Book 5 — INDEX

In the longer paragraphs a number standing alone, and separated by a semicolon from the preceding sentence, indicates a reference of smaller importance. Such numbers are, of course, not connected with the sentence preceding them.

“Abbots’ Party,” 508

Ability, rent of, 549-552, 582, 583

“Abstinence,” 350

“Abuse of rights,” 606

Act of Union of 1707, Adam Smith on, 266

Act of Union of 1800, 104

Adamson, Professor, 529 n.

Adler, G., 615 n.

Aftalion, A., 184 n.

Agneta Park, 255

Agoult, Mme. d’, 292 n.

Agriculture, the sole source of the “net product,” 12, 14;

the Physiocratic influence upon the conception of, 17;

the inherent distinction between industry and, 17-18;

workers in, ignored by the Physiocrats, 22 n.;

Condillac on, 49 n.;

viewed by Quesnay as the source of all wealth, 56;

Smith and the superior productivity of, 64, 90, 112;

Smith’s admiration for, 67-68;

Buchanan on, 143;

the future of, 155-157;

List and Protection and, 276 and n.;

Carey and Protection and, 283

Agriculturist, the, predominant importance of, in the Physiocratic hierarchy of classes, 61

Aix-la-Chapelle, 281 n.

Alexander II, Tsar, 639 n.

Algeria, 339 n.

Allgemeiner deutscher Arbeiterverein, 432

Allix, M., 117 n., 207 n.

Alton Locke, 504

America—see United States

Anarchism, vii, xv;

the development of, 516;

a fusion of Liberal and socialist doctrines, 614;

and the State, 615, 623-624, 625, 626, 627;

Proudhon the father of, 615;

indebtedness of, to Greek philosophy, 615 n.;

philosophical and literary anarchism, 615, 619;

Stirner and the cult of the individual, 615-619;

and syndicalism, 619 n.;

Bakunin, 619-620;

Kropotkin, 621-622;

the principles of social and political anarchism, 622-629;

and the individual, 622-623;

and humanity, 623;

and government, 624-627;

and property, 626-627;

and marriage, 627;

and free contract, 627-628;

and reason and science, 628-629, 641;

the anarchist conception of society, 629-636;

criticism of the social ideal, 634-636;

and revolution, 637-640, 641;

its influence, 640-642;

and individualism and socialism, 640;

and syndicalism, 641;

the moral element in the doctrine, 641

Anarchists, and the cult of the “noble savage,” 7

Anarchy, Proudhon and, 311 n.

Anderson, J., 148 n.-149 n.

Andler, C., 321 n., 416 n., 435 n.

Antoine, Father, 499 n.

Antonelli, É., 251 n., 537 n.

Argenson, Marquis d’, 11 n.

Aristotle, 401;

on value, 451 n.; 590 n.

Arkwright, R., 65

Ashley, W. J., v, vi, xi, 385 n., 387, 391 n., 406

Association, 231, 233;

Robert Owen and, 237;

Blanc and, 256, 257, 260, 263;

Buchez and, 258;

Leroux and, 263;

Cabet and, 263-264;

Proudhon and, 297 and nn., 315 n.; 300;

the French Liberal school and, 325;

Stuart Mill and, 370;

Le Play and, 491 n.;

the Christian Socialists and, 504-506, 507 n.;

Kingsley on, 505 n.;

solidarity and, 602, 613-614;

and exchange, 613 n.

Associative socialists, 227, 231-235;

and the Physiocrats, 232-233;

and competition, 233-234;

Blanc and, 263

Auburtin, F., 487 n.

Aucuy, M., 316 n.

Aulard, F., 200 n.

Aupetit, J. J., 529 n., 530 n., 537 n., 539 n., 543 n.

Auspitz, Herr, 529 n.

Austria, and the Zollverein, 268;

Social Catholicism in, 499 n.;

anarchism in, 640

Austrian school, xv, 48, 397 n., 521, 522 n., 541, 544 and n., 581

Avances foncières, 22, 23 n., 25

Avances souveraines, 38 n.

Avenel, M. d’, 546

Babeuf, F., 200 and nn., 256, 436 n.

“Back to the land,” in Fourier’s system, 251-252;

Tolstoy and, 513

Baden, 268 n.

Baden, the Margrave of (Abbé Roubaud), and the Physiocrats, 4 n., 5;

the Physiocratic experiment of, 44

Bakunin, M., 449 n., 459 n., 615, 616, 619-620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 626 and nn., 627, 628, 630, 631 n., 634 n., 637-640, 641

“Balance of trade” theory, Mercier de la Rivière on, 31;

David Hume and, 53;

Adam Smith and, 98;

Ricardo and, 163-165; 285;

List and, 285 n.

Bank Act, English, of 1822, 166;

of 1844, 166

Bank of Amsterdam, 85

Bank, Bonnard’s, 316 n.-317 n.

Bank of England, 166

Bank of Exchange—see Exchange Bank

Bank of France, 305, 311, 312, 314, 638

Bank-notes, Adam Smith and, 85, 96;

Ricardo and, 165-167;

and Proudhon’s exchange notes, 311-312

Banks, Adam Smith and, 85, 96;

Ricardo and, 138, 139 n., 163, 167;

in the Saint-Simonians’ system, 218-219 and n., 226;

Fourier’s co-operative, 251 n.;

influence on crises in the money market, 285 n.;

Count Mollien and, 314;

the Raiffeisen agricultural credit banks, 503 n.

Barone, Signor M., 529 n.

