," "Soul" Resurrection, l; in Saadia, 44 f.; in Hillel ben Samuel, 326; in Aaron ben Elijah, 385 f.; in Crescas, 404 Reward and Punishment, xlvii, xlviii, l; in Mukammas, 21 f.; in Saadia, 42 f.; in Al Basir, 55; in Pseudo-Bahya, 113; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119 ff.; in Ibn Zaddik, 148; in Judah Halevi, 170; in Abraham Ibn Ezra, 192; in Hillel ben Samuel, 323 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 379, 383; in Crescas, 403 f.; in Albo, 425 f. Roscellinus of Compiègne, 305 Rose, Valentinus, 439, note 8 Rosin, David, 189, 192, 435 "Royal Crown," the, 75 f. Saadia, xix, xxv, xli, xlii, xlv, xlvi, xlix, 1, 17, 23-47; his "Emunot ve-Deot," 24 f.; modelled on the Kalam, ibid.; atomic theory, 25; reason for writing, 26 f.; sources of truth, 27 f.; speculation not forbidden, 28; necessity of revelation, ibid.; existence of God, 28 ff.; incorporeality, 32; unity, 32 f.; attributes, 33 f.; categories inapplicable to God, 35 f.; theophanies, 36; soul, 37 f.; laws and commandments, 38 f.; rational and traditional, ibid.; prophecy, 40; written and oral law, 40; abrogation of Law, 40 f.; freedom, 41 f.; and foreknowledge, ibid.; reward and punishment, 42 f., 46; future world, 43 f.; resurrection, 44 f.; ethics, 46 f., 48, 50, 52, 59, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 126, 127, 128, 146, 147, 167, 175, 186, 195, 200, 237, 241, 246, 252, 253, 302, 309, 362, 363, 388, 428, 434 Sabeans, 296 Saladin, 239 Samuel, 197 Scaliger, 307 Scheyer, Simon B., 435 Schmiedl, A., 433 Schreiner, M., xxv, xxvii, 433, 434, 439, notes 12, 16, 18 and 20; 440, note 81 "Sefer Ha-Kabbala," 198 Seyerlen, 63, 434, 441, note 86 Shemtob ben Joseph, 430 Shemtob ben Joseph ibn Shemtob, 429 Socrates, xxix, 155, 184, 185 Solomon ben Adret, 430 Solomon ben Yeroham, 363 Sophists, xxix Soul, in Aristotle, xxxv; world soul in Plotinus, xxxviii; s. in Jewish philosophy, xlv f.; world-soul in Jewish Neo-Platonists, xlvi; s. in Israeli, 5, 8 ff.; in Saadia, 37 f.; in Gabirol, 65, 66; in Pseudo-Bahya, 108 ff.; in Abraham bar Hiyya, 119; in Ibn Zaddik, 134 f., 137 f.; world-soul in Ibn Zaddik, 140; s. in Judah Halevi, 179 ff.; in Abraham Ibn Ezra, 191 f.; in Ibn Daud, 209 ff.; in Maimonides, 281 ff.; in Hillel ben Samuel, 314 ff.; in Crescas, 400. See also "Intellect," "Reason" Spinoza, 398 f. "Spirit and Soul, Book of," 5 Steinschneider, Moritz, 311, 439, note 26; 440, notes 31 and 33; 443, note 247; 446, note 360 St. Ephrem of Nisibis, xviii Sufis, xxvii f., 86, 153 Syrians, xvii ff., 199, 246 "Tagmule ha-Nefesh," 314 Tänzer, A., 437 Themistius, 7, 60, 313, 321, 332, 333, 334, 335 "Theology of Aristotle," xx, xxxix, 64, 266 Theophrastus, xviii Tibbon, Judah Ibn, 71, 309, 310 Tibbon, Moses Ibn, 309, 440, note 37 Tibbon, Samuel Ibn, 2, 60, 125, 239, 302, 309 "Tikkun Midot ha-Nefesh," 71 "Torot ha-Nefesh," 106 Tradition, xiii, xli, 28, 223 f. Transmigration, in Saadia, 44; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 192; in Ibn Daud, 215 f. Trinity, xliv, 33, 34, 71, 91 Truth, twofold, 328 "Twenty Chapters," 17 Ueberweg-Baumgartner, 433 Unity of God, in Kalam, xxii, xliii f., 252; in Mukammas, 18; in Saadia, 32 f.; in Al Basir, 51; in Bahya, 89 f.; in Ibn Zaddik, 143; in Moses ibn Ezra, 185; in Abraham ibn Ezra, 189; in Ibn Daud, 219 f.; in Maimonides, xliv, 257 ff.; in Aaron ben Elijah, 368 f.; in Crescas, 391 f. Vincent of Beauvais, 1 Virtue, xlix; in Gabirol, 72 f.; in Pseudo-Bahya, 112; in Ibn Zaddik, 148; in Ibn Daud, 232; in Maimonides, 282 ff. Weil, Isidore, 436 Weil, Simson, 198, 443, note 221 Weinsberg, Leopold, 435 Wenrich, 439, note 5 Werbluner, 445, note 317 Will of God, in Al Basir, 50; in Gabirol, 68 f.; in Bahya, 90; in Ibn Zaddik, 144; in Aaron ben Elijah, 372 William of Auvergne, 71, 306 William of Occam, 200 Wise, Stephen S., 71, 441, note 103 Wolff, M., 444, note 251 Wolfsohn, Julius, 436 Yahuda, 80, 86, 439, note 24; 441, notes 106, 108, 109 and 112 Yahya ben Adi, 247 Yefet Ha-Levi, 363 "Yezirah, Sefer" 17, 94, 173, 179 Yohanan ben Zakkai, 197 Zeller, 439, note 4; 441, note 86 Zeno, 25 Zimmels, 448, note 442 Zunz, Leopold, 184

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