Volume 2 / Book 5 — CHAPTER LXXII

CONCLUSION

The end of our period—Science not stagnant during it—Nor a mere handmaid of religion—The belief in occult virtue—Dominance of astrology—Definition of magic—Difficulty of reducing magic to one principle—Human fondness for the fallacious—Utility is not magic’s strongest appeal—The spirit of magic is not the scientific spirit—Magic and experimental science—Science is a gradual evolution, not a modern creation—Its medieval stage of development—Does magic survive in modern learning?—Or in other sides of present life?—Importance of the history of experimental science—Prominence of magic in the history of science—How the human mind works—Indestructibility of thought.

The end of our period.

Our survey of some thirteen centuries of thought draws to a close. As has been said in discussing Peter of Abano, the period of the medieval revival of learning, as of other phases of civilization, seems to have spent its force by the close of the first quarter of the fourteenth century. On the other hand, the works which we have studied were reproduced again and again in manuscript form in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and then in printed form in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as has been pointed out in many instances. Some topics, like that of experimental books, we have traced on as late as into the seventeenth century. In short, the conceptions whose prevalence we have depicted in some detail for thirteen centuries of thought continued to have weight for a long time thereafter. On the occult and magical side, moreover, later writers like Henry Cornelius Agrippa, Trithemius, or Cardan were to add little or nothing to what had been often repeated before. In the field of experimental science, on the other hand, a period of greater progress came later. Gradually, too,—very gradually it would seem until almost our own time—scepticism was to come to prevail among scientists as to the possibility of magic in any of its forms in the world of nature. A great task still awaits him who shall trace the slow rise of effective scepticism through such writings against astrology as those of Nicholas Oresme in the fourteenth, and Pico della Mirandola, who at the same time believed in magic, in the fifteenth century, and in such criticisms of pseudo-science in general as Sir Thomas Browne’s History of Vulgar Errors in the seventeenth century;[3011] and likewise the gradual dislodgment of the conception of occult virtue and influence by that of natural law through the disclosure of many of nature’s former secrets by scientific instruments and research.

Science not stagnant during it.

However, the disclosure of such secrets had already begun when the period of our investigation opened and it continued during our period of thirteen centuries, which was no such age of retrogression or stagnation as it has formerly been depicted. The ideas and discoveries of Hellenic, not to say oriental, science persisted and were preserved by medieval men to a greater extent than has been generally recognized; and to them the medieval men added questions, observations, and even discoveries of their own. Not only did curiosity concerning nature’s secrets continue, but the authority of the ancients was often received with scepticism; and a marked tendency runs through our period to rely upon rationalism and experimental method. I have exposed the Physiologus myth, the Florilegia myth, the legend of Roger Bacon as a lone herald of modern experimental science, the notion that Vincent of Beauvais adequately sums up all medieval science, and a number of other modern “vulgar errors” concerning medieval learning. I have shown that medieval men were wider readers than has often been thought, that the scholastics presented their material in a more systematic way than classical writers, that the Latin of the thirteenth century has a clearer style and shows more direct thinking than the vernaculars of the fifteenth century. Should we, moreover, go on to examine in detail the writings of the early modern centuries, I suspect that we would find them repeating the medieval authors just as these had repeated the classical authorities. Gesner, for instance, in his History of Animals, 1551-1587, copied Albertus Magnus as well as Aristotle. And of the scientific notions with which the men of the sixteenth century have been credited by their admirers many might be found on closer scrutiny and comparison to date back to classical or medieval authors.

Nor a mere handmaid of religion.

Nor can I agree that natural science in the middle ages, as has been said of medieval philosophy, was a mere handmaid of religion. Friar Bacon pointed out, it is true, how experimental science might serve the Church, but he also wished the Church to advance the study of science. And in many ways the Church did so, while its opposition to scientific research at that time has been grossly exaggerated. It is true that the Biblical and Christian conception of a created universe was generally accepted, but the Aristotelian and astrological conception of the heavenly bodies as eternal and incorruptible was scarcely less influential, and many writers held both conceptions, however inconsistent this may seem to us. We have met with some extreme instances of the religious point of view affecting the attitude toward nature, notably the idea that human sin affects or even upsets the course of nature; but we have also seen that the moralizing and allegorizing supposed to characterize medieval nature-study have been greatly over-estimated. For ancient pagans like Pliny and Seneca the study of nature seems to have taken the place of religion in large measure, but the introduction of Christianity did not result in the discontinuance or estoppal of the study of nature, nor in its reduction to a state of servitude. Medieval science was somewhat under the wing of the Church, as were so many other activities now purely secular, but science even in the middle ages was learning to use its own wings. Both in Mohammedan and Christian society profane learning in general and science in particular made progress, and the remains of Arabic science would be much scantier than they are, were it not for the fact that many works are preserved solely in Latin translations.

The belief in occult virtue.

But many secrets of nature still remained undiscovered in our period, and hence it is not surprising that the conception of occult virtue in nature, of occult influence exerted by animals, herbs, and gems, or by stars and spirits, still prevailed to such an extent among men of the highest scientific attainments then possible. How potent this conception was, has been shown by the continued use of amulets, of ligatures and suspensions, by the general belief in fascination, physiognomy, number mysticism, and divination from dreams. Some still countenanced the occult force of words, figures, characters, and images, or of this and that rite, ceremonial, and form. Especially surprising is the prevalence of lot-casting under the pseudo-scientific form of geomancy. But others had begun to doubt the efficacy of some or most of these things. Animism had pretty much had its day; necromancy and the notory art received relatively little attention, although the Church appears to have rather encouraged them by insisting upon the existence and power of evil spirits. But even the fathers and theologians made the point that demons work their marvels largely through their superior knowledge of natural forces. Much more in science and medicine have we seen the notion of spiritual force displaced by that of occult natural virtue, and use made of natural substances rather than of incantations. Some of our authors would explain the results achieved by incantations entirely by the force of suggestion. Of the later witchcraft delusion which overpowered the learned as well as the populace we have found relatively few harbingers. The discussion of sorcery and witchcraft has been less in our medieval than in our ancient authors, and less among our scientists than among our theologians. The subject has been broached chiefly in connection with formal definitions of magic arts or the practical problem of impotency after marriage.

Dominance of astrology.

We have also repeatedly seen magic itself becoming more scientific or pseudo-scientific in method and appearance. This is well illustrated by the fact that in our authors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries astrology is the most widespread, as it is the most pseudo-scientific of any variety of the magic arts. Indeed, it has ceased to be merely one method of divination and claims to study and disclose the universal law of nature in the rule of the stars, by which every fact in nature and every occult influence in magic may be explained. If this doctrine were true, all other sciences and magic arts would be reduced to branches of the supreme science and art of astronomy or astrology. But it is not true, and hence I prefer to classify astrology as a magic art along with other arts of divination. And this brings us back to the question of the definition of magic.

Definition of magic.

The results of this investigation seem to me to have justified the selection of the word, “magic,” as a generic term to include all superstitious arts and occult sciences, and to designate a great primary division or phase of human thought and activity. Magic is subordinate to no other superstition or occult art; they are more often regarded as subdivisions of it. The attempts of some of our authors to distinguish between magic and astrology, or magic and divination, or good and bad magic, or natural magic and sorcery, or witchcraft and counter-magic, have all been exceedingly illogical and unconvincing. Magic appears, in our period at least, as a way of looking at the world which is reflected in a human art or group of arts employing varied materials in varied rites, often fantastic, to work a great variety of marvelous results, which offer man a release from his physical, social, and intellectual limitations, not by the imaginative and sentimental methods of music, melodrama, fiction, and romance, or by religious experience or asceticism, but by operations supposed to be efficacious here in the world of external reality. Some writers, chiefly theologians, lay great stress on resort to spirits in magic, some upon the influence of the heavens, some on both these forces, which yet others almost identify; but, except as theological dogma insists upon the demoniacal character of magic, or as astrological doctrine insists on the rule of the stars, it cannot be said that spirits or stars are thought of as always necessary in magic. The sine qua non seems to be a human operator, materials, rites, and an aim that borders on the impossible, either in itself, such as predicting the future or curing incurable diseases or becoming invisible, or in relation to the apparently inadequate means employed.

Difficulty of reducing magic to one principle.

In our authors it has been difficult to account for the particular occult properties attributed to things and acts, or to detect any one underlying principle, such as sympathy, symbolism, imitation, contagion, resemblance, or association, guiding the selection of materials and rites for magic. This is either because there never was such a principle, and magic from the start was empirical and complex, or because we deal with a late stage in its development, when the superstitions of different peoples have coalesced, when the peculiar customs of folk-lore have become confused with those of science and religion, after the primitive methods of magic have been artificially over-elaborated, and after many usages have become gradually corrupted and their original meaning has been forgotten. Whether magic is good or evil, true or false, is with our authors a matter of opinion, in which the majority hold it to be true but evil. Every shade of opinion is represented, however; but furthermore few can avoid a wholesome feeling that there is something false about magic somewhere. This sounds the signal, as it were, for magic’s doom.

Human fondness for the fallacious.

However, I suspect that it is not so much that magic has been shown to be false, as it is that men have come to set a greater value upon truth, that accounts for magic’s decline. As I survey the practice and “beliefs” of primitive and savage tribes or the columns of modern newspapers and much of modern literature, I become convinced that men have a natural tendency to assert, and craving to hear the sensational, exaggerated, and impossible, and to fly in the face both of reason and experience. People take pleasure in affirming the extravagant and in believing the incredible, in saying that they have seen or done what no one else has seen or done. Cows, for instance, seldom or never burst, as everyone knows perfectly well, primitive man probably better than civilized; that is what makes it interesting to mention circumstances under which they will burst. “Lord, I believe, help Thou my unbelief,” is a good picture of the mental attitude supporting much of magic, which may be not so much a matter of belief as of make-believe.

Utility is not magic’s strongest appeal.

To turn from “belief” to practice, I suspect that much magic is done from want of anything better or else to do, rather than from complete conviction of its efficacy. When Pamphile in the pages of Apuleius anointed herself from top to toe in order to turn into an owl, it was because this was the best way of which she could think to enable herself to fly far, far away. But had an airplane been at hand, I fancy she would have had more confidence in it for purposes of flight. Inventions in artificial lighting have probably done more than sermons, arguments, and laws to dispel the works of darkness with which magicians whiled away the night-time. Had electric light been invented in Pamphile’s age, she would probably have spent her evenings in jazz or at a movie. It was probably not during the hunting season that cave-men drew their magic pictures of wild boars and bulls. The telepathy practiced by savages in war and hunting[3012] is perhaps less from firm faith in its potency than because the women left at home want to do something and to share somehow in the crucial operations, and furthermore are expected “to do their bit” by the men in the field. Perhaps such telepathic magic had almost as great actual efficacy toward its end as some of the desperate expedients, prompted more by patriotic emotion than discreet calculation, which were adopted to help “win the war” or to “maintain morale” by those who stayed at home during the recent great conflict. I should doubt if most men ever believed that rain falls only as a result of magic. It seems more likely that they are aware that the rain will come some time, and hence are ready to do almost anything which may hurry it up or relieve their own feelings and inaction in the meantime. As no modern scientist has brought to their attention any more efficacious method of altering the weather, they continue their time-honored rite regardless of our jeers. It does as well as any. But where some prehistoric genius introduced artificial irrigation, rainmaking magic probably promptly declined in popularity.

The spirit of magic is not the scientific spirit.

In the case of rain-making there is evidently much truth in Sir James Frazer’s statement that “the fallacy of magic is not easy to detect, because nature herself generally produces sooner or later the effects which the magician fancies he produces by his art.”[3013] But the dictum cannot be stretched to cover magic in general. In some cases the fallacy of magic is all too evident, but men love it, or there is as yet no truth discovered to take its place. Rational scepticism is needed to dispel the former; repeated experiment, to arrive at the latter. Believers in and practitioners of magic probably at no time in its history either even flattered themselves on so sound a basis of theory, or were so severely practical in their aims and methods, as not to delight in the marvelous and incredible and impossible for their own sake. Rather in providing or attempting to provide for practical wants and emergencies, considerations of credibility and possibility often were apt to be cast to the winds. Thus the spirit of magic is different from the scientific spirit.

Magic and experimental science.

Yet our material has conclusively shown that the history of magic is bound up with the history of science as well as with folk-lore, primitive culture, and the history of religion. Sometimes our authors have spoken of natural magic, but I rather wonder whether there could well be any other kind, since man must always reckon with his natural environment. It is not without reason that the Magi stand out in Pliny’s pages not as mere sorcerers or enchanters but as those who have gone farthest and in most detail—too curiously, in his opinion—into the study of nature. It is not without reason that we have found experimentation and magic so constantly associated throughout our period. After all it is not surprising that magic, which was both curious and tried to accomplish things, should investigate nature and should experiment. It is even possible that magicians were the first to experiment, or shared that province with the first inventors and the useful arts, and that natural science, originally philosophical and speculative, took over experimental method in a crude form, as well as the conception of occult virtue, from magic. As Sir James Frazer has said, “Here is a body of men relieved, at least in the higher stages of savagery, from the need of earning their livelihood by hard manual toil, and allowed, nay, expected and encouraged, to prosecute researches into the secret ways of nature.”[3014] It is therefore perhaps not surprising that men like Galen, Apuleius, Apollonius, and Dunstan were accused of magic by their contemporaries; that men like Gerbert, Michael Scot, and Albertus Magnus were represented as magicians in later, if not contemporary legend; that Lithica and Roger Bacon tell us of the danger of sages being accused of magic; that the Book of Enoch, Cyprian, Firmicus, and Picatrix confuse magic with other arts and sciences; and that no one of our authors, try as he may, succeeds in keeping magic entirely out of science or science entirely out of magic.

Science is a gradual evolution, not a modern creation.