Barrès, A. M., 254 n.

Bastiat, F., xv, 92, 93, 115, 117, 118 n., 146 n., 156, 160, 163 n., 223 n., 277 n.;

and the Classical school, 322;

and Protection, 323, 328 n., 329; 324;

and liberty, 324 n.;

and State intervention, 325 n., 408-409;

and the Liberal school, 327;

Carey and, 327-328;

his career, 328 n.;

and socialism, 328 n., 329;

criticism of, 329;

estimate of his work, 329 and n.;

and individualism, 330;

his theory of universal harmony, 330-346;

and the Providential order, 331;

his theory of service-value, 332-335;

and Proudhon, 333 n.-334 n.;

his law of free utility, 335-337;

and the proprietor, 336;

and rent, 337-340, 425, 545, 546;

and the relation of profits to wages, 340-342, 427;

on the subordination of producer to consumer, 342-343;

and solidarity, 344-345; 363 n.;

and international exchange, 365;

and Optimism, 377;

and the State, 438 n., 439; 459 n., 516, 572, 589;

his fable, The Blind and the Paralytic, 608; 617, 624;

and government and society, 631 n.

Baudeau, the Abbé, on the Physiocrats, 3 n.;

a member of the Physiocratic school, 4 n.;

on the “natural order,” 10;

on the productivity of agriculture, 13 n.;

on industry and commerce, 13;

on the Tableau économique, 18 n., 20 n.;

on the dependence of the productive classes on the landed proprietors, 22 n.;

on the landed proprietors as nobility, 22 n.;

and the origin and justification of private property, 22;

on the avances foncières, 23 n., 25 n.;

on the duties of landed proprietors, 25;

on the regard to be paid to the peasants, 26;

on useless laws, 33 n.;

on the Greek states, 34 n.;

on the sovereignty of the people, 36 n.;

on the supreme will, 36 n.;

on education, 37;

on international antagonism, 37 n.;

on the three errors of States, 37 n.-38 n.;

on avances souveraines, 38 n.;

on the revenue from land, 40 n.;

on the sovereign, 41 n.;

on the gross and net revenue, 43 n.; 118 n.

Bauer, Bruno, 616

Bauer, Professor S., 19 nn.

Bavaria, Tariff Union between Würtemberg and, 268

Bazard, St. A., 201 n., 211, 212, 213

Bebel, F. A., 437

Bentham, J., 96 n., 586

Béranger, J. P. de, 331

Berens, E., 547 n.

Bergson, H., 403 n.

Bernstein, E., 473, 474 n., 475 and n., 479, 480 n.

Berth, É., 479 n., 619 n., 642 n.

Berthélemy, H., 569 n.

Biological method, 544 n.

Biological Naturalism, the school of, 593 n.

Bismarck, Prince, and Lassalle, 414; 436;

and State Socialism, 445

Blanc, Louis, 169, 198, 227, 235;

quality of his work, 255-256;

and competition, 256-257, 260;

and association, 257-261, 263;

and interest, 259-260;

a pioneer of State Socialism, 261, 262, 414;

and State intervention, 262, 414; 290;

Proudhon and, 296 n.; 300;

and the Revolution of 1848, 300-306;

Lassalle and, 434; 599, 607 n.

Blanqui, A., 197, 295

Blind and the Paralytic, The, Bastiat’s fable, 608

Block, M., 375

Böhm-Bawerk, E. von, on capital, 71 n.;

on Adam Smith’s conception of the determinant of value, 78 n.-79 n.; 150;

and Bastiat, 329; 474 n., 516;

on the Classical school, 518 n.;

on wages, 520; 522 n.;

on final utility, 523 n.;

his theory of interest, 530, 540; 541 n., 583

Boisguillebert, P., 29 n., 33 n., 54

Bon prix, the, 15-16, 29, 45

Bonar, J., 52 n., 121

Bonnard’s Bank, 316 n.-317 n.

Booth, C., 388

Bortkevitch, V., 529 n.

Bouglé, C., 594 n.

Bourgeois, L., 593-599, 603 nn., 605 n.

Bourgin, H., 201 n., 246 n., 265 n.

Bourguin, M., 231 n., 320 n., 449 n.

Bournville, 255, 513 n.

Bouvier, M., 538 n.

Boyve, M. de, 508 n.

Brandes, G., 432 n.

Brants, V., xi

Braun, K., 368

Bray, J. F., 315, 316

“Brazen law of wages,” the, 361, 426, 433, 453 n., 541

Brentano, L., 386, 389 n.

Briand, M., 251 n.

Bright, John, 366

Brissot de Warville, J. P., 200 n., 292 n.

Brodnitz, Herr, 445 n.

Brook Farm, 255 n.

Brunetière, F., 485 n.

Brunhes, Mme., 510 n.

Brunswick, 268 n.

Buccleuch, Duke of, and Adam Smith, 51 n.

Buchanan, J., 52 n., 143

Bücher, K., 252 n., 271 n., 386, 397

Bucher, L., 414

Buchez, P., 258, 259, 306, 496 and n., 505

Buffon, the Comte de, 121, 523 n.

Buisson, M., 249 n., 603 n.

Buonarotti, F., 256 and n.

Bureau, P., 493 n., 495 n.

Buret, A. E., 197

Burgin, M., 95 n.

Cabet, É., 233, 235, 246, 263-264, 290, 296 n., 297

Cairnes, J. E., 329, 374-375, 387

Calvin, John, 503 n.