Be that as it may, if the anthropologists are correct in asserting that magic forms a great part of the life and thought of early man and of all primitive peoples, it is evident that only gradually would the science and thought of civilized peoples free themselves from the old habits and instincts. Modern science cannot exempt itself from its own theory of evolution as Julius Firmicus exempted the Roman emperor from the rule of the stars. Science did not come down from above nor invade from without. It grew up in the very midst of superstition and mental anarchy, just as the states of modern Europe had their beginnings in feudal society. As the kings in the middle ages had to govern under feudal limitations and even by feudal means, so science for a long time not merely was opposed by the unscientific attitude, but was itself tinged by fantastic theories and false data. It is scarcely a paradox to say that during our Roman and medieval period the laws of magic were better defined and understood than those of science. Yet the scientific attitude, like the spirit of nationality, was at work in the seeming chaos; gradually it shook itself free from error, and, by the increasing application of truly scientific methods, won a similar triumph to that which the sovereign political power gained by its gradual development of governmental institutions.

Its medieval stage of development.

This was the process going on in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. When men still believed in demons and witches and divination from dreams, it is not surprising that they believed also in natural magic. Only a small part of nature’s secrets were revealed to them; of the rest they felt that almost anything might turn out to be true. It was a time when “one vast realm of wonder spreads around.” They had to struggle against a huge burden of error and superstition which Greece and Rome and the Arabs handed down to them; yet they must try to assimilate what was of value in Aristotle, Galen, Pliny, Ptolemy, and the rest. Crude naïve beginners they were in many respects. Yet they show an interest in nature and its problems; they are drawing the line between science and religion; they make some progress in mathematics, geography, physics and chemistry; they not only talk about experimental method, they actually make some inventions and discoveries of use in the future advance of science. Moreover, they themselves feel that they are making progress. They do not hesitate to disagree with their ancient authorities, when they know something better. Roger Bacon affirms that many scientific facts and truths are known in his time of which Plato and Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen, were ignorant. The ancients, says Peter of Spain in effect, were philosophers, but we are experimenters. Magic still lingers but the march of modern science has begun.

Does magic survive in modern learning?

Are there other sides of our life and thought to-day where magic still lingers and no such march as that of modern natural and experimental science has been begun or progressed so far? We fear that there are. One can well imagine that a future age may regard much of the learning even of our time as almost as futile, superstitious, fantastic in method, and irrelevant to the ends sought, as were primitive man’s methods of producing rain, Egyptian amulets to cure disease, or medieval blood-letting according to the phases of the moon. Ptolemy believed in astrology, but how many archaeologists and philologists and students of early religion and mythology and folk-lore there are who fail to observe his great law that one should always adopt the simplest possible hypothesis consistent with the observed facts! How some ransack the latest and remotest sources for some one brief annotation by a scholiast that may support some ingenious theory concerning the earliest origins of a language, a cult, or a deity,—which theory too often has only this to recommend it, that no one has ever thought of it before! How to prove a point concerning some single country and restricted period they bring together word-forms, coins, fragments of vases, customs, and folk-tales from the most outlandish regions and widely separated eras, and pile up a huge collection of most erudite looking footnotes, full of abbreviated formulae denoting German periodicals which have all the appearance of the unintelligible jargon of some ancient incantation! As one reflects upon the respect and admiration with which such “scholarship” and “research” is regarded by many in our own time, can one wonder that in the middle ages and antiquity the pharmacist who added to his compound herb after herb from India and other romantic lands, or part after part from the carcasses of fabulous animals, in a frantic effort to improve upon a remedy that was wrong to start with,—can one wonder if he was hailed in his day as a discoverer and public benefactor, if his compound was copied in book after book and century after century, and, while he perhaps had devised it against some one ailment, if it came in time to be regarded as a panacea for all ills? How many historical generalizations, which originated in superficial association of ideas on no sounder a basis than that supposed by some to lie behind magic, are not only still current, but are glibly and unquestioningly assumed as themselves a basis for what might otherwise be considered truly scientific investigation of more detailed and less important points!

Or in other sides of present life?

We might carry our comparison from the world of scholarship, which at least displays industry and ingenuity in its superstitions, to the cruder and lazier conceptions and assumptions of social and civil life. Often enough has the connection of religion with magic been pointed out, but what side of life is there that is free from it? If not sheer intolerance, what else than survivals or revivals of ritual are all those conventions of dress and etiquette which are supposed to distinguish ladies and gentlemen from their fellow human beings? “Good form” is one of the last lines of trenches by which stupidity endeavors to hold its conquest or inheritance or—shall we say?—native soil of respectability. And how much we are forced to hear of literary or of social charm! Is such charm any less fleeting and fallacious than the magic charm from which it takes its name? Does it advance truth or retard civilization? Is not the man without it, who has to be twice as efficient in order to secure the same position as the man with it, the true builder? Does such personal charm add any more to its possessor’s real value to society than the incantation of the ancient artisan did to his industrial process? We believe that it does, but so did he. Or who can marvel at past belief in the magic power of words, who hears statesmen speak and millions shout of Militarism, Unconditional Surrender, Nationality, Democracy, Prohibition, Socialism, and Bolsheviki? What fears, what hopes, what passions, what prejudices, what sacrifices these words elicit! And how little agreement there is as to their meaning! If our illustrations are somewhat frivolous and superficial, let us measure the amount of magic in present civilization by Plotinus’ standard. He who yields to the charms of love and family affection or seeks political power or aught else than Truth and true beauty, or even he who searches for beauty in inferior things; he who is deceived by appearances, he who follows irrational inclinations, is as truly bewitched as if he were the victim of magic and goetia so-called. The life of reason is alone free from magic. Measuring our age by such a standard, we shall be tempted to cry out, Magic of magics, all is magic! What else is there to write about?

Importance of the history of experimental science.

At least one thing, and that is experimental science. “It always is making acquisitions and never grows less; it ever elevates and never degenerates; it is always clear and never conceals itself.” Of its relations to magic through some thirteen centuries of thought I have deemed it worth while to attempt a somewhat detailed picture in the foregoing pages, presenting not only a survey of occult science but of the lives and writings of some pioneers, now too forgotten, in science’s earlier and less successful days. Originally magic alone was the object of my investigation, and experimental science an unexpected by-product which forced its importance during our period increasingly upon the attention. For this reason, while the magic of the learned has perhaps been treated here about as fully as it deserves, a complete and thorough history of experimental science through these thirteen centuries has not been attempted, and much new material in all probability still awaits discovery in the period of which we have treated. And while I have not yet had time to do much reading in works of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, I suspect that while the writers on occult subjects have little or nothing new to say, experimentation probably continued its evolution and that there may even be disclosed in obscure writers of that time germs of some of the discoveries usually ascribed to later and greater names.

Prominence of magic in the history of science.

On the other hand, I have found little to suggest that medieval men themselves purposely concealed scientific discoveries which they had made, although it is true that some of them believed that the ancients had done this, and although some of them pretended to do so themselves. Above all I have demonstrated that when ancient or medieval authors are apparently superstitious, they are really so, and that it is far-fetched to attempt to explain such passages as cryptograms or allegories or flights of poetical imagination or interpolations or signs of spurious authorship. Our authors do not intentionally employ occult science to hide truths of natural science or inventions in applied science. Rather it is characteristic of magic and occult science to make a pretense of hidden truth and of marvel-working which they cannot substantiate. And the fact concerning our authors has been that they cannot yet consistently discriminate between occult science and natural science, between magic and applied science.

How the human mind works.

If this investigation has shed some light on the biographies and bibliography of past scholars and scientists, on the textual history and criticism of particular works or the general condition of the manuscript material, perhaps it has also supplied data that may prove of value to philosophers and psychologists in determining the laws of human thought and our intellectual processes. Instead, say, of giving a so-called intelligence test to some hundreds of immature school children to discover which ones are well-nigh imbecile or idiotic, I have set forth for comparison the mature, carefully considered thoughts on certain topics of a number of the world’s intellectual leaders through centuries. We have seen the same old ideas continually recurring,[3015] new ideas appearing with exceeding slowness, men of the same given period holding a common stock of notions and being for the most part in remarkable agreement. Even the most intellectual men seem to have a limited number of ideas, just as humanity has a limited number of domesticated animals. Not only is man unable by taking thought to add one cubit to his stature, he usually equally fails to add one new idea to humanity’s small collection. Often men seem to be repeating the ideas like parrots. And this is not merely patristic, or scholastic; it is everlastingly human. Yet it has been evident that some of our authors were more original, resourceful, ingenious, inquisitive than others. There is curiosity, occasionally a new question is asked, an old thought put in a novel way, or a new experiment tried.

Indestructibility of thought.

As I have pursued this investigation, my wonder has grown at the number of learned men of whom memory has been preserved from a distant past even to our day, at the voluminousness of their extant writings, at the many small details of their daily life which are known to us. Sometimes their respective lives and thoughts intertwine and cross and coincide so that a learned world and society seems to stand out entire. Moreover, what might be found out concerning them by exhausting the manuscript material would doubtless be much greater than scholars have as yet established. At any rate the records are abundant, more so than for any other phase of human life except perhaps art; they permit of detailed examination; no severed fragments or dead bones, they throb with life. Some species may lay more eggs, or multiply more rapidly, but manuscripts survive. Neckam’s book has withstood the worms better than its master, but he, too, still lives in and through it and his other books. If matter is indestructible and energy is conserved, may we not paraphrase Adelard of Bath and say in closing: “And certainly in my judgment nothing in this world of thought ever perishes utterly, or is less to-day than when it was created. If any concept is dissolved from one union, it does not perish but is joined to some other group.” Magic and experiment yesterday; science and experiment to-day. Long live Thought! and may it some day regroup itself into Truth!

GENERAL INDEX

Abbreviations, 937

Abraham the patriarch, and astrology, 91, 449, 831;

oak-tree of, 387

Abscess, 561, 565

Accusation of magic, against Roger Bacon, 31, 628-9, 676-7, 680;

Albertus Magnus, 549;

Trithemius, 550;

philosophers and scientists, 660, 676-7;

Hubert de Burgh, 675;

Arnald of Villanova, 843;

Bernard Délicieux, 860-1;

Abano, 882, 888-90, 945-6, 978

Achates, a gem, 143, 364, 420

Achilles, 908

Acorn, 850

Adam, first man, 135-6, 154, 197, 201, 241, 292, 325, 327, 475

Adamant, mill worked by, 243;

magnetic force of, 387, 566, 573, 817;

breakable only by blood of goat, 546, 657

Adfar, 214, 216

Adultery, 728

Aerimancy or Aeromancy, 87, 320, 701-2

Agate, 331, 364, 469, 854

Agent, and patient, 738

Ages of man, 154, 834, 895;

golden age, 896

Agnus Dei, 352

Agriculture, 6, 80, 82, 177, 470

Agrimonia, an herb, 142

Air, 420, 504, 579, 768, 790, 886-7;

seven regions of, 324, 392-3

Alchemy, chaps, xlv, lxv, 80, 90, 177, 251, 433, 817;

Adelard and, 22-3;

Pseudo-Aristotle, 249, 251, 277;

Michael Scot, 319-20, 327, 333-7;

Franciscans, 335;

Grosseteste, 447, 452-3;

Vincent, 471;

Albertus Magnus, 545, 557, 562, 567-73, 588;

Aquinas, 607;

Roger Bacon, 626, 639, 651, 658, 679;

Arnald, 851, 855;

Lull, 867-8;

Abano, 906-7

Alcohol, 219, 501, 760, 766, 782, 784ff., 797

Alexander the Great, 301, 64 653-4, 786, 896-7, 908;

and see other index

Alexander IV, pope, 525

Alexandria, 74, 83, 214, 264, 322, 761, 794

Algebra, 89, 237

Alive, animal from which part taken, to remain, 781

Allegorical interpretation, of Bible, 11, 134, 207-8, 631, 648;

of nature, 131, 192, 376, 847;

in alchemy, 27, 217;

in zoology, 386, 434;

images, 899;

and see Personification, Symbolism

Alleluia year, 831

Alliataiu, a fish, 781

Almohades, 206

Aloes, 698, 817

Alphabetical order, 294ff., 302, 406, 420, 536, 877

Alps, 46, 133, 156

Alsace, 425

Altar, experiments and physicians of, 481, 752, 756

Alum, 335

Alvarotto, Jacopo, 946

America, discovery of, 645, 865

Ammonia, 573, 752

Amorites, 322

Amulet, 147, 209, 264, 276, 433, 769;

and see Ligatures and Suspensions

Amusements, 808

Anaesthetics, 860, 887

Anatomy, 130, 376, 537

Androsimon, 276

Anena(?), 790

Anglo-Saxon, 67

Animals, 31, 56-7, 231, 727;

intelligence, jealousy, remedies discovered by, 11, 35, 146, 200, 266, 423, 433, 473, 508-9, 563, 653, 908;

use of parts of, 496, 498, 761, 764, 781, 817;

and see names of individual animals

Anselm, “friend,” 784

Ant, 243

Ant-hill, 147

Anthony, St. 380;

church of, in Padua, 945-6

Antichrist, 138, 248, 460, 672, 674, 743, 842, 844, 954, 960

Antidote, 384, 858;

and see Poison, and, in other index, Antidotarium under various medical authors

Antioch, 46, 245, 270

Antipathy, 144, 349, 732

Antipodes, 199, 332, 538, 885-6

Ape, 384, 780;

eaten by sick lion, 563

Aplanon, 41

Apollo, 646, 908

Apoplexy, 887

Apothecary, 835, 872

Apparition, 345, 358, 381, 470, 528, 559, 603, 912;

and see Spirit

Apple, 244, 506, 789

Applied science, 81, 190, 275, 601;

Roger Bacon and, 651, 663

Apulia, 156, 426

Aqua ardens, see Alcohol

Arabic language and learning, 24-8, 206, 211, 310-2, 349, 449, 499, 582, 589, 640, 643-4, 647, 762, 778, 863, 888, 972

Archaeology, 279

Architecture, 82

Argenteus, 226

Ariolus, 553

Aristologia, an herb, 794, 908

Arithmetic, 70, 449, 790, 904

Armenia and Armenian, 239, 262, 863

Arms and armor, 82

Aromatics, 350;

and see Spice, Unguent

Arrow, 344, 561

Arsenic, 471, 573, 797

Art, stars and, 587, 610, 673, 857

Art, Universal, of Lull, 863, 865-7, 871-2

Artemisia, 565

Artery, 298, 887

Artisan, 326, 536, 544, 651;

and see Gild

Asbestos, 242

Asclepius, 290, 902

Ascoli, 956, 958, 967

Ash, reduced to, 386, 413, 433, 562, 767, 793

Ass, 57, 145, 345, 384, 482, 767, 781, 817

Assidios, 240-1

Astrolabe, 21-2, 45, 68, 112, 116, 865

Astrologia, medieval meaning of, 11, 81, 829, 890

Astrological medicine, 6, 72, 92, 323-4, 498-9, 513, 670-1, 767, 851, 855-6, 871-2, 890, 893ff., 957

Astrology, chaps, xxxviii, xxxix, xlii, li, lxii, lxvii, lxx, lxxi;

also discussed by, Abelard, 5-7;

Hugh of St. Victor, 11-13;

Adelard, 40-2;

William of Conches, 55-8, 61;

Hildegard, 143, 148-54;

John of Salisbury, 164-6;

Neckam, 202-3;

Maimonides, 211-2;

Kiranides, 233-4;

Pseudo-Aristotle, 253-9, 274-8;

Pseudo-Solomon, 283;

Sworn-Book, 287;

William of Auvergne, 366-71;

Thomas of Cantimpré, 393;

Bartholomew, 416-9, 423;

Grosseteste, 445-7, 451-2;

Vincent, 467-9;

Albert, 535, 577-92;

Aquinas, 608-15;

Bacon, 638-9, 655, 658-9, 664, 668-77;

Pseudo-Albert, 730, 739, 742, 744;

Sloane MSS, 805-8;

Arnald, 855-8;

Lull, 868-72;

relation to magic, 148, 343, 556, 558, 674, 816, 857, 892;

to other divination, 148, 298ff., 892;

to alchemy, 588;

writings against, 970;

dominance of, 973

Astronomia, medieval meaning of, 11, 81, 319, 577, 669, 790, 829, 890

Astronomy, of twelfth century, 70-1, 83, 198;

history of, 320-1;

defense of, 696-7;

of Dante, 826;

of Abano, 890;

of Sacrobosco, 964

Athens, 284, 332, 428, 639, 755

Atlantis, 895

Atlas, the giant, and astronomy, 322, 646

Atom, Atomic theory, etc., 61, 462, 648, 906

Augury, 149, 319, 329, 365, 576-7, 601

Augustinian Order, 8, 189, 882

Authority and Authorities, attitude to, and citation of, Abelard, 6;

Adelard, 28-9;

Athelardus, 42-3;

William of Conches, 60;

Pedro Alfonso, 71;

John of Spain, 78;

Robert Kilwardby, 82;

Daniel of Morley, 172-5;

Neckam, 193-6, 199;

Cantimpré, 373, 377-80;

Bartholomew, 403-5, 422-3, 432;

Arnold of Saxony, 430-2;

Grosseteste’s Summa, 448-51;

Vincent, 461-6;

Peter of Spain, 494-6, 502;

Albert, 536, 541-2;

Aquinas, 609;

De fato, 613;

Bacon, 633-6, 647, 657, 683;

Pseudo-Albert, 727, 731-4;

Picatrix, 815-6;

Bonatti, 826-7;

Abano, 885, 910;

miscellaneous, 241, 481, 677, 710, 732

Ave Maria, 117, 296, 952

Averroism, 709, 863-4, 887-8

Azure, 573

Babylon and Babylonia, 240, 257, 357, 359

Balaam, 318

Balagius, a gem, 469

Baldness, 31, 561

Balearic Isles, 863

Ballot, 931

Balsam, 239, 698

Baptism, 198, 391

Barber, 426

Barbo, a fish, 144

Barcelona, 83, 207, 845, 862, 930

Barley, 234

Barnacle bird, 200, 464

Basilisk, 202, 347, 361, 433, 562, 901, 905;

and cock, 201, 562

Bat, 195, 288, 498, 736, 795, 817, 850

Bath, 224, 227, 480, 500, 787;

Turkish, 273, 902

Bean, 850

Bear, 145, 767

Beard, 834

Beast, number of the, 672

Beasts, wild, 16, 232

Beatitudes, 325

Beaver, castration of, 199, 380, 433, 513, 540, 657

Becket, Thomas, St., chap. xli

Bed, taking a thing to, 142-3

Bee, 224, 744, 780

Beef, 147

Beet-juice, 563

Beetle, 790, 956

Belt, see Girdle

Benedict XI, pope, 844, 860

Benvenuto of Abano, 942-3

Berkeley, Lord, 806

Betony, 555-6

Bezoar, animal, 210, 909;

mineral, 909-10

Bibliographies, medieval, 88, 353-4, 403, 405, 408, 612, 693, 696, 867;

Dominican, 374, 395, 571, 599, 612, 694-5, 724, 741

Bird, 118, 145, 224, 265, 327, 507;

edible, 147;

of prey, 484, 504;

to catch, 803;

prediction by, 160;

nest, 365, 420, 473

Bisemum, 140

Bishop, Richard, 50, 156

Bitumen, 793

Black, color used, 484, 497, 574, 780

Black Art, 319;

and see Necromancy

Black Death, 406

Black, Joseph, 36

Blanche of Castile, 339

Bleeding, 275, 324, 412, 476, 480, 804, 856, 887, 894

Blind and Blindness, 365, 860

Blood, human, 137, 299, 319, 504, 834;

use of, 144, 227, 320, 332, 817, 886, 909;

of animals, used, 147, 226, 232, 288, 321, 332, 386, 421-2, 433, 484, 496-8, 507, 546, 561, 563, 736, 781

Blotches, 561

Boar, 202

Bohel, a spirit, 289

Bologna, and university of, 525, 638, 795, 801, 827, 863, 879, 950, 952, 955, 967

Bonacossi, Bordelone, 877

Bones, used, 143, 496, 819, 899;

discussed, 886

Boniface VIII, pope, 844, 857, 937-8

Book and Books, Neckam’s, 203-4, 984;

trade in, 405;

of magic, 279, 284, 660, 662, 696, 701, 704, 731, 861

Botany, 532

Bottle, 321

Bow, magic, 344

Box, 231, 264, 835

Boxwood, 506

Boy and Boys, story of two, 275;

medieval, 410;

virtue of parts of, 336;

used in divination and other magic, 365, 586-7, 818

Brabant, 427

Brahmans, 378

Brain, physiology of, 39, 48, 298-9, 408, 500, 857, 860, 886;

poison in, 907;

of animals, used, 393, 496, 555, 561, 764, 786, 817

Bramble bush, 851

Bread, wheaten loaf, 141

Breastplate of high priest, 389, 399

Bridge, 655

Brindisi, 426

Britain, British Isles, and Britons, 364, 428

Brittany, 428

Bronze, 279

Brooch, 769

Building materials, 427

Bull, tamed by figtree, 202

Bungay, Friar, 680

Burgundy, 424

Burial, for purposes of magic, 145, 370, 483, 736, 802

Burned, in effigy, 946;

bones, 943-4;

at stake, 949, 952

Burning glass, 442, 455-6, 651, 789

Business courses, 82

Butter, 142, 434, 505, 817, 908

Byzantine, 38, 238, 300, 390

Cabbage, 496-7

Caesar, Julius, 668

Cairo, 190, 206, 734

Calendar, Christian, 92;

reform, 444, 631, 644

Caliph, 390, 734

Calixtus II, pope, 239, 241

Camel, 362, 383, 710, 788, 902;

humps of, 145

Camelea or Cameleon, an herb, 472

Camphor, 142, 786

Can Grande, 933

Candelabrum, 699

Candle, magic, 231, 280, 345, 561, 736-7, 782, 786ff., 793, 800

Candlestick, seven-branched, 370

Canonization, 127-8, 612

Cap, 145

Carbuncle, 236, 565

Carnelian, 388

Cask, 263

Casket, 224, 227, 860

Castle, 832, 838, 843-4;

magic, 346

Castration, 506;

and see Beaver

Casziel (or Cassiel), a spirit, 289, 900

Cat, 781, 964

Catalan, chap. lxviii, 862, 867, 873

Cataract, 563

Cauldron, 279

Cauterization, 856

Censorship, 805, 851, 950

Ceremonial, in magic and medicine, 141ff., 344, 482-3, 496, 801, 818-9, 904

Ceruse, 573

Chaldean, 92, 162, 208, 270, 286, 298, 349, 423, 449, 863

Cham, see Ham

Chance, experience, 499, 854;

and fate, 212, 830-1

Channel, English, 190

Characters, 227, 279, 351, 552, 556, 603, 608, 622, 659, 661, 663, 669, 731-2, 802, 820, 848-50

Charcoal, 689, 737

Chariot, scythe-bearing, 654

Charlemagne, 241

Charles V, king of France, 256, 405, 695, 801

Charles of Anjou, king of Naples, 460, 757, 795

Charles of Calabria, duke of Florence, 953, 967

Chartres, 52, 100, 155

Chastity, 242, 364, 388, 470, 817;

and see Virgin

Cheese, 434, 507

Chelidonia, see Swallow-wort

Chelidonius, 420-1

Chemical and Chemistry, chap. lxv, 38, 484, 500, 566, 573, 906

Chess, 835

Chestnut, 786

Chick, to make dance, 736

Chicken meat, 502-3

Child-birth, 135, 144, 316, 329, 376, 470, 482, 493, 586, 767, 851;

formation of foetus, 418, 469, 484, 700, 744, 876, 957;

born after eight months, dies, 329, 904;

monstrous birth, 745

Chimaera, 138, 537

Chinese dictionary, 448

Chiromancy, 166-7, 266, 329, 331, 575, 606, 701-2, 804, 890

Christ, 299, 327, 965;

birth of, and astrology, 105, 148ff., 371, 452, 579, 590-1, 672-3, 676, 703, 896-7, 953-4, 960-1;

and astrological elections, 831;

effect of birth of on magic, 236, 607;

power of name of, 483;

child, 611

Christian and Christianity, 216, 244, 649, 672, 678, 891, 896;

and see Magic, Religion, Theology

Chronology, 92, 648, 897-8

Church fathers, 174, 589, 635, 848-9

Churl and Bird, tale of, 73

Cicada, 541

Cinnamon, 472

Cipher, 335, 688, 788

Circe, 719

Circle, magic, 227, 288, 321, 343, 345, 664, 669, 912;

in Lull’s Art, 865-6

Circumcision, 834

Cistercian, 458

Cithara, 44-5

Citron, 544

City, fortune of, predicted, 331, 832, 838, 954-5

Claretum, a drink, 434

Classical heritage, 51, 157, 191

Classification of the sciences, 10-11, 79-82, 475, 630, 681

Clement IV, pope, 256, 458, 597, 622-8

Clement V, pope, 207, 842-6, 938

Clergy, interest of, in divination, 121, 170, 832, 836;

as translators, 230;

attacked, 306, 844;

regular, 628, 759

Cloak, virtue of, 35, 160

Clock, see Time

Clothing, 82, 352, 391, 428, 818;

incombustible, 242;

and see the names of individual garments

Coal, 420;

soot, 793

Cock, 201, 383, 498, 781, 819, 850;

cock-crow, 263

Cold, the disease, 761

Colic, 887

Cologne, 523, 525-6, 544-5, 595ff., 638

Color and Colors, discussed, 42, 434, 793, 804;

making of, and experiments with, 787-8, 799-800, 806;

in magic, 288, 729

Combustible compounds, see Candle

Comet, 7, 58, 320, 371, 446-8, 452-3, 459, 469, 524, 583, 701, 961

Commune, 932, 941ff.

Compass, mariner’s, 31, 190, 199, 324, 387-8, 430, 621, 864

Compass, points of, observed, 140, 287, 343, 801, 819, 837, 964

Complexion, meaning physical constitution, 670, 886, 894, 896

Compostela, 488, 499

Compotus or Computus, 444, 644, 804

Compounds, medicinal, magical, etc., 480-2, 504, 508, 755, 769, 805, 817, 854

Conception, to aid, 730;

to prevent, 470, 736, 744, 763;

and the stars, 152, 316, 328-9, 876

Confederate, used in magic, 661, 669

Confessional, 742, 835

Conjunction, astrological, 146, 255, 583, 672, 872, 888, 896-7, 956, 960

Conjuration, see Incantation, and Spirit, invocation of

Consecration, of bells, books, gems, spirits, etc., chap. xlix, 243, 321, 353, 470, 556, 567

Constantine the Great, emperor, 729

Constantinople, 190, 230, 313, 638, 877

Constantius of Abano, 876

Constipation, 768

Consumption, 887

Contingent event, 12, 516, 559, 605

Contrary, cure by, 887

Cooking recipes, 799, 802

Copper, 545

Copprea, 143

Coptic, 214

Copyists, use of, and mistakes and frauds by, 171, 225, 297, 301, 427-8, 458, 464, 625-7, 742, 779, 909, 938

Coral, 470, 853-4

Cordova, 22, 205, 310

Cormorant, 473

Cornu cerastis, 242

Corpse, 32, 39, 192, 482, 496, 556, 762, 767, 782, 851;

and see Necromancy, Resurrection

Cotton, 561, 819

Cow, 57-8, 412, 729, 778, 780, 854

Crab, 362, 413

Crane, 144

Crape, 737

Creation, 58-61, 175, 181, 288, 317, 439, 461, 869, 962

Credulity and Scepticism, of Pedro Alfonso, 72;

John of Salisbury, 157;

Neckam, 199-200;

Maimonides, 208;

Michael Scot, 315;

of medical men concerning spirits, 359, 369, 889;

Cantimpré, 380-1;

Bartholomew, 433;

Vincent, 464-6;

Albert, 464, 539, 543-6, 562, 566;

Frederick II, 465;

William of Auvergne, 349, 358, 360-3;