Cameralists, 110, 383

Campanella, T., 200 n., 246

Cannan, Dr. E., v, 52 n., 56 n., 71 n., 79 n., 145 and n., 427 n., 549 n.

Canonists, the, 110

Cantillon, R., 46

Capital, Adam Smith and, 56, 71-73, 89-91;

Ricardo and the identification of, with labour, 149-150;

the law of the concentration of, 187;

Saint-Simon and, 206, 214;

the Saint-Simonians and, 214;

Proudhon and, 293, 308-309, 310, 313-314;

Bastiat and, 340-342;

Colson and, 342 n.;

Dunoyer on, 347 n.;

Senior and, 350;

Marx and, 455-465;

Marx’s law of the concentration of, 459-465, 475-476;

the socialist’s conception of, 459-460;

the Marxian school and, 467 n.;

the productivity theory of, 502;

final utility and, 528;

the rent of, 548-549 n., 558 n.;

the rent of fixed, 556, 583;

Henry George on the relation of labour to, 564-565;

co-operators and, 605 n.

Capitalism, Marx and, 461-462

Carey, H. C., and trade, 28;

and rent, 115, 338-340, 425, 545, 546; 156, 278;

and Protection, 282-284;

and Free Trade, 282-283;

and List, 284; 289 n.;

and the Optimistic school, 327;

and Bastiat, 327-328, 340;

and the Ricardian theory of value, 332; 333 n.;

and Bastiat’s profits theory, 342 n.;

and solidarity, 345;

his population theory, 346; 549, 572

Carey, M., 278

Carlyle, T., 196, 511, 512 n.

Carnot, H., 212, 213 n.

Carnot, S., 367 n.

Carrel, A., 212

Cartwright, E., 65

Carver, J. N., 522 n.

Catherine, Empress of Russia, and the Physiocrats, 5;

and Mercier de la Rivière, 34

Catholic Church, Roman, 485

Catholic Socialism, 495

Catholicism, and the economic order, 483 n., 484 n.;

Social Catholicism, 495-503

Cauwès, P., 285 n.

Cazamian, L., 510 n.

Chambre consultative des Associations de Production, 257 n.

Channing, W. E., 255 n., 504 n.

Chapelier, Le, decree of, 233 n.

Chaptal, J. A., 112, 277 n., 278 n., 281 n.

Charity, solidarism distinguished from, 614 n.

Charléty, S., 226 n.

Charmont, M., 607 n.

Charter of 1814, 205

Chartist movement, the, 235

Chatelain, M., 50 n., 369 n., 415 n., 427 n.

Cherbuliez, A. É., 376, 541 n.

Chevalier, M., 212, 213, 226, 289 n., 366, 375, 411-412, 444

Child, Sir J., 54

Chrematistic school, 178-179

Christian Social Union, 506 n.

Christian Socialism (Social Protestantism), xv, 378, 495, 503-509;

origin of the movement, 503-504;

and association, 504-506;

and moral reform, 505, 509;

and private property, 506;

the movement in America, 506;

in Germany and in Switzerland, 507;

in France, 508;

and solidarity, 508;

and individualism, 509

Christian Socialists, 111, 196, 370, 483;

and socialism, 483-485;

and Classical Liberalism, 484;

and the “natural order,” 484;

and Marx’s collectivism, 485;

and State Socialism, 485;

their doctrines, and their influence, 486;

and economic theory, 515

Christianity, economic doctrines inspired by, 483-514

Christliche Gewerkvereine, 501

Civitas Solis, 246

Clark, J. B., 522 n., 527, 542 n., 552, 564 n.

“Class war,” 465 n., 471, 478, 479, 481-482

Classical school, doctrine of, xv;

the Physiocratic doctrine and, 10;

List and, 169;

and the critical school, 170;

Sismondi and, 174, 177, 179, 195-196;

and machinery, 180, 182;

and over-production, 181;

resemblance of doctrines of, to those of Marx, 181;

and competition, 182;

and the beneficence of the spontaneous economic forces, 230;

and Free Trade, 264;

List and, 289, 290;

severance of, into English and French schools, 322;

apogee and decline of, 348-376;

Senior and, 349-350;

spread of the doctrines of, 351-352;

Stuart Mill and, 352, 353, 354, 368, 374;

and natural laws, 354-366;

called the Individualist school, 355;

and individualism, 355-356;

and liberty, 356;

definition of, 356 n., 357 n.;

and laissez-faire, 357;

and international exchange, 363;

doctrines of, in the middle of the nineteenth century, 366-367;

and peasant proprietorship, 371 n.;

decline of the Classical doctrine, 378;

Roscher and Hildebrand and, 383-385;

Knies and, 384;

the Historical school’s criticism of, 385, 389-398, 517;

and self-interest, 393-394;

and the deductive method, 395-396; 407;

Hermann and, 410-411;

and distribution, 422;

State Socialism and, 438;

and Marxism, 467, 472;

Carlyle and, 511;

the Hedonists and, 518-521, 539, 541 n., 544;

and rent, 520, 547;

and price, 520;

and value, 530 n., 558

Clavières, É., 107

Cobden, R., 280, 323, 328 n., 360, 366, 375

Colbert, J. B., 11 n., 280

Colbertian system, Physiocracy antagonistic to, 29;

and agriculture and industry, 30 n.; 97, 178

Colins, Baron, 155, 560

Collectivism, xv;

the Saint-Simonians and, 201, 202, 211, 218-221, 231;

of Marx, 250, 459 n., 485;

development of, 378;

origin of the term, 459 n.;

and property, 464 and n.;

and Christian Socialism, 509;

the working-class ideal, 516, 579;

the Fabian, 581;

Kropotkin and, 627

Collinsists, 465 n.