Gilbert of England, 480-1;

Aristotle, 576;

Bacon, 656-7;

Pseudo-Albert, 731, 734;

Abano, 889, 903;

other medieval, 116, 234, 238, 276, 513, 795, 804, 806, 856-7, 969-70;

modern, 236

Critical days, 893

Criticism dreaded, 159, 634ff., 640, 643

Cross, sign of, 141, 143, 288, 321, 381, 467, 470, 483, 528, 608, 848, 850;

wood of, 549;

in form of, 860;

magic, 790

Crow, 193, 413, 496, 729, 791;

white, 793

Crusades, 239, 525, 845, 863

Crystal, 800, 808, 889

Cucumber, 834

Cummin seed, 148

Cyme, 231

Dacdel, a spirit, 289

Daily life, medieval, 406

Danube, 525, 541

Darius, 896

Date, of life or works of, Adelard, chap. xxxvi, app. i;

William of Conches, 50-2;

John of Spain, 74ff.;

Hildegard, 127-8;

Michael Scot, 310-11;

Sacrobosco, 332;

Cantimpré and Bartholomew, 373-4, 402-3;

Grosseteste, 438;

Witelo, 456;

Vincent, 458-61;

Gilbert of England, 478;

John of St. Amand, 510;

Albert and Aquinas, 461, 522ff., 594ff.;

Roger Bacon, 619ff., 628-30;

Picatrix, 813;

Abano, 876, 880, 933-5;

of introduction of Aristotle, 194-5, 312-3, 708;

of Sompniale dilucidarium Pharaonis, 296;

of Speculum astronomiae, 707-9

Day and Days, observance of, 42, 116, 150, 283, 296, 301, 319, 420;

length of, 185

Deafness, 145-6

Death, time of, 887

Decans, 118, 221

Deer (including Doeskin, Roebuck, Stag), 144, 148, 210, 496, 508

Degree, medical, 504

Delphic oracle, 167

Desert, spirits in, 43, 344, 357;

writings in, 43, 399-400

Design, argument from, 30

Desire, as a factor in magic, 665

Devil, 6, 134, 138, 208, 284, 318;

and see Spirit

Dew, 144, 324

Diacodos, a stone, 556

Diadochos, a stone, 556

Diagram, 116, 249, 282-3, 323, 627, 648, 790-1, 865, 867

Dialectic, 24, 29, 70, 88, 734, 789

Dialogue, 23, 50

Diarrhoea, 513, 793

Dice, 158

Dictionary, 448, 458

Diet, 82, 201, 273, 300, 383, 480, 500, 546, 560, 818, 887

Digestion, 145, 880;

effect on dreams, 330

Dinner, 411, 833, 887

Dioptra, 112

Diplomacy, 843

Direction, observed, 231, 698;

and see Compass, points of

Disc, 279

Disease, 126, 480;

magic transfer of, 499, 852;

and see Spirit, Woman

Dispensation, 311-12

Divination, chap. xxxix, 72, 286, 835, 902;

and magic, 319, 559;

by demons, 358, 407;

natural, 154, 168, 212, 349, 605;

by opening Psalter, 295-6;

by eating parts of animals, 497-8, 658;

by polished surfaces, 158-9, 168, 320, 354, 364-5, 964;

by shoulder blades, 86;

by lots, numbers, names, 277, 319;

from clouds, 320;

from Kalends, 326;

forbidden varieties of, 814, 848;

other varieties, 14, 81, 158;

and see Dream, Liver, Moon, Sieve, Thunder; also Aerimancy, Augury Chiromancy, Geomancy, Hydromancy, Lot-casting, Pyromancy, etc.

Divining-rod, 557

Dog, 348, 385, 762;

to keep from barking, 729, 821;

to cause to follow you, 787;

use of parts of, 209, 332, 496-7, 500, 562-4, 574, 736, 788, 803;

mad, 210, 413, 563, 762

Dog-days, 252, 484, 856

Dolphin, 423, 505, 768

Domestic science, 409, 503ff.

Dominicans, 305, 339, 374, 453, 525, 594ff., 629, 832-3, 843-4, 945;

and see Bibliographies

Door, used in magic, 603;

affected by magic, 287, 558, 729, 744

Dove, 15, 321, 507, 539

Dragon, 236, 262ff., 352, 380, 737;

use of, 242;

combat with elephant, 562;

flying, 242, 433, 562, 657-8, 668;

the constellation, 418, 967

Dreams, and interpretation of, chap. l, 40, 272, 276, 487, 605, 708, 710, 728, 902;

Hildegard on, 154;

John of Salisbury, 161-4;

Michael Scot, 319, 326, 330;

Bartholomew, 412;

Vincent, 467;

Albert, 558-9, 575-7;

Arnald, 845, 847;

Cecco, 955-6, 958

Dreaming-places, 290

Dromedary, 318

Dropsy, 470, 473, 485, 588

Drugs, 766, 769, 817

Drum, 603, 819

Duck, 147, 909

Dung, 209, 232, 496, 561, 728, 850, 909

Dyes, 573, 787, 806

Eagle, 195, 242, 301, 364, 420, 473, 487, 541, 544, 761, 854

Ear, 505

Earache, 761

Earth, sphericity of the, 35, 439-40, 864;

virtue of, 140, 142, 147-8, 801-2;

not allowing things to touch the ground, 421

Earthquake, 294

Ear-wax, 561, 736, 817

Earwig, 761

Eccentric, of planet, 176, 444, 446, 672

Ecclesiastical elections, 606;

offices, 833

Echeneis or Echinus, 361, 379

Echo, 789

Eclipse, 68, 151, 223, 294, 325, 603, 804, 897;

during Christ’s passion, 160, 371, 961

Economics, 11, 426

Eden, Garden of, see Paradise

Editions, especially early printed, William of Conches, 53, 63;

Daniel Morley, 172-3;

Neckam, 189, 191;

Morienus, 215;

Prester John, 239;

Pseudo-Aristotle, 248, 267-8;

Artemidorus, 290-1;

Dream-Books of Daniel and Joseph, 294;

Morale Sompnium Pharaonis, 296;

Michael Scot, 307-8, 333;

William of Auvergne, 338;

Bartholomew, 401-3;

Vincent, 457;

Thesaurus pauperum, 490-1;

John of St. Amand, 510;

Aquinas, 594, 598;

Bacon, 617-8, 679;

Pseudo-Albert, 571, 721, 735, 737, 739;

Bonatti, 826;

Arnald, 846, 853;

Lull, 862;

Abano, 875, 882, 917-26, 935;

Abraham Aben Ezra, 927-8

Education, as experienced or discussed by, Hugh of St. Victor, 8-10;

Adelard, 20-24;

William of Conches, 50-55, 61;

Gerard of Cremona, 87-9;

John of Salisbury, 155ff.;

Daniel Morley, 172-4;

Neckam, 188-90;

Cantimpré, 374;

Bartholomew, 403;

Grosseteste, 437-8;

Vincent, 458;

Gilbert, 481;

Peter of Spain, 488-90;

Albert, 522-6;

Aquinas, 595-8, 601-2;

Bacon, 619-21, 627, 630ff., 640-2;

Peckham, 629;

Arnald, 843, 847;

Lull, 863;

Abano, 876-7, 879;

Cecco, 950, 952, 954

Edward I, king of England, 309, 483, 909

Eel, 541

Egg, 886-7

Egypt, 42, 83, 162, 174, 190, 216, 293, 300, 349, 449, 755, 831

Egyptian Days, 420, 469, 484, 856

Elder tree, 563

Elections, astrological, 148, 183-4, 186, 255, 325, 390, 587, 673-4, 700, 831, 833-4;

and see Ecclesiastical

Electricity, 906

Elements, 41-2, 56-7, 131, 136, 175-6, 242, 253, 275, 332, 334, 341, 360, 394, 420, 447, 462, 480, 564, 580, 594, 830, 836, 871, 886, 906;

not found pure, 34, 53, 175, 231;

harmony of, 671

Elephant, 403, 562, 646

Elijah, 801

Elysium, 12

Ematites, a gem, 908

Embassies, 238, 293, 843

Emerald, 143, 210, 236, 239, 363, 546-7, 553, 853, 908, 937

Empiricism, 209-10, 362, 482, 538, 657

Encyclopedias, medieval, chaps. liii, liv, lvi, 193, 315;

modern, 382-5

Endor, witch of, 167

England and English, chaps. xxxvi, xli, xlii, xliii, liv, 156, 375, 428, 619-20, 788, 799-800, 802-3, 811

Ephialtes, 360

Epicurean, 61, 165, 582

Epidaurus, 290

Epilepsy, 143, 145-7, 151, 209, 349, 413, 470, 496-7, 515, 847-8, 904

Epitaph, 522, 913, 934

Error, causes of, 630-1, 636, 681

Errors, lists of condemned, 355, 571, 694, 707-12, 869-71, 882-3

Esau, see Jacob and

Eschinus, see Echineis

Esculapides, 269

Ethics, 630-1

Ethiopia and Ethiopic, 433, 562, 592, 656-7

Etruscan, 11

Etymology, 192, 315, 481, 572

Eucharist, 549, 649, 903

Eugenics, 151, 587

Eugenius III, pope, 126

Eunuch, 737

Euphrates, 265

Evangelists, four, 160

Eve, first woman, 60, 474-5

Excrement, human, 484

Exercise, physical, 409, 887

Exorcism, 168, 227, 320, 352, 359, 365, 439, 699, 892, 912

Experience, Experimental method, etc., chaps. lxiii, lxiv, lxv;

and magic, 8, 227-8, 292, 343, 345, 347, 353, 546-9, 561, 658-9, 701, 707, 738, 820, 899, 977, 982;

and divination, 115, 118, 161, 168, 301, 320;

in 12th century astronomy and astrology, 67-71, 77-8, 87, 183-5;

medical, 15, 412;

in alchemy, 336;

of India, 237;

with worms, 386;

at Paris, 657;

of Adelard, 38-40;

Neckam, 192, 196-7, 200, 202;

Maimonides, 209-10;

Kiranides, 229;

Pseudo-Aristotle, 247, 249, 251, 257, 277;

Michael Scot, 316, 321, 329;

William of Auvergne, 341, 343, 345, 355, 360-4;

Bartholomew, 433;

Grosseteste, 439ff., 451;

Witelo, 454-5;

Peter of Spain, 494-5, 498-500, 507-10;

John of St. Amand, 510-13;

Albertus Magnus, 532, 534, 536, 538-48, 564, 566-72, 576;

Roger Bacon, 306, 335, 647-59, 662, 664, 666, 681, 683;

Arnald, 853-6, 859-60;

Bernard Gordon, 856-7;

Lull, 864;

Abano, 884, 893, 899, 906, 912

Eye, structure of, 498;

complaints and cures, 144, 363, 421, 469-70, 472, 484, 498, 506-7, 762, 766, 855, 860

Eyebrow, 144, 153, 498

Eye-glasses, 859

Eyelash, 144

Ezzelino, 827

Faith, requisite in magic, 160, 665, 817;

in medicine, 887;

and Reason, see Religion and science

Falcon and Falconry, 464, 562

Fame, love of, 273

Fascination, 169, 202, 248, 385, 553, 558, 574, 607-8, 614, 662, 664-5, 710, 900-2

Fasting, 143, 211, 227, 242, 413, 561, 604, 818, 909

Fat, 384, 504, 560, 909

Fate, 165, 462, 589-92, 613-5, 712, 866

Faun, 358

Feather, 144

Fee, physician’s, 881

Fennel, 508, 563

Ferdinand the Catholic, 864

Ferrara, 955, 965

Feudal, 30, 241, 424, 427, 634

Fever, 143-4, 151, 470, 504, 588, 886-7

Fig tree, 816

Filcrum coarton, a gem, 262

Finger and Fingers, middle, 140;

two, 231;

crossed, 790

Finland, magic of, 429

Fir tree, 139, 142-3, 200

Fire, the element, 41, 394, 420, 506, 817;

marvelous, 252;

use of, 144;

at Rome in 192 A. D., 752;

universal, 57;

ordeal of, 818

Fireworks, 736-7, 791, 804, 807

Fish, 135, 143-4, 263, 327, 360, 423, 466, 504-8, 851

Flea, 147, 737

Flood, 57, 136, 222, 452, 582, 745, 897

Florence, 825, 952-4, 967-8

Floron, a spirit, 965

Flowers of St. John, 536-7

Fly and Flies, 484, 736-7, 763, 959

Flying machine, 654-5

Foca, 232

Foliot, Gilbert, 181

Folk-lore, 380, 815

Foot, 729

Footprint, 332

Forlì, 825ff.

Form, 420;

specific, 565, 567, 854, 906;

and see Good

Fountain, 349;

marvelous, 180, 244;

of youth, 219, 242, 798

Fox, 194, 209, 500

France, 70, 376, 427, 453

Francesco of Mantua, 879

Francis, St., 862

Franciscans, 305, 335, 403, 415, 418, 617, 620, 626-9, 642, 675, 682, 712, 796, 863, 945

Franciscus de Fullano, 836

Frankincense, 556

Frederick I, Barbarossa, 240, 271

Frederick II, emperor, see other index

Frederick of Sicily, 845

Frenzy, 412, 761

Freudian theory, 468

Friars, 305, 373, 501, 830, 958

Frog, 347, 359, 482, 497, 545, 762, 781, 854

Fruit, 505-6, 887

Fumigation, 135, 224ff., 288, 482, 560, 698, 766, 780-1, 817, 850-1, 854, 892, 912

Fungi, 506

Furnace, 572

Gabriel, angel, 900

Galerites, 729

Gall, 484, 496, 504, 561, 767, 781, 807, 850, 909

Ganges, 236

Gascony, 426

Gaul, 4, 20, 24, 28, 50, 87, 156, 375, 386

Gems, Hildegard on, 142-3;

Neckam, 202;

of India, 236, 242ff.;

Pseudo-Aristotle, 252, 261ff., 275-6;

William of Auvergne, 363;

Thomas of Cantimpré, 387ff.;

Bartholomew and Arnold of Saxony, 430-2;

Vincent, 469-70;

Albert, 566-7, 727;

Abano, 908;

found in animals, 210, 386, 421, 544;

used by animals, 473

Generation, of various animals, 144, 359, 382, 386,

and corruption, 417, 446, 670, 894;

spontaneous, 137, 347, 465, 543, 728, 736-7, 744;

human, 328-9, 886, 894, 910-1;

magic, 353, 780

Genethlialogy, 451, 585

Genius, a kind of spirit, 104

Genoa, 638, 885

Gentian, 413

Gentiles, 174, 299, 462

Geocentric theory, 176

Geoffrey Plantagenet, 51

Geography, of Bartholomew, 406, 424-9;

Bacon, 645, 648;

other medieval, 396

Geomancy, chap. xxxix, 90, 237, 294, 319, 331, 445, 588, 606, 701-2, 707, 712, 835-8, 865, 869, 890, 912

Geometry, 83, 88, 299, 456, 485, 641, 648, 651, 790, 885

Geranium, 140

German language, 128, 540-1;

scholarship, 518-9

Germany, 375, 403, 405, 525, 558, 740

Gesha, a gem, 261

Gesticulation, 209

Gild, 651, 879;

and see Artisan

Girdle, 143-8, 265-6

Girl, magic power, 146;

medieval, 411;

who ate spiders, 544;

and see Virgin

Glass, mirror, 190, 199;

chapel, 244;

cask, cave, or submarine, 263;

vessels, 321, 372, 387;

spheres and tigress, 543;

perspective-, 680;

lantern, 785

Glaucus of Beneventum, 761

Gloss and Glossator, 327, 764

Glow-worm, 737, 786

Glue, 788

Gnostic, 857, 867

Goat, 385, 546, 854

Goat-milker, 473

God and gods, celestial, 530;

terrestrial, 350;

factitious, 350;

name of, 224, 352, 391, 407, 873;

Adelard avoids discussion of, 41;

Lull on, 865, 872;

miscellaneous, 893;

and stars, see Star and Astrology;

and nature, see Religion and Science

Gold, 202, 224, 236, 817, 855, 858, 899, 908;

potable, 806, 854

“Good form,” 981

Goose, 147, 505, 793

Gothic cathedrals, 536

Gout, 482, 807, 847, 887

Grammar, 52, 72, 129, 156, 325, 439, 644, 648, 788

Gravitation, force of, 35-6

Greece, 20, 184, 546

Greek, 178, 241, 437, 640-1, 644-5

Greek fire, 31, 736, 784ff.

Green, 35

Gregory VIII, pope, 76

Gregory IX, pope, 231-2

Gregory X, pope, 490

Gregory XI, pope, 864

Griffin, 236, 420, 541, 546

Gualfridinus, 957

Guido of Montefeltro, 828

Guido of Valencia, bishop of Tripoli, 270

Gunpowder, 31, 688-91, 736, 786, 793;

noiseless, 807

Gurkhan of Kara Khitai, 240

Guy de Foulques, 622;

and see Clement IV

Gymnosophists, 378

Gypsum, 910

Hadrian, emperor, 860

Hair, 331, 483, 496, 563, 744, 834;

tonic, 565, 793

Ham, son of Noah, first magician, 321, 449, 911

Hand, 31;

clapping, 819

Hardewin the Teuton, 156

Hare, 736, 817

Harlot, 348

Harpy, 541

Haruspex, 166, 319, 553

Hawk, 15, 200

Hazel rod, 361, 512, 659, 662, 690

Head, magic, speaking, etc., 680, 825

Headache, 144, 146, 412, 761

Hearsay, 381, 542

Heart, physiology of, 298-9, 513, 907;

use of, 144-7, 232, 362, 384, 422, 497-8, 555, 574, 729, 767, 851;

disease, 508, 880

Heat and Hot, 142, 817

Heaven and Heavens, one or many? 131ff., 176-7, 275, 322, 332, 414-6, 581;

animated? 287, 333, 367;

empyrean, 355-6, 414-5;

revolution of eighth sphere, 871, 895-6;

and see Stars, Music of Spheres, Waters above firmament

Hebrew and Hebrews, 67, 120, 174, 192, chap. xliv, 261, 268, 272, 286, 312, 363, 437, 495, 640-1, 644-5, 778, 780, 824, 863, 877-8, 926, 930, 937

Hecate, 279

Hedge-hog, 762

Heliotrope, an herb, 724, 728;

a gem, 361, 363, 429, 470, 961

Hellenistic, 678

Helun, a beast, 148

Hemorrhage, 469, 853

Hemorrhoids, 432

Hen, 484

Henry VII, emperor, 933

Henry I, king of England, 23, 48, 69, 72

Henry II, king of England, 21, 49, 51, 65, 156, 160

Henry III, king of England, 619, 675

Henry VII, king of England, 181, 827

Henry of Eastry, 25

Herbs, Hildegard on, 141-2;

Kiranides, 231, 233-4;

Pseudo-Aristotle, 275-6;

William of Auvergne, 362;

Vincent, 472-3;

Albert, 555-6, 564-6, 727;

in sculpture, 536-7;

miscellaneous, 505, 656, 851;

plucking of, 140-1, 160, 209, 234, 466, 472, 482, 556, 608, 728

Heredity, 910, 956

Heresy, 127, 239, 531, 831, 944;

and see Errors, Inquisition

Hermaphrodite, 109, 329, 376

Heron, 144-5, 513

Herring fisheries, 386

Hippocratic school, 769;

for Hippocrates see other index

History, Hugh of St. Victor on, 11;

Bacon on, 646-7;

modern critical, 685,

uncritical, 980;

ages of, 475;

and astrology, 42, 647, 897,

and see Conjunctions;

of astronomy, 321-2;

of science, 533-4, 681;

of magic, 647, 659-60

Hole, 482

Holm oak, 135

Holy Ghost, 152, 367

Holy salt, 353

Holy wafer, 903

Holy water, 353, 850

Homeopathy, 907

Honey, 324, 393, 434, 506, 565, 795, 817

Honorius III, pope, 311

Honorius IV, pope, 881, 935

Hoopoe, 288, 362, 421-2, 497, 555, 729, 763

Horaeus, 52

Horn and Horns, used, 496, 854;

magic, 264;

why men don’t have, 30

Horoscope, 14, 107, 672, 956

Horse, 262, 359, 390;

meat, 506;

wild, 904

Hour, observance of, 201-3, 293, 300, 327, 344, 670-1, 819, 855;

length of, 185

House, astrological, 5, 486, 871-2;

marvelous, 782

Howard, Thomas, Earl of Arundel, 172

Howard, William, Lord, 172

Hubert de Burgh, 675

Hubert Walter, 478

Hugo Eterianus, 292

Human body, physiology of, 57, 152, 192, 311, 499-500, 886;

virtue of, 734, 907;

use of parts of, 142-3, 474, 480, 496, 816-7;

is human flesh nutritious?, 503;

how poisoned?, 907

Humanism of twelfth century, 51, 191

Humors, 150-2, 762

Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, 121

Hundred Years War, 406

Hunting, 157

Hydromancy, 86, 320, 701-2

Hyena, 199, 544

Hygiene, 886

Hyperborean, 440

Hypnotism, 346, 467, 901

Hyssop, 227

Ice, 148, 818

Idolatry, 343-4, 698, 702

Idols, of Lucretius, 667;

of Francis Bacon, 681

Illuminated manuscripts, 15, 111-2, 117-8, 121, 263, 286, 322, 761, 788, 827

Illumination of mind and soul, 362, 865

Image, engraved and astrological, 158, 164-5, 177, 220, 223ff., 231-2, 251, 257-8, 275-6, 280, 287ff., 327, 351, 370, 388ff., 399-400, 469-70, 549, 579, 588, 603, 615, 658, 673-4, 676, 731, 802, 815ff.;

Albert on, 567;

Aquinas, 610-1;

Speculum astronomiae, 696, 698ff.;

Bonatti, 835;

Arnald, 857-9;

Abano, 898-900, 908;

Cecco, 958-9;

wax, 814, 818, 835;

other magic, 264, 349, 806

Imagination, power of, 608, 614, 911

Impotence, 605, 821, 850, 853

Incantation, chap. lxvi, 141ff., 160, 232, 237, 242-3, 258, 275-6, 320;

in Vincent, 466, 470;

in 13th century medicine, 482-3, 498, 851-2, 858;

Albert, 563, 574;

Aquinas on, 608;

Bacon, 621, 652, 661-5, 669;

Abano, 889-90, 900, 902-4;

Cecco, 953;

in books of experiments, 731, 780, 788, 802-3, 807;

experiments that work as well without, 361, 513, 662;

and see Notory Art; Words, power of

Incense, 817, 820

Incubus, 299, 353, 358, 897, 960

India, chap. xlviii, 92, 224, 236-7, 293, 300, 325, 336, 346-7, 433, 588, 645-6, 656, 786, 885, 894, 898-9

Indicum, 434

Infancy and Infant, 32, 332, 834, 957;

and see Child-birth

Ink, 288, 788, 800, 806;

invisible, 467;

and see Writing

Innocent IV, pope, 309, 459, 943

Innocent V, pope, 525

Innocent VIII, pope, 743

Inoculation, 907

Inquisition, 206-7, 368;

Bacon and, 31, 688-9;

Arnald and, 843, 846;

Spanish, 851;

Délicieux and, 860-1;

Lull, 864;

Abano, 875, 881, 934, 938-47;

Cecco, chap. lxxi

Insanity, 142-3

Insect, 537

Insomnia, of Rasis, 754, 766

Instruments, scientific, 29-30, 454, 627, 652-3, 884;

musical, see Music

Intellect, active, 631, 633;

unity of, 633

Intent, as a factor in magic, 665

Interpolations, 240, 461-6, 492, 722

Interrogations, astrological, 183-6, 255, 326, 370, 390, 579, 701, 711, 832-3, 893;

of geomancy, 838

Intestines, 470, 899

Inventions, church and, 30-1;

Roger Bacon and, 651, 654-5, 682-3;

Francis Bacon and, 681;

magic and, 975-6

Invisible, to become, 232, 287, 363, 387, 470, 603, 729, 800, 961;

and see Writing

Ionicon, 322

Ireland and Irish, 190, 236, 408

Iron, use of, 232, 793;

taboo of, 386, 496, 819;

oriental, 392

Irrigation, 249, 601

Israelites, 389

Italy and Italian, chaps, lxvii, lxx, lxxi, 824, 925

Jacinth, 141

Jacob and Esau, 469, 591

Jacob of Brescia, 952

Jacob of Padua, 941

James II, king of Aragon, 843-6

Jasper, 135, 331, 364, 389, 470

Jaundice, 482, 561

Jealousy, 54, 248, 769, 910, 967

Jerusalem, 160, 216, 239

Jew and Jewish, chap. xliv, 42, 195, 278, 288, 290, 299, 314, 389

Joachimite ideas, 842

John the Baptist, feast of, 483, 537

John XXII, pope, 713, 881, 935-8

John XXIII, pope, 644

John, bishop of Norwich, 174

John, patriarch of India, 239

John Orbelian, 240

John Venibene, 956

John of Vicenza, 831-2

John, see Prester, and other index

Joints, of fingers and toes, 324;

pains in, 752

Joseph’s divining cup, 159

Judges in schemes of divination, 113ff.

Juggler, 789

Julian, father of Peter of Spain, 488

Julius Caesar, 896

Juno, used for planet Venus, 109

Jupiter, the planet, 418, 583, 672, 834-5

Jusquiam, an herb, 496, 556, 725, 733

Kathariel, spirit of Saturn, 323

Katherine, St., 327

King and Kingship, discussed, 268, 272-3, 909;

as patron of learning, 189;

predictions for, 296, 302, 583-4, 672, 895-6

Knife, 111, 789

Knot, in magic and divination, 429, 819

Laboratory, 216, 538, 572, 653

Ladder of Hermes, 481

Lamp, experiment with, 737, 782;

marvelous, 786

Land and water on earth’s surface, 645

Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, 311-2

Language and Languages, 728;

scientific study of, 81, 192, 630, 640, 644-7, 863;

of animals or birds, 730, 782

Lantern, 785

Laon, 47

Lar, 357

Lateran Council, Second, 31;

Fourth, 465

Latin, learning, 70-1, 174, 375, 644, 677;

and see Education, Scholasticism, Style, Textual criticism, Translation

Laudanum, 324-5

Laurel, 506, 728, 816

Law, canon, 158, 189, 329-30, 631, 668, 931;

Mosaic, 162, 208, 212, 345, 371, 386;

Roman, 172-3, 179, 189, 193, 634, 636, 647, 896, 931;

miscellaneous, 273, 733, 834;

and see Inquisition, Legislation, Trial

Laxative, 275, 504, 565

Lead, 224, 392, 802, 817, 857;

pencil, 173

Leather, 860

Left hand, etc., used or preferred, 231-2, 329, 482, 736, 762-3, 854, 887

Legislation, concerning magic, 284, 660, 814

Lemon pips, 210

Lens, magnifying, 440-1, 456, 668

Lent, 465

Leopard, 145, 817, 909

Leprosy, 147, 331, 413, 573, 791

Lettuce, 564

Levitation, 359, 821, 904

Liberal arts, seven, 8, 23, 72, 190, 449, 788ff., 889;

and see Quadrivium

Libraries, medieval, 62, 462, 627, 677, 845

Ligatures and suspensions, 14, 140, 142-3, 160, 209, 433, 470, 482, 494, 496, 498, 561, 573, 608, 736, 762-3, 769, 779, 793, 853-4, 902

Light, 332, 344, 456, 591-2, 899

Lightning, 564

Like loves like, 732

Lily, 728

Lincoln cathedral, 536

Linen, 391, 763

Liniment, 780

Lion, 57, 145, 361, 631, 732, 762;