Colson, L. C., 342 n., 427 n., 537 n.

Combination Laws, 361

Commerce, regarded as unproductive by the Physiocrats, 13

Communism, Sismondi and, 194;

Marx and, 221, 459 n., 464;

Cabet and, 264;

Proudhon and, 298, 300;

Bastiat and, 337;

Stuart Mill and, 353, 367;

Ruskin and, 513;

Tolstoy and, 513;

Kropotkin and, 627

Communists, the, Proudhon and, 296 and n.

Competition, Sismondi and, 182-184, 186, 193 n., 198;

Adam Smith and, 182;

the Associationists and, 233-234;

Robert Owen and, 240;

Blanc and, 256-257, 260;

Ollivier on, 325;

Stuart Mill on, 353, 358;

free, the Classical school and, 358, 544;

Cairnes and, 375;

the State Socialists and, 440;

F. D. Maurice and, 504 n.;

free, the Hedonists and, 518, 541-542, 605 n.;

free, Walras and, 541-542; 543

Composite rent, 552

Comptabilisme sociale, 242

Comte, A., 36 n., 201 n., 203 and n., 211;

and Saint-Simon, 222;

and the spontaneity of the “natural order,” 331; 335, 352, 367, 374 n.;

and the Historical method, 404-405;

and the equality of men, 486 n.;

and solidarity, 589, 601 n.;

and the sociological analogy, 590 n.; 595

Comte, C., 207

Condé-sur-Vesgres, Fourier colony at, 255 n.

Condillac, É. B. de, xiii, 46, 47, 48-50, 74, 75, 109 and n., 117, 118 n., 523 n.

Condorcet, M. C., 122, 224

Confédération général du Travail, 480, 502, 640

Congress of Catholic Circles, 498 n.

Considérant, V., 234 n., 255, 264, 296 n., 301, 303, 304, 599, 607 n.

Consumer, Bastiat and the subordination of producer to, 342-343

Consumer’s rent, 527 n.

Consumers and social reorganisation, 605 n.

Consumption, the Psychological school and, 526-527;

the Mathematical school and, 530

Continental Blockade, the, 266, 279

Cooper, W., 244

Co-operation, Fourier and Owen and, 234, 257;

in Fourier’s Phalanstère, 246-252, 257;

Blanc and, 257-263, 306;

Buchez and, 258;

Proudhon and, 315;

Stuart Mill and, 353, 370;

the Social Catholics and, 496-500;

F. D. Maurice and, 504 n.;

the Christian Socialists and, 505, 506;

Tomy Fallot and, 508 n.;

solidarity and, 588, 604;

the École de Nîmes and, 605 n.;

co-operators and capital, 605 n.

Co-operative societies, beginnings of, 243;

Robert Owen and, 243-244, 504;

character of, 250 n., 504-505

Co-partnership, 251 n.

Corn, high price of, in England, in the early nineteenth century, 145-146

Corn Laws, English, Sismondi and, 175; 269, 277, 280, 354, 361, 366

Corporative associations, the Social Catholics and, 496-500, 501 and n.

Cossa, L., xi, 367, 376

Cost of production theory, Adam Smith’s, 78-79, 80

Courcelle-Seneuil, J. G., 118 n., 316 n., 317 n., 375, 541 n.

Cournot, A., x, 265 n., 349, 360 n., 412-413, 420 n., 444, 519, 520, 529 n., 531 nn.

Coux, de, 483 n.

Credit, Enfantin on, 213 n., 226 n.;

the Saint-Simonians and, 226;

Proudhon and, 313 n., 314

Crémieux, H. J., 303

Crises, J. B. Say and, 115-117;

industrial, in England, 172;

Sismondi and, 173, 190-192, 426;

Robert Owen and, 239;

Rodbertus and, 426;

Marx and, 462-463, 478-479;

Henry George and, 566

Croce, B., 474 n.

Crompton, S., 65

Cunningham, W., v, vi, 387

Curmond, M., 13 n.

Darimon, A., 316 n.

Darwin, Charles, his debt to Malthus, 121;

the French Liberal school and his doctrine of the survival of the fittest, 326;

Kidd and the Darwinian theory, 485 n.;

Kropotkin and, 621

Dechesne, M., 498 n.

Declaration of the Rights of Man, 233

Deductive method, the, 387, 395-398

Deherme, G., 587 n.

Demand and supply, Adam Smith and, 73-74, 80-85, 89;

the law of, of the Classical school, 359-360;

the Hedonists and, 519-520

Demand, price and, 519-520

Demography, 121, 645

Demolins, E., 494 and n., 495, 608 n.

Denis, Professor H., xi;

on Physiocracy, 2 n., 8 n.;

on the Tableau économique, 19 and n.; 140 n., 141 n., 164 n., 184 n., 404

Denis, M., 242 n.

Descartes, 629

Deschamps, M., x n., xi n.

Despotism, the Physiocrats and, 35-37

Destutt de Tracy, 118 n.

Dictionnaire d’Économie politique, 354, 358

Diehl, K., 317 n.

Differential rents, 546-558

Discount, in Proudhon’s Exchange Bank scheme, 310 n., 313;

normal, 312

Distribution, the Physiocrats and, 18, 21, 113, 114;

Adam Smith and, 55, 80, 93, 113, 114, 228;

J. B. Say and, 93, 113-114, 228;

Ricardo and, 114, 139-140, 162-163, 228;

Sismondi and, 177-178, 185, 186, 198;

the Saint-Simonians and, 229;

Fourier and, 245;

Vidal and, 259;

Stuart Mill and, 368, 369;

Rodbertus and, 421-429, 430-431;

State Socialism and, 443-444;

the Hedonists and, 527, 529-530, 541;

Henry George and, 565 n.-566 n.;

Mr. and Mrs. Webb and, 583;

the anarchists and, 636;

development of the theory, 645

Distributive societies, 604

Dolléans, É., 236 n., 239 n., 244 n.

Dollfus, J. H., 490

Doubleday, T., 137 n.

Dove, P. E., 560 and n.

Dragomanov, M. P., 619 n.

Drôme, M. de la, 303

Droz, N., 197 and n.

Drysdale, Dr., 134 n.

Dubois, J. B., xi

Duguit, L., 607 n.

Dühring, E., 117, 208 n., 289 n., 420 n.

Dumas, G., 202 n.

Dumont, M., 137

Dumoulin, C., 503 n.

Dumping, 275

Dunoyer, C., 207, 325 n., 326 n., 327, 346-348 and n., 363, 439, 614-615, 631 n.

Dupin, C., 277

Dupont de Nemours, P. S., on Quesnay’s “rural economy,” 2;

as a member of the Physiocratic school, 3 n.-4 n.;

originator of the term “Physiocracy,” 4 n.;

his definition of Physiocracy, 5;

on natural society, 6 n.;

on the “natural order,” 7 n., 8 n., 9 n.;

on the “net product,” 12 n.;

on the productive and non-productive classes, 14 n.;

on the need for the security of property, 24 n.;

on representation in the State, and on the parliamentary régime, 34 n.;

on despotism, 35 n.;

on the duty of the sovereign, 37;

on taxation, 38 n., 40 n.;

on the landowner, 39 and n.;

on the relation of expenditure to production, 41 n.-42 n.;

on regulating national expenditure, 44 n.;

on the amount of the tax, 44 n.;

and “proportionality,” 45 n.;

on natural law, 354 n.

Dupont-White, C., 221, 304;

on the State, 408 n., 409, 440, 441;

on the State and the individual, 440;

and individualism, 443 n.;

and distribution, 443-444

Dupuit, A. J., 521 n., 531 n.

Durand Union, 606 n.

Durkheim, É., 61, 388 n.;

and solidarity, 599-600

Duverger, 213

East India Company, 96

École de Nîmes, 605 n.

“Economic chivalry,” 335

Economic equilibrium, theory of, 474, 521 n., 555 n., 558 n.

Economic forces, Proudhon and, 296-297, 315

“Economic law,” 69, 70

Economic liberty, Adam Smith and, 93-98;

the consummation of, 326-327

“Economic rent,” 582 n., 583 n.

Economics, Senior and, 349-350;

Stuart Mill’s influence upon, 367;

theory of the universality of the laws of, 390;

relativity of the laws of, 390-395;

the deductive method in, 395-398;

the Historical school and, 398-407;

the varied scope of, 399;

environment a principal factor in, 400;

the place of history in, 400-407;

and statistics, 407 n.;

as a science, 543 n., 644;

the separation between pure and descriptive, 645

Economics, pure, 392-393, 515, 517, 541 and n., 645

Economie sociale, 178

“Economistes,” 4 n.

Eden, Lord, 105 n.

Eden, Treaty of, 105, 269

Edgeworth, Maria, 119 n.

Edgeworth, Professor, 529 n., 536 n.

Education, Adam Smith on compulsory, 60, 96;

Robert Owen and, 238 n.;

Fourier and, 253

Effertz, O., 420 n.

Eheberg, K. T., 266 n.

Eichthal, G. d’, 374, 594 n.

Einaudi, L., 546 n., 567

Eisenach, Congress of, 354, 417, 436, 437, 438

Eltzbacher, P., 621 n., 625 n., 638 n.

Ely, R. T., 351 n., 507 n.

Enclosure Acts, in England, 145

Enfantin, B. P., 201 n., 203 n., 211, 212 and n., 213, 216 n., 226 and n., 229, 230 n., 231

Engels, F., 208 n., 209, 228, 449 n., 450 n., 464 n., 616

Ensor, R. C., 449 n.

Entrepreneur, the, J. B. Say and, 65 n., 113-114;

Sismondi and, 183;

the Saint-Simonians and, 215, 216;

French and English economists’ conception of the income of, 373 n., 550;

and production, 426;

in Walras’s system, 533-534;

and Walker’s conception of profit, 550;

distinguished from the capitalist, 550 and n.;

a “captain of industry,” 550

Environment, Robert Owen and, 238, 239;

Fourier and, 247;

the Associationists and, 259;

Le Play and, 494

Equalitarians, 200

Equilibrium, the Mathematical school and, 533-536, 539

Erfurt, Congress of, 507

“Ergonomy,” 375

Escarra, É., 560 n., 577 nn.

Esmein, A., 34 n., 35 n.

Espinas, A., xi

Etiology, Robert Owen regarded as the father of, 238

Evolution, and solidarity, 609

Exchange, the Physiocratic view of, 27, 46, 49, 114;

Condillac on, 50;

Proudhon and, 299-300, 309-314;

Dunoyer and, 348;

Marx and, 450;

the final utility theory and, 523-524, 525, 526;

the Mathematical school and, 528-530;

and solidarity, 607, 613-614;

and association, 613 n.

Exchange Bank, Proudhon’s, 242, 243, 291, 293 n., 308-320, 334 n., 627

Exchange banks, 316

Exchange notes, Proudhon’s, 309-314, 316, 317 n.

Exchange value, profit dependent on, 90

“Exploitation,” the Saint-Simonians and, 214, 215, 216;

Sismondi and, 215, 216;

Marx and, 215, 216;

Bakunin and, 626;

Kropotkin and, 627 n.

Fabian socialists, 221, 465 n., 475, 579-587

Fabian Society, vii, 579-581

Fable of the Bees, The, 54, 70 n.

Factory legislation, beginnings of, in England, 171;

Act of 1819, 171, 237

Faguet, M., 251 n.

Fallot, Pastor Tomy, 508 and n., 509

Familistère, 255

Faucher, J., 616

February Revolution—see Revolution of 1848

Ferrara, F., 333 n.

Ferrier, F., 278 n.

Festy, O., 258 n.

Fetter, Professor F. A., 522 n.

Feuerbach, L. A., 616, 623 n.

Fichte, J. G., 435-436 n.

Final utility theory, 474, 521-528, 539, 583

Finance, the science of, 645

Fiscal reform, and solidarity, 602

Fisher, Irving, 71 n., 522 n., 529 n., 541 n., 583

Fix, T., 197

Fleurant, M., 594 n.

Fontenay, R. de, 146 n., 156, 338 n.

Fouillée, A., 560, 600 n., 606

Fourier, C., 137 n., 169, 194;

and the Saint-Simonians, 201 n.; 231;

on association, 232 n.; 233;

and Robert Owen, 234-235, 245;

his work and ideas, 245-246;

his Phalanstère, 246-251, 257;

“Back to the land,” 251-252;

and the attractiveness of labour, 252-253;

and education, 253;

and the sex question, 253-254;

and anti-militarism, 254;

his influence and following, 254-255;

Stuart Mill on Fourierism, 255;

and interest, 259; 261, 264;

and Free Trade, 265 n.; 290;

Proudhon and, 296, 297 n.; 300;

and “the right to work,” 301; 323, 378, 465, 470, 486, 544, 589;

and guarantism, 599, 604;

claimed as an anarchist, 615

Fournière, E., 465 n., 469 n.

Foville, M. de, 156 nn.

Foxwell, Professor, 231 n., 244 n., 316 n., 607 n.

France, population in, 125, 136 n., 137;

economic unity of, achieved, 266;

and tariffs, 269, 280;

List on Protection and, 276 n.;

the classic land of socialism, 323;

Protection in, 323;

the Classical doctrines in, 352;

Stuart Mill on the growth of population in, 359;

Christian Socialism in, 508;

anarchism and, 640

Frankfort, 268 n.

Franklin, B., 329;

Bastiat and, 329 n.

Free contract, the anarchists and, 627-628

“Free credit,” 307, 319, 320

Free Trade, the Physiocrats and, 17, 29-31, 98, 153;

the Physiocrats the founders of, 29;

Adam Smith and, 98-102, 153;

J. B. Say and, 115;

Ricardo and, 153, 154, 163;

the theory in the middle of the nineteenth century, 264-265;

Fourier and, 265 n.;

Cournot and, 265 n.;

and agriculture, List on, 276;

Carey and, 282-283;

List and, 287-288; 298;

follows the interest of the consumer, 343;

Dunoyer and, 347;

Stuart Mill and, 365, 411 n.;

and the Corn Laws, 366;

Prince Smith and, 376

Free utility theory, Bastiat’s, 335-340

Frézouls, P., 547 n., 554 n.

Froebel, F., a disciple of Fourier, 253

Galiani, the Abbé, his criticism of the Physiocratic doctrine, 32; 46, 47

Garantisme, Fourier’s, 254.

See Guarantism

Garçon, M., 44 n.

Garden cities, 251, 513

Garnier, G., 103, 106, 108, 115, 295, 379 n.

Garnier, J., 379

Gendre, F. Le, 11 n.

George, Henry, and the Physiocrats, 45 n.;

and rent, 141, 565-568, 575;

and land nationalisation, 141, 155, 577 n.; 376, 465 n., 506;

and man’s right to the land, 561;

his career and his works, 563-564; 569, 573;

and laissez-faire, 573 n.

Germany, political and economic condition of, in the nineteenth century, 265, 266;

tariffs in, 266, 280, 281;

the movement for economic unity in, 267-268;

List and the claim of, to Holland and Denmark, 272;

the English Corn Laws and, 276-277;

and Protection, 281 n., 289;

the Classical doctrines in, 352;

State Socialism in, 445-446;

Christian Socialism in, 507

Gervinus, G. G., 383 n.

Gibbon, E., 105

Gide, C., 245 n., 246 n., 334 n., 342 n., 522 n., 576 n., 592 n., 605 n.

Godin, A., 255

Godwin, Wm., 122, 131, 136 n., 200 and n., 579, 615

Goehre, Pastor, 507

Goethe, 400

“Good price”—see Bon prix

Gossen, H. H., 155, 349, 474 n., 522 n., 529 n.;

and land nationalisation, 571-577;

and the confiscation of rent, 574-575

Gounelle, E., 506 n., 508 nn., 509

Gournay, V. de, 4 n.;

and the origin of the term laissez-faire, 11 n.

Gouth, Pastor, 508

Government, in Saint-Simon’s system, 207-209;

Adam Smith on, 217, 625;

Proudhon and, 310-311, 624 n.;

Chevalier and, 412;

the State Socialists and, 439-440, 441;

the anarchists and, 624-627;

and society, 631;

and the social instinct, 632

Grand, G., 482 n.

Grave, J., 615, 619 n., 622, 626 n., 628, 629, 630, 631 n., 633 n., 634, 635 n., 636 n.

Great Britain, growth of wealth and population in, 131

Grün, K., 298 n., 323 n.

Guarantism, 599, 604.

See Garantisme

Guesde, J., 453 n., 465 n.

Guillaume, J., 459 n., 619 n., 631 n.

Guillaumin, U. G., 295

Gustavus III, of Sweden, and the Physiocrats, 5

Guyau, J. M., 598 n.

Guyot, Y., 343 n., 358 n., 608 n.

Halévy, É., 104 n., 119 n., 141 n., 207 n., 230 n.

Hall, C., 579

Hamilton, A., 277

Hanover, 268 n.

Hardie, J. Keir, 506

Hargreaves, J., 65

Harmel, L., 499 n.

Harmony, Bastiat’s doctrine of, 330-346

Harmony, Fourier’s ideal city, 249 and n., 254

Hasbach, W., 69 n.

Hawthorne, N., 255 n.

Hedonism, xv, 10;

Adam Smith’s Optimism distinct from that of, 93; 355;

Ruskin and Tolstoy and, 510;

definition of, 518

Hedonistic school, and free competition, 91, 240, 373 n., 518, 543, 605 n.; 335, 395, 407;

its doctrines, 518-544;

and the Classical school, 518-521, 539, 541 n., 544;

and wages, 520-521, 541;

and interest and rent, 520-521;

France and, 529, 537;

criticism of its doctrines, 537-544;

and distribution, 541

Heeren, A. H. L., 383 n.

Hegel, 435 and n., 619

“Hegelian school, left,” 616 n.

Hegelian terminology, Proudhon and, 298 n.

Held, A., 386

Heredity, and solidarity, 588

Hermann, F., 410-411, 548 n., 551, 556

Herron, G. D., 507 n.

Hesse-Darmstadt, Tariff Union between Prussia and, 268

Higgs, H., 5 n.

Hildebrand, Bruno, 196, 271 n., 380 n., 381 n., 383-384, 385, 389 and n., 390, 394, 400 and n., 404, 405

Hirst, Miss M. E., 275 n., 277 n., 278 nn.

Historical school, vi-vii, xv, 111;

and political economy, 175, 222;

Sismondi and, 196;

List and, 287; 368, 374, 377;

origin and development of, 379, 380-388;

the newer school, 385-386;

influence of, in England, and in France, 387-388;

critical ideas of, 388-398;

the positive ideas of, 398-407;

A. Comte and, 404-405;

and Le Play’s school, 493-494;

and economic theory, 515;

and the Classical school, 517; 648

History, the consideration of economic reforms based upon, 221, 222;

the philosophy of, in economics, 221, 224;

the place of, in economics, 400-403

Hitze, the Abbé, 496

Hobbes, T., 630

Holyoake, G. J., 244 n.

Homo œconomicus, Adam Smith and, 86; 399;

Carlyle and, 511;

the Hedonists and, 518, 543

Howarth, C., 244

Huet, F., 495, 560

Hughes, T., 504

Humanity, in the anarchist doctrine, 623

Hume, David, Adam Smith and, 50 n., 53, 64 n., 105, 106, 273 n.;

and money, 85; 120 n., 149 n., 165

Huskisson, W., 265, 267

Hutcheson, F., 50 n., 53

Hyndman, H. M., 579 n.

Ibsen, H., 511

Icaria, Cabet’s ideal State, 246, 263, 264 n.

Identity of interests, Adam Smith and, 185, 410;

Sismondi and, 185-186, 410, 413;

Malthus and Ricardo and, 410;

Hermann and, 410-411;

Stuart Mill and, 411;

Cournot and, 413

Immortale Dei, Encyclical, 501

Impôt unique, 45, 61, 567

Indirect and direct taxation, the Physiocrats and, 44-45

Individual, the State and, 442-443;

Walras on the State and, 573-574;

in philosophical anarchism, 615;

Stirner and the cult of the, 617-619, 622-623;

Proudhon and the anarchists and, 622-623, 630;

and society, the anarchists and, 629-631;

Bakunin on, 630, 631 n.;

Jean Grave and, 631 n.

Individualism, xi, 263;

List and, 270;

the Classical school and, 322, 355, 356;

Bastiat and, 330;

Stuart Mill and, 355, 356 and n.;

Ricardo and Malthus and, 355;

Herbert Spencer and, 356;

and solidarity, 356 n.;

and liberty, 356;

the Liberal school and, 357 n.;

Dupont-White and, 443 n.;

Wagner and, 443 n.;

Christian Socialism and, 509;

modern development of, 516;

anarchism and, 640, 642;

syndicalism and, 642

Individualist school, 355;

known also as the Liberal school, 356;

definition of, 356 n.;

and inheritance, 372 n.

Individuality, solidarity and, 612-613

Induction, 395, 397-398

Industrial and Provident Societies Acts of 1852-62, 505

Industrial Revolution, 65, 104, 111

Industrialism, of Saint-Simon, 202-211, 224;

Fourier and, 251

Industry, regarded as sterile by the Physiocrats, 13;

the inherent distinction between agriculture and, 17-18;

the Physiocrats’ erroneous view of, 46;

Sismondi and, 194;

Saint-Simon and, 204, 205 and n., 206;

List and, 274, 286, 287

Ingersoll, C., 278

Ingram, J. K., v, xi, 385 n., 404

Inheritance, the Saint-Simonians and 217-218, 223, 224;

the State to be sole inheritor of property, 223;

the French Revolution and, 223;

the Phalanstère and, 246;

Dunoyer and, 347 n.;

Senior and, 351 and n., 372;

Stuart Mill and, 372

Institutional Church, 506

Interest, the Physiocrats and, 32-33;

Condillac and, 50;

Adam Smith and, 65 n., 92, 96;

Bentham and, 96 n.;

Sismondi and, 176 n., 192-193 n.;

Marx and, 184-185;

the Saint-Simonians and, 213 n., 214;

downward trend of the rate of, 223;

Robert Owen and, 240 n.;

Blanc and, 259-260;

Fourier and, 259;

Proudhon’s Exchange Bank and, 298 n., 308-310, 312, 313, 314, 319;

Solway’s scheme and, 319;

the People’s Bank and, 319;

Bastiat and Proudhon’s controversy as to the legitimacy of, 333 n.-334 n.;

Bastiat and, 340-342;

Senior and, 350;

the term as used by the French economists, 373 n.;

final utility and, 528;

Böhm-Bawerk and, 530, 540;

and wages, Henry George on, 565;

the proposed confiscation of, 568;

“the remuneration of sacrifice,” 568;

the Fabian school and the confiscation of, 582

Interests, the spontaneous harmony of, 633.

See Identity of Interests

International trade, Adam Smith and, 98-100;

Stuart Mill and, 98-100;

Ricardo and, 98, 138, 163, 363 and n.-364 and n.;

List and, 290;

Bastiat and, 330;

Dunoyer and, 363

International Working Men’s Association (the “International”), 321, 449 n., 620

Internationalism, Marx’s, 465 n.

Interventionism, 407

Interventionists, Sismondi the first of the, 192, 196; 601

Ireland, 104

“Iron law,” the, 42, 342 n.

Italy, xii;

anarchism and, 640

Janet, P., 254

Jannet, C., 490 n., 592 n.

Jaurès, J., 469 n.

“Jeunes Abbés, Les,” 502

Jevons, Stanley, 46 n., 48, 75, 78, 117;

on the Ricardian school, 118 n.;

and the law of indifference, 148, 525 n.;

his economic method, 380; 406, 474 n.;

on the purpose of economics, 518 n.;

and the final utility theory, 521 n., 522 n.;

and Cournot, 529 n.;

a member of the Mathematical school, 529 n.;

and value, 530 n.; 537 n., 541, 572 n., 581

Joint-stock companies, Marxism and, 463, 476

Joint-stock principle, 248

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, and the Physiocrats, 5

“Juridical socialism,” 606, 607 n.

Jurisprudence, solidarity and, 606-607

Justice, Proudhon on, 298-299

Kapital, Marx’s, 354, 386, 449 n.;

Labriola on, 467

Kautsky, K., 480 n.

Ketteler, Monseigneur von, 496

Kidd, B., 485 n.

King, G., 54

Kingsley, C., 504 and n., 505 n.

Knies, K., 89, 196 and n., 380 n., 381 n., 382 n., 384-385, 389, 390-391, 392, 393, 400 n., 402, 403 n., 404, 405

Kohler, C., 277 n.

Kraus, Professor, 106 n.

Kropotkin, Prince, 459 n., 615, 616, 619 and n., 621-622, 623, 625, 627 and n., 628, 630, 631 n., 632, 633, 634 and n., 635, 636, 637-638, 641

Kurella, Herr, 584 n.

Kutter, Pastor, 507

Labour, regarded by Adam Smith as the true source of wealth, 56-57;

regarded as the measure of value, 77, 149;

regarded by Marx as the cause of value, 77, 151 n., 184-185;

regarded by Ricardo as the cause and measure of value, 140, 144 n., 149, 201 n., 332;

Ricardo and the territorial division of, 164;

Sismondi and, 176 n.;

Saint-Simon on, 206 n.;

Fourier and the attractiveness of, 252-253;

Proudhon on the organisation of, 291 n.;

Proudhon and the productiveness of, 293 and nn.;

regarded by Bastiat as the determinant of value, 332;

Carey on, as the measure of value, 332;

and value, Ferrara and, 333 n.;

Dunoyer on, 347-348 and n.;

Rodbertus and, 423;

Marx’s theory of surplus labour, 450-459;

rent of, 558 n.;

Henry George and the relation of capital to, 564-565

Labour, division of, Adam Smith and, 56-62, 91;

the outcome of personal interest, 70-71;

dependent upon capital, 90;

Ricardo and the territorial division of labour, 164;

Tolstoy and, 514;

solidarity and, 607

Labour notes, Robert Owen’s, 315, 316

Labour-value theory, Marx’s, 474-475, 581

Labriola, A., 36 n., 449 n., 462 n., 464 n., 465 and n., 467, 469 n., 470 n., 473 n., 474 n.

Lacordaire, J., 262

Lafargue, P., 465 n.

Lafayette, G., 267

Lagardelle, H., 482 n., 619 n.

Laissez-faire, in the Physiocratic doctrine, 11;

the origin of the formula, 11 n.; 170, 173, 197;

List and, 277;

the Classical school and, 322, 357, 390;

the right interpretation of, 324;

Stuart Mill and, 357