Thomas of Cantimpré on, 381-5;

use of parts of, 243, 433, 560, 732-3;

figure of, 857-8, 899

Lioness, amours of, 384, 563

Liturgy, 292, 801

Liver, disease, 565;

divination, 299, 486;

use of, 135, 145, 148, 393, 484, 496-7, 561, 764

Livonia, 403

Lizard, 484, 786

Locusts, to avert, 854

Logic, 4, 155-7, 247, 489, 648, 865, 886;

magic, 144-7

Longevity, 655, 658, 894, 899;

predictable, 149, 701;

and see Fountain of youth

Loosing bonds, 729, 737

Lord’s Prayer, 116, 120, 296, 467, 482, 608, 801, 848, 851-2, 952

Lorraine, 427

Lot-casting, 111ff., 320, 606-7, 662, 707;

and see Geomancy, and in other index Sortes sanctorum

Louis IX, St., king of France, 448, 458-9

Louis of Bavaria, emperor, 954

Love, 349, 731, 958;

charms and potions, 291, 555, 731, 736-7, 802, 808

Lunacy, 145, 907

Lung, 143, 145, 412, 565

Lynx, 200

Lyons, Council of, 526

Machinery, 654-5

Magi, who came to Christ child, 6, 111, 239, 318, 483, 497, 553, 591, 611-2, 614, 904, 961;

of Persia and east, 291;

Prester John and, 239;

Michael Scot on, 318

Magic, chaps, lxiii, lxv, lxvi;

discussed by Hugh of St. Victor, 13-5;

Hildegard, 138-9;

John of Salisbury, 157;

Maimonides, 208-9;

Michael Scot, 318-21;

William of Auvergne, 341-9, 353-4;

Albert, 548-60, 704-6;

Aquinas, 602-5;

Bacon, 659-63, 704-6;

Cecco, 963-4;

Pico della Mirandola, 970;

as an art, 605;

use or abuse of nature, 139;

materials employed, 138-9, 227, 603;

personal requirements of magician, 209, 604-5, 733, 817-8;

relation to science and medicine, 8, 79-80, 138-9, 559-60, 604-5, 663, 666, 816, 848, 977, 982;

reality of, 319-20, 603;

fraud and illusion of, 14, 343, 345, 349, 358, 585, 660-1, 669, 821, 975;

evil, 319-20, 604, 713;

good or natural, 237, 339, 343, 346-7, 550, 554, 970;

immunity from, 352-3, 553, 731;

marvelous results of, 603, 821;

history of, 647, 659-60, 911;

final definition, 973ff.;

of the present, 979-81;

and see Accusation, Legislation, Maleficium, Necromancy, Sorcery, Witchcraft, etc.

Magna Graecia, 46

Magnet, 48, 143, 261, 316, 359, 361, 388, 482, 524, 556, 566, 607, 734, 769, 791, 854, 907;

magnetic poles, 907

Magnus annus, 203, 370, 418, 589, 710, 744, 895

Majorca, 862-64

Maleficium, 14, 158, 320, 347, 551, 604, 901;

personified, 138-9

Mallow plant, 140

Mandragora, 135, 139, 142, 817

Manfred, king of Sicily, 221, 254, 757, 930, 965

Mani and Manicheism, 60, 611, 672

Mania, 408, 858

Manna, 243, 324-5, 393

Mansions of sun or moon, 113ff., 183, 223, 699, 820

Mantike, 14

Manuel Comnenus, emperor, 230, 240, 292

Manuscripts, are discussed too frequently in notes and text to index;

for individual MSS see Index of Manuscripts;

for Illuminated MSS see Illumination

Maps, 426

Marble, 386, 737

Marduch, 298

Maria or Marietta, Abano’s housekeeper, 940, 946

Maria, a star, 387

Mariner’s compass, see Compass

Marriage, 605, 850

Mars, the planet, 418, 583

Marseilles, 91-3, 181, 206, 486-7, 638, 844

Marsilius de Carrara, 943

Martin IV, pope, 828

Martin de Oliviera, 937

Martyr and Martyrdom, 333, 682, 863, 949

Marvels, chap. lxiii;

of Toledo, 174;

of Prester John, 241ff.;

and experience, 655, 734;

of art and nature, 663-8, 733-4, 737-8;

cures, 768-9

Mary, the Virgin, 355, 549, 672

Mass, sacrament of, 800, 851

Matesis, see Mathesis

Mathematica, 14

Mathematical method, 647-9, 682

Mathematics, 438, 630, 803, 813;

teaching of, 641

Mathematicus, 11, 148, 309, 418, 445, 553, 580, 669

Mathesis, 11, 158, 319, 580, 669

Matilda, wife of Henry I of England, 45

Matter, 181, 368, 420, 581, 633, 699;

eternity or indestructibility of, 36, 208

Mead, 434

Meal, 148, 506

Measurement, 653

Meat, cooked made to appear raw, 787

Mechanical devices, 654, 661, 669, 865

Medicine, chaps. lvii, lviii, lxiv, lxviii, lxx, 289, 533-6, 542, 802, 804, 807, 828;

of Hildegard, 126, 130;

Secret of Secrets, 273;

Michael Scot, 331;

Bartholomew, 412-3;

Lull, 866-7, 872;

theological attitude toward, 15, 168, 364, 369;

and see Astrological, History of, etc.

Melancholy, 137, 145, 408, 506, 850, 907

Melon, 834

Memory, 34, 584

Menstrual fluid, 329, 332, 470

Mephus, a tree, 781

Mercenaries, English companies of, 802

Merchant, 273, 349

Mercury, metal, 471, 573,

and see Quicksilver;

planet, 234, 325, 672, 955

Merlin, 190, 331, 954, 960

Mermaid, 544

Meropis, an herb, 555

Metals and Metallurgy, 32, 217, 392, 459, 572, 788, 806;

and see Planets and, Alchemy

Meteor, 562

Methodism, in medicine, 499

Michael, the angel, 288, 900

Michael, bishop of Tarazona, 86-7, 257

Microcosm, 153, 174, 325, 377, 446, 577, 586

Microscope, 112, 441

Middle ages, influence in, of early Christian literature, 53, 157;

Adelard, 43;

William of Conches, 61-2;

Daniel of Morley, 180-1;

and see Classical Heritage

Midnight, 140, 144

Milk, cow’s, 434, 728-9, 793, 887;

woman’s, 32, 505, 563, 744;

other, 496, 505, 737

Mill, 351, 787

Millionaires, 349

Mind, occult virtue of, 557, 731, 849, 902

Mining, 545

Mineralogy, 261, 545, 573

Minium, 434, 573

Miracle, 552, 631;

of apostle Thomas, 238-9;

John of Vicenza, 831;

distinguished from magic, 148, 160-1, 602-3;

denied, 944

Mirror, 177, 190, 199, 262, 442;

comic and magic, 243, 287, 789, 806, 817;

and see Divination by polished surfaces, Optics

Miserere, 296

Missionary, 863

Mob, see Populace

Modern, 25-6, 58, 86-7, 91, 210, 413, 450-1, 464, 495, 548, 729

Modesty or lack of, in writers, 406, 499, 643, 761, 764

Mohammed and Mohammedanism, 20, 42, 672, 863, 897-8

Mole, 147, 288, 336, 341, 545, 737, 793

Monasticism, 14, 189ff., 299, 363, 381, 437, 487, 490, 634, 758, 761, 806, 838

Monster, 264, 358, 433, 537;

and see Chimaera

Monstrous races, 241, 376

Monte Cassino, 595-6

Monteus, “friend,” 759-60

Montfort, Simon de, 448, 622

Month, specified, 856

Montheus, see Monteus

Montpellier, 190, 200, 336, 525, 843, 845, 852-3, 863, 881, 935

Moon, controls generation and corruption, 145, 150-1, 164, 326, 329, 393;

observance of, 113, 116, 143, 148, 152-3, 209, 234, 319, 323, 325, 467, 569, 588, 671, 795, 856;

relation to other planets and to signs, 484-5, 804;

man in, 192;

addressed, 819;

and see Bleeding, Mansions of

Moonbeam, 72, 202

Moon-tree, 389

Morea, 231

Morphea, a disease, 471

Moth, 560

Mouse, 146, 393, 817, 909

Mountain, 236, 424

Mouth, holding in, 143

Moving picture, 384

Murder, 482

Muscle, 158, 565

Music, 790;

divisions of, 37;

and astrology, 40;

and medicine, 445, 887;

instruments, 45, 363, 435;

of the spheres, 203, 325

Myrtle, 506

Mysticism, 9, 272, 764

Mythology, 57, 191

Nahe river, 126, 132

Nail, metal, 148, 209

Nail parings, 483, 834

Names, see Christ, God, Place, and Words, power of

Naples, 284, 314, 596-7, 757, 843, 959

Napoleon, 785

Narce, 780

Narcotic, 559;

and see Anaesthetic

Nasturtium, 565

Nativities, 152, 212, 255, 300, 326, 369, 585, 700, 893, 895, 955-6

Nature, 733, 857;

nothing impure in, 30;

medieval love of, 537

Navigation, 80, 177, 236, 654;

and see Compass

Nebuchadnezzar, 299, 449, 897-8;

era of, 898

Necromancy, chap. lxvi, 166;

Michael Scot on, 319, 322, 327;

William of Auvergne, 343, 358;

Albert, 549-52, 555-6, 579;

Bacon, 661;

at Paris, 707, 713;

in experimental books, 782, 800, 803;

Arnald on, 848-50;

Lull and theistic argument from, 861, 872-3;

relation to science, 72, 80, 177, 346, 734;

images of, 258, 280, 356, 696, 698, 701, 705-6, 731, 899-900;

Abano and, 912, 946;

Cecco and, 963-6

Nectanebus, 246, 264, 350, 587, 700

Needle, 227

Neo-Platonism, 531

Nero, emperor, 134

Nestorians, 239

Nightingale, 144

Night time, and magic, 319, 899, 976;

and see Midnight

Nigromancy, see Necromancy

Nile, 583

Nine, 143, 280, 496, 563

Nitrate, 484

Noah, 254;

as one of three Hermeses, 215, 222;

sons of, 837

Nogaret, 843

Noiseless guns and powder, 807

Noon, 140

Norman and Normandy, 45, 51

Nose, why above mouth, 30

Nosebleed, 761

Notebook, 264

Notory art, chap. xlix, 235, 319, 604, 903-4

Nudity, 802

Number, observed and perfect, 53, 276-7, 366, 444, 485, 702, 904

Numerals, Hindu-Arabic, 237, 312

Nymph, 357

Oak, 387

Obscenity, in magic or medicine, 561, 743-4, 817

Observation, by Adelard, 39;

medieval astronomers, 186, 262;

Bartholomew, 406;

Witelo, 456;

Albert, 532, 534, 539-41, 547;

sculptors, 536-7;

Bacon, 652;

reputed Chaldean, 838;

Arnald, 843, 864;

Abano, 884

Occult virtue, discussed in general by, John of Salisbury, 160-1;

Neckam, 201-2;

Maimonides, 209-10;

Michael Scot, 324, 331;

William of Auvergne, 361ff.;

Thomas of Cantimpré, 387-8;

Peter of Spain, 494, 507, 511;

Albert, 565-6;

Aquinas, 607;

Bacon, 664, 667;

Arnald, 854-5;

Abano, 892-3;

relation to fetishism and animism, 893;

miscellaneous, 766, 769, 779, 972

Octave, 203, 325

Odor, 434, 905

Oil, 413, 484, 505-6, 561, 737, 753, 762, 766, 786, 817

Old men, death of, desired, 526

Old-wives, 351, 358, 482, 608, 662, 851, 853;

and see Witch

Oliviera, Martin de, 937

Olympias, mother of Alexander, 587

Olympus, Mt., 242

Omens and portents, 159-60, 301

Onager, or wild ass, 474

Onocentaur, 380

Onyx, 243

Ophites, a Gnostic sect, 867

Opthalmius, a gem, 729

“Opinion,” in animals, 35

Opium, 496, 755

Optics, 80, 89, 409, 592;

Grosseteste, 438, 440-3;

Witelo, 454-6;

Roger Bacon, 619, 629-30, 638, 649, 667-8;

optical illusions, 561, 736, 787, 885

Oracle, 269, 291, 298

Orbelian, John, 240

Ordeal, 736-7, 786, 903

Originality, 10, 53, 131, 618, 635, 764

Origanum, an herb, 508, 564

Ostia, 279

Ostrich, 386, 541

Ouija board, 110

Owl, 195, 336, 729

Ox, 807

Oxford, 190, 355, 438, 525, 621, 629, 634, 637-8, 685-6, 863

Oyster, 191

Padua, 456, 523, 875-6, 879-83, 888-9, 914-6, 930-3, 941-7

Paganism, 102, 141, 288

Pain, 886

Painting, 889

Palazzo della Ragione, 889

Palermo, 638

Palestine, 244

Palmistry, 282;

and see Chiromancy

Pamphile, a witch, 975-6

Pan, a kind of spirit, 104

Panacea, 471

Papacy, 238-9, 596;

and poisons, 905, 909, 938;

papal physicians, 244-5, 479, 490, chap. lviii, 844-6, 881;

other patronage of science, 311-2, 622ff., 643, 689, 758, 881, 901, 939, 945;

abuses at papal court, 437

Paradise, 198, 238, 242, 387, 462, 474

Paralysis, 145, 506, 560, 588, 768, 887

Parchment, 227, 288, 482, 627, 788, 800

Pard, 382

Parietary, 852

Paris, and university of, 4, 52, 155, 172-3, 189, 237, 306, 313-4, 339, 355, 362, 374, 381, 403, 405, 415, 427, 489-90, 523-8, 545, 576, 595ff., 601, 628, 634, 637-40, 645, 657, 675, 694, 707, 712, 742, 792, 801, 803, 842-4, 863, 869-71, 877, 915, 929

Parliament, 621

Parrot, 473

Parsley, 508, 565

Partridge, 496

Paternoster, see Lord’s prayer

Patriarchs, 283, 632, 646, 671, 894

Paul, apostle, 333;

potion of, 481, 860

Paul II, pope, 832

Peacock, 195

Pearl, 513

Peking, 674

Pelican, 542

Penalty, 273

Penance, 391, 952

Penates, 358

Pentagon, 280, 288, 351

Peony, 209, 359

People, 273

Pepper, 472, 506, 733, 817, 851

Peripatetic, 37, 70, 450, 584, 896, 902, 939

Persecution, reputed cases of, 31, 311, 620ff., 628, 674-7, 682, 685, 707

Persia and Persian, 228, 239-40, 261, 278, 293, 299-300, 449, 612, 898

Persian fire, 565

Personification, 23, 48, 102

Perspective, see Optics

Peter III, king of Aragon, 843

Peter, Judex de Altichino, 933

Pharaoh’s fig, 877;

magicians, 8, 296, 350, 408, 552

Pharmacy, 480, 856

Philip of Macedon, 262

Philip IV, the Fair, king of France, 843, 938

Philology, see Etymology, and Languages, scientific study of

Philosopher’s stone, 215ff., 802

Philosophy, Greek, 25, 30, 174, 179, 195, 480;

history of, 448-50, 646-7;

medieval, 53, 70, 157, 340, 522, 630, 635, 637, 765, 889-91;

divisions of, 283;

and magic, 72, 663

Phison river, 239

Phoenix, 532

Phoenicia, 361

Physica, 10, 160

Physics, 72, 89, 198, 591, 649, 765

Physicus, 422

Physiognomy, 169, 328-9, 485, 575, 887, 890, 910

Physiology, 408

Pie, 505

Pietro di Tarantasia, see Innocent V

Pig, 57, 325, 412, 505, 764, 766

Pill, 140, 331, 482, 753, 761, 769

Pisa, 638

Pith, 563

Place names, 30

Placides, 791

Plagiarism, 88, 216, 626-7

Plagues of Egypt, 223, 352, 583

Planetary week, 203

Planets, motion, 195;

properties, 57, 417-8, 820, 829, 834-5, 849, 868-9;

and metals, 42, 323, 335, 445, 452, 797;

and herbs, 908;

and human body, 486, 833, 855-6;

and religious change, 42, 370, 672,

and see Conjunctions;

spirits of, 323, 820, 888, 900

Plantagenet, an herb, 139, 482

Plaster, 324, 412, 480, 766, 852

Plate, metal, 854

Platonism, 5, 55, 178

Plumbing, 392, 678

Plurality of benefices, 312

Poetry, 100, 191, 862

Poison, Maimonides on, 210-1;

Abano, 904-10;

poisonous human beings, 277, 483, 544;

other cases of, 413, 483, 504, 714, 861;

safeguards against, 144, 242, 386,

and see Antidote

Poland, 454, 526, 545

Politics, 11, 953-4

Poplar, 506

Populace and Popular risings, control of stars over, 369, 586, 610, 671, 890;

and see Vulgus

Pork, 147, 505

Pottery, 34, 572, 801

Practica, 801-2

Practical utility, Roger Bacon’s insistence on, 630, 641, 651, 678, 681

Practice, medical, 480, 575, 684, 740, 761, 881

Praestigium, 15, 320, 551, 556

Prayer, 55, 126, 274, 327, 369, 549, 666;

and see Incantation, Lord’s Prayer, Notory art

Predestination, 866

Prester John, chap. xlvii, 270

Priest, 39, 391, 497, 740-2, 835, 850

Priscillianists, 611

Private parts, 480, 561

Professions, learned, 54, 317, 769

Prometheus, 647

Prophecy, 168, 212, 354, 357, 359, 461, 558, 902

Providence, 166, 589

Psychology, 408, 461, 497

Pulse, 887

Pun, 189

Purgatory, 286, 325

Purification, 142, 288, 320, 352, 729

Purple, 231, 421

Pygmy, 357

Pyrenees, 322

Pyrites, 431

Pyromancy, 86, 701-2

Pythagorean, 487, 566, 574, 895

Quadrivium, 10, 22, 80, 156

Quadruped, 145ff.

Qualities, four, 34, 54, 480, 507, 733, 871, 886;

innate, 732

Quicklime, 782, 785, 793

Quicksilver, 263, 499, 500, 573, 793, 797, 907;

and see Mercury

Quinquefolium, an herb, 725

Quinsy, 852-3, 858

Rabbi, 206, 209

Races, monstrous, 241, 376

Radiation of force, light, etc., 443, 455, 648, 667, 906

Rainbow, 440, 547, 652

Rain-making, 780-1, 910, 976

Rain-water, 133

Raphael, the angel, 288, 900

Rat, 792

Raymond, archbishop of Laon, 33, 627

Raymond, archbishop of Toledo, 73, 76

Readers and Reading, medieval, 10, 481

Reason, process of, 299, 317, 983;

and experience, 28-9, 78, 298-301, 499, 508ff., 727, 734, 765, 854-5;

life of, 981

Red, used, 231, 413, 482

Red Sea, 236, 387, 729

Reed, 363, 497

Reformed churches, 845

Reflection and Refraction, see Optics

Regulus, a serpent, 905

Reims, 340

Relics, 601

Religion, medieval attitude, 192, 493, 528, 571, 649, 678, 764-7, 779, 826, 888, 939;

and magic and astrology, 42, 284, 370, 962;

and science, 28, 31, 58-62, 131, 168-9, 175, 179ff., 197-8, 207-8, 305-6, 327-8, 340ff., 415, 439, 530-1, 600ff., 631-2, 640, 644, 709-13, 863, 939, 971-2;

and see Theology

Renaissance, 273, 593, 883

Reputation for magic, see Accusation of

Resurrection of the body, 355-6, 671, 944

Resuscitation of corpses, 287, 656, 831, 903

Revelation, 647, 855

Revolutions, astrological, 700, 832-4, 895-6, 960

Rhetoric, 24, 72, 100, 296-7, 341, 788-9

Rheum, 858

Rialto, 244

Rich, Edmund, archbishop of Canterbury, 459

Richard I, king of England, 188

Richard, bishop of Bayeux, 21, 44ff.

Riddles, 789

Right, hand, etc., used or preferred, 144-6, 231, 329, 421, 482, 508, 729-30, 762, 767, 854, 887

Ring, 143, 280, 321, 351, 387, 793, 853, 908, 959

Ringworm, 473

River, 132-3, 802

Roads, medieval, 623

Robbers, 232, 574

Robert, king of Naples, 846, 967

Romances, medieval vernacular, 263

Rome, 189, 239, 525, 596-7, 629, 861, 863

Rose, 561, 787;

oil of, 384

Royal Society, 804

Ruddy complexion, 336

Rue, 386;

eaten by weasel, 506

Ruins excavated, 526

Rustic experience, 509

Sabians, 756

Sacrament, last, 832

Sacrifice, 228, 288, 321, 347, 556, 603, 652, 666, 669, 755, 817, 820;

human, 319-21, 964

Saffron, 140, 820

Saga, Norse, 540

Sage, the spice, 790

Saint, see Canonization, Relics

St. Albans, 188

Saladin, 206

Sal ammoniac, 472, 793, 797

Salamander, 242, 473, 909

Salary, professor’s, 931-3

Salerno, 46, 190, 200, 210, 482, 757, 851

Saliva, 142ff., 202, 211, 277, 360, 483, 561, 817, 860

Salmon, 143

Salt, 336, 453, 483, 573, 797;

and see Holy

Saltpeter, 690, 737, 793, 807

Salvia, 386, 744, 790

Sanjar the Seljuk, 240

Sapphire, 242, 363, 431, 553, 566, 855

Sardonix, a gem, 242

Sarpedon, 290

Satia, a spirit, 358

Satire, 872

Saturn, the planet, 57, 289, 418, 820, 869, 894

Satyr, 358

Saxony, 526, 545

Scab, 473

Scammony, 511

Scarification, 412

Scepticism, see Credulity and

Schism, papal, 126

Scholasticism, chap. xxxv, 19, 26, 272, 315, 502, 613, 632-3, 641, 647, 681, 730, 738, 885

Scholiast and Scholium, 232

Sciatica, 761

Scientific spirit, curiosity, etc., 27, 31ff., 139, 196-7, 406, 503ff., 535ff., 657, 663, 792, 816, 886, 891-2, 970-1, 978-9;

and see Experience, Observation, Religion and science

Scorpion, 210, 383, 413, 561, 699, 768, 796, 899

Scot and Scotland, 428

Sculpture, 536-7

Sea, 132, 341;

of sand, 242

Sea-calf, 899;

fowl, 190;

serpent, 544

Seasons, four, 300, 886-7

Secrecy, 197, 224, 258, 265, 267, 271, 284, 299, 320, 571, 621, 625, 636, 663, 754, 761, 763, 765, 805, 835, 905, 982

Seed, grows instantly, 782

Semen, 332, 345

Sense, deceived, 789;

of nature, 348, 350, 361, 407;

origin of all ideas, 847

Sepulcher, 423

Serf and Servant, 410

Sermon, 375-6, 634, 952

Serpentaria, a root, 908

Seven, 41, 72, 111, 153, 224, 276, 323, 392, 498, 563, 737, 788, 817-9, 866

Seven Sleepers, 725, 759

Sex and Sexual, observed in magic, 147, 353, 494, 563, 736, 899;

predicted, 329, 469, 590, 744, 838;

controlled, 730;

medieval and modern attitude to discussion of, 742-3;

of snake, 413;

of palms, 361;

of planets, 164, 417;

intercourse, 224, 329, 331, 353, 358, 382, 546, 561, 901

Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, 298

Shaving the head, 142, 412, 563

Sheep, 190, 348, 733

Sheepskin, 147

Shem, 321, 449

Ship, 349, 835

Shipwreck, 232

Shirt, 483

Shoe, 143

Sicily, 30, 45, 309-10, 341

Sick room, 506

Siena, 489

Sieve, 903

Sigmund, Count Palatine, 740

Silence, observed, 482, 487

Silk, 231, 819

Silvanus, 104

Silver, 202, 224, 470, 818, 853-4, 907

Simon Magus, 320, 954

Simples, 510, 816-7

Sin, 286, 324, 328, 474-5, 858, 870;

effect on nature, 136, 192, 201;

as an obstacle to science, 632

Sinciput, 737

Siphon, 199, 249, 790, 804

Siren, 380

Skin, 143, 145, 484, 560;

changing, 795

Skull, 859

Slav and Slave, 909

Sleep, 887

Sleight-of-hand, 343, 345, 661, 669, 789

Smallpox, 482-3

Smoke, 362

Snake, Alexander and, 262, 266;

experiments with, 656, 785, 794-6;

charming, 904;

safeguards against, 420, 483, 506, 539, 561;

medicinal and other use of, 226, 413, 484, 513, 769;

skin of, 74, 345, 363, 498;

poison of, 905, 908

Sneeze, divination from, 330, 606

Soap bubble, 787, 790

Socrates, 112, 262ff., 278, 908;

and see other index

Sodom, apples of, 387

Solids, regular, 648

Solon, 647

Soporific, 262, 753

Sorcery, 7, 265, 319, 332, 423, 731, 848-50;

counter-magic against, 139-40, 497, 850-1;

and see Witchcraft

Sortilegi, 14

Soul, human, discussions of, 376, 408, 485, 735;

Plato on, 104, 865;

immorality of, 255, 462, 838;

power of, 574-5, 664-5, 674, 849;

from stars, 40, 211;

or from God?, 329, 584;

relation to stars, 590, 614, 710;

other than human, 35, 348, 362, 564-6, 584, 710;

and see World

Sound, 32

Spain and Spanish, chap. xxxviii, 172-3, 181, 322, 813, 862;

era of, 74

Sparrow, 505

Spatulamancy, 86

Species, 443, 732, 855, 893, 906;

permanence of, 533, 867;

for Specific form, see Form

Spice, 472

Spider, 348, 413, 544, 763

Spirits,

good or evil, discussed by,

Athelardus, 42-3;

William of Conches, 55, 61;

Bernard Silvester, 104;

Hildegard, 134ff.;

Maimonides, 208;

Pseudo-Aristotle, 259-60;

William of Auvergne, 353ff.;

Thomas of Cantimpré, 393;

Bartholomew, 407;

Vincent, 462, 468;

Roger Bacon, 667;

Abano, 889;

Cecco, 963-6;

expulsion of, and power over, 135, 143, 232, 357, 359-60, 387, 965,

and see Exorcism;

fall of, 55, 104, 130, 134, 136, 357;

in the air, 55, 104, 135, 139, 323, 357, 394, 466;

in heavens and stars, 55, 136, 287, 289, 323, 343, 355-6, 468, 581-2, 608, 670, 710, 849, 897, 899, 953, 958, 963;

in the moon, 323, 698;

in nature, 7, 135ff., 355, 358-60, 387;

invocation of, 280, 320ff., 327, 422, 556, 674, 712, 781, 807, chap. lxvi, 848-9, 892, 912, 953, 959, 963,

and see Necromancy, Notory art;

magic, astrology, arts and sciences ascribed to, 6, 138, 154, 158, 160, 298, 319ff., 343, 551-2, 603-6, 661, 669, 733-4, 818, 899;

mediums between God or gods and man, 55, 208, 227, 461;

orders of, 55, 104, 285, 317, 357-8;

possession by, 355, 497, 816;

safeguards against, 135, 148, 241-2, 261, 470

Spiritual Franciscans, 842

Spiritus, 33, 298, 385

Spleen, 470, 504, 565

Spring, water, 133, 744;

caused to flow, 819;

and see Fountain, Seasons

Stars, nature of, 5, 40-1, 48, 103, 149, 208, 366, 381, 697;

as signs and not causes, especially of evil, 149ff., 316, 367;

affected by magic, 225-6;

fixed, 368, 418, 820;

shooting, 320;

and see Astrology, Planets, etc.

State, 157

Statue, of Abano, 947;

animated, 351;

and see Head, speaking

Steel, 135, 392, 453, 788, 791

Stephen, St., 160, 327-8

Stoic, 582, 895-6

Stomach, 145, 470, 472, 504, 565, 853-4

Stone, the disease, 546, 844, 847, 857-8

Stork, 422

Storm-averting magic, 232, 287, 353, 469-70, 821

Strasburg, 597

Stupor, 761

Style, literary, 54, 129, 157, 191, 216, 261, 290, 410, 693, 725, 764

Stylus, 227, 762

Submarine, 263, 654

Substance and accident, 734

Succubus, 358, 897, 960

Sucking out poison, 908

Suffumigation, see Fumigation

Sugar, 325, 817

Suggestion, force of, 346

Suicide, 107

Sulphur, 471, 573, 737, 786, 793, 797, 817

Sun, and magic, 153, 470, 728;

rising, 140;

before sunrise, 232, 472;

before sunset, 140, 232;

miraculous suns, 318;

variations in heat of, 368;

oracle of, 269;

tree of, 387

Surgery, 480, 760, 856, 894

Swallow, 420-1, 767, 853;

wort and stone, 420-1

Swan, 145

Sweat, 135

Sword, magic, 227;

poisoned, 561, 910

Symbolism, 137, 198, 402;

in alchemy, 217, 562

Sympathetic magic, 202, 497, 561, 852, 907

Symptoms, 766

Syria, Syriac, and Syrian, 66, 231, 237, 239, 244, 248, 261, 294, 756

Syringe, 908

Tables, astronomical, 68, 92, 262, 638, 644, 668, 814;

of contents, 130-1

Talisman, 264, 675;

and see Amulet, Image

Tambourine, 819

Tape-worm, 887

Tarasia, queen, 76

Tarragona, 843, 846

Tartars, 645, 674

Taxo, a beast, 336

Teacher and Teaching, see Education

Tears, 345, 817;

and see Weeping

Telescope, 112, 441

Temistius, horn of, 265

Templars, 910

Ten, 444, 819

Terra sigillata, 210, 909

Testicles, 561, 850;

and see Beaver

Tetragrammaton, 210, 800, 857

Text, Textual criticism and history, 213, 230, 240, 268ff., 450, 460-3, 491-2, 519, 647, 722, 739;

and see Interpolation

Textbooks, 406, 456, 489, 491, 620, 641

Thamur, or worm of Solomon, 386-7

Thaumaturgy, 456

Theater, 32, 82, 158

Thebes, 284

Theft, discovery of, or recovery of stolen objects, 287, 348, 603, 728, 800, 804, 806-8, 903;

prevention of, 143, 348-9

Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 156

Theobald, king of Navarre, 296

Theodoric the East Goth, 803

Theodosius de Flisco, 836

Theology, attitude, chap. lii. 3, 169, 317, 462, 466, 530-1, 602, 631-2, 792;

teaching of, 11, 156, 375, 475, 595-8, 639-40, 848, 865-6;

boy theologians, 11, 639;

grades of theologians, 451;

criticism of, 634, 638-41, 831;

and magic, 660;

and astrology and astronomy, 90-1, 621, 694, 703, 709ff., 830-3, 869-71, 892, 899, 901, 949;

Arnald and, 843-5;

and see Religion

Theriac, 210, 361, 473, 755, 909-10

Theurgy, 286

Thomas, apostle, chap. xlvii, 475, 477

Thorn, 483

Thoth, god, 227

Thought, freedom of, 103;

indestructibility of, 983-4

Three, 142-3, 140, 277, 496, 744, 851-2

Threshold, 497

Throat, 492

Thunder, divination from, 223, 320, 351, 804;

miscellaneous, 326, 562, 583

Tide, 57, 366

Tiger, 542

Tigris river, 239

Time, ways of telling, 68, 223, 325;

divisions of, 419;

observed in magic, 209, 293, 300, 365, 603, 800;

and see Day, Month, Moon, Sun, Calendar, etc.

Timeo, 743, 791

Tin, 392, 802, 959

Toad, 201, 336, 352, 381, 386, 545-7, 768, 796, 909

Toledo, 87-88, 171ff., 179-80, 262, 284, 310, 638, 668, 784, 814

Tongue, 231, 408, 555

Tooth, 209, 273, 470, 482, 560, 574, 728, 762-3, 767, 782, 851

Toothache, cures for, 144, 492, 496, 561, 565, 767-8

Toothpowder, 496

Topaz, 331, 363

Torpedo, 361

Tortoise, 362, 564, 854

Torture, 273, 903

Touch, 886, 905

Toulouse, 156, 262, 668

Tours, 46, 100

Tradition, see Authority, Textual history

Transformation, magic, 320, 345, 603, 662, 674, 736, 821, 965

Translation, chaps. xxxviii, lxiv, lxv;

from Greek into Arabic, 213, 249, 260, 759, 764;

vernacular, 66, 74, 241, 405-6, 480, 490-1, 677, 827, 846, 877, 926;

pretended Latin, 26-7, 66, 240;

of Aristotle and the Psuedo-Aristotle, 194-5, 247ff., 269ff., 276, 310ff., 394-5, 576, 598-600, 633, 708;

Roger Bacon on, 633-4, 643;

by Abano, 877-9, 883-4, 888, 927;

miscellaneous Latin, 20ff., 100, 111-2, 119-20, 205-7, 214ff., 229-30, 233, 291ff., 310ff., 394-5, 438, 455-6, 487, 643, 708, 778-9, 847, 929-30, 972

Travel, 45, 156, 238, 481, 541, 843, 877

Treasure, hidden, 557, 603, 807, 838, 965

Tree, 139, 231, 296, 325, 387, 539, 817, 853;

of life, 266;

of sun and moon, 474;

figure of, in Lull’s Art, 867;

poisonous, 907

Tree-toad, 139

Treviso, 880-1, 930-1

Trials for heresy and magic, 674-7, 843-5, 860-1, 938, 942-7, chap. lxxi;

and see Accusation, Inquisition

Trinity, 53, 58-60, 317-8, 407, 462, 493

Trivium, 10

Trophonius, 290

Tropics, 583, 878

Trumpet, 803

Truth, 25, 211, 489, 642, 652, 662-3, 732

Tunny fish, 143

Turk, 294;

see Bath for Turkish bath

Turpentine, 784, 793

Turquoise, 431

Turtle, 541, 736

Twins, marvelous, 557, 745;

and astrology, 895

Tyriac, see Theriac

Ugo, brother, 832

Ulcer, 470, 472, 566

Underworld, 13, 356, 671, 827

Unguent, 142, 144, 480, 561

Unicorn, 146

Universals and particulars, 535, 633

Universe, theories of, 12-3, 35-8, 129ff., 150ff., 175ff., 275, 366, 413, 439, 462;

duration of, 255, 317, 341, 648, 898

Universities, see names of cities, as Paris, Oxford, Treviso, Bologna

Urban IV, pope, 94, 453, 459, 597, 599

Urine, use of, 251, 331, 336, 360, 392, 487, 506, 563, 736, 788, 817, 860

Uucathon, a spirit, 289

Vacuum, 37, 196, 199, 648

Valbona, battle of, 638, 827

Valence, 906

Valencia, 842, 844

Vein, 131

Veneficus, 904-5

Venibene, John, tyrant of Ascoli, 956

Venice, 426, 523

Ventriloquism, 651

Venus, the planet, 109, 260, 356, 552, 672, 955

Verbena or Vervain, 555

Villa, 183, 525

Vinegar, 412, 816

Viper, 413, 483, 564

Virgin and Virginity, 365, 382, 386, 729, 819

Virtue, animal, natural, and vital, 886;

and see Occult

Virtues, seven, 886

Vision, theories of, 32-3, 409, 440, 456, 901

Visions, 126ff., 155, 212, 549, 559, 577

Viterbo, 456, 597

Vitriol, 336

Vivisection, 487

Voice, 359, 661, 665

Vomiting, 273, 510, 908

Vulgus, 54, 190, 369, 621, 631, 636, 731, 738, 859

Vultivoli, 158

Vulture, 144, 262, 348, 496-7, 851

Wager of battle, 241

Wall of house, 199, 497

Walrus, 144

Wand, magic, 680

War, 196, 273, 275, 469, 634, 671, 838;

decried, 30, 136

Warts, to get rid of, 852

Washing, feet, 500;

head, 860

Water, 199, 508;

bodies of, 423;

drinking, 133-4, 507, 887;

in which washed, 147, 500;

soaked in, 143-6;

dissolves magic, 139-40;

made to appear by magic, 344;

hot thought to freeze faster, 656;

jar, organ, and works, 38-9, 196, 790;

waters above firmament, 57-8, 133, 355, 413, 464;

marvelous, medical, and chemical, 251ff., 320, 326, 500-1, 797-9;

and see Fountain, Holy, Sea, etc.

Wax, images in magic, 227, 264, 349, 353, 790, 818;

used in medicine, 146, 345;

light, 359;

cloth, 860

Weasel, 146, 200, 231, 506, 767

Weather, prediction, 160, 164, 294, 325, 445, 473, 586, 656, 766, 893;

and see Rain-making, Storm-averting magic

Weeping for joy and as a salutation, 34, 154

Weights, 435, 649, 654, 789

Well, 349, 523

Wenzel II, king of Bohemia, 263, 266

Werwolf, 359

Whale, 423-4, 505, 540, 899

Wheat, 234

Wheel, divining, 116

White, 321, 801

Wick, 561

Will, free, 16, 152, 574, 866;

and astrology, 6, 12, 106, 164, 203, 212, 311, 326, 369, 393, 446, 452, 469, 584, 609ff., 669, 671, 699-701, 711, 833, 869-70, 901, 953, 959, 962;

power, and magic, 665, 902;

and experimental science, 659;

last wills and testaments, 832;

of Arnald, 845, 934;

Lull, 863-4;

Abano, 881-2, 931-5, 940-3

William the Bad of Sicily, 89

William, bishop of Syracuse, 21, 44ff.

Wind, 132, 150, 223, 323, 429

Wine, 140, 144, 191, 231, 320, 326, 413, 473, 504, 546, 768, 789, 817, 854, 886

Witch and Witchcraft, 38, 162, 497, 605, 608, 653, 675, 805, 903, 973

Wolf, 202, 348, 385, 393, 433, 497, 560, 728, 733, 736, 767, 817

Woman, 60, 607;

of Norwich, 671;

diseases of, 213, 378, 739-45;

adornment of, 742-3

Wood, 344, 698

Wool, 426

Words, power of, 140-1, 148, 202, 232, 282ff., 351-2, 361, 603-4, 610-1, 658, 661, 665-6, 674, 731, 801, 849, 873, 981

World soul, 53, 341, 366-7, 566, 586, 710

Worms, 348, 386, 473, 484, 543

Wormwood, 472

Wound, 505, 795

Wren, 200

Writing, materials, 111, 173, 227, 788;

invisible, 736, 787-8, 792;

legible in mirror, 788

Youth, perpetual or renewed, see Elixir, Fountain, and Longevity

Zodiac, 150, 332, 582, 671, 829, 858, 871;

and parts of human body, 177, 324, 417, 833, 856, 871, 894, 957

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Titles and periodicals in italics. Abbreviations such as CE, EB, HL, PL, are not indexed. In the abbreviated titles such opening words as De and Liber are omitted to facilitate alphabetical arrangement. In proper names De and Von are usually designated by d. and v., and are treated as initials.

Aaron and Evax, 430, 729

Abano, Peter of, chap. lxx;

works listed in appendix ii; 120, 316, 362, 477, 800, 961-2

Abraham Aben Ezra, 911, 917, 927

Addition to Mesue, 880, 923, 939

Alexander of Aphrodisias, 878, 918

Astrolabe, 879, 900, 920

Conciliator, 362, 710, 814, chap. lxx

Dioscorides, 877, 880, 923-4

Galen, 877, 879, 918-9

Lucidator, 258, 879-80, 884, 892, 895, 898-9, 901, 904, 911-2, 921

Motu octave spere, 878-80, 898, 901, 920-1

Phisionomia, 626, 877, 910, 917-8

Poisons, see Venenis

Problems of Aristotle, 877, 879-80, 911, 921-2

Pseudo-Hippocrates, 894, 911, 924

Venenis, 255, 262-5, 277, 877, 879, 881, 905-10, 922-3, 935-8 dubious or spurious,

Annulorum experimenta, 912, 926

Circulus philosophicus, 926

Elucidarium necromanticum, 911-2, 926

Geomantia, 880, 912, 925

Heptameron, 911-2, 925-6

Prophecies, 912, 925

Abdallah, 119

Abelard, Peter, chap. xxxv, 59, 156, 611

Abenragel, 77

Abhandl. d. Bayr. Akad., 247

Abhandl. d. Sächs. Gesell., 238

Abhandl. z. Gesch. d. Math. Wiss., 22, 87, 929

Abhandl. z. Mittl. u. Neuer. Gesch., 842

Abrachys, 449, 896

Abraham Aben Ezra (Avenezra), works listed, chap. lxx., app. iii, 326, 586, 877-8

Abraham Bar Chasdai, 930

Abraham of Barcelona, 930

Abraham Judaeus, 764, 898, 929, 930

Abraham the patriarch, 445

Abraham the physician, 763

Abrarem, 815

Abu-Shâker, 264

Accad. dei Lincei, Atti d., 916

Achaason, 755

Achillini, 277

Achmet, 291ff., 300

Achot of Greece, 226, 552, 706

Act. Acad. Vindob., 129

Acta Sanctorum, 125, 129

Actor (Auctor?), 462

Adam, first man and prophet, works ascribed to, 660, 816

Adam Marsh, 437, 629

Adams, G. B., 45

Adamson, 648

Adelard of Bath, chap. xxxvi;

works listed, 19-22;

other mentions of him, 50, 53, 172, 175, 179, 201, 650, 984;

of his Questiones naturales, 172, 196, 379, 464, 503, 636, 721, 792

Adelinus, 382

Aeschylus, 421

Aesculapius, 496, 556, 646

Membris, 432-3

Aesop, 193-4

Aëtius, 479

Agarges, 755

Agrippa, H. C., 119, 925, 969

Ahmed ben Sirin, 291ff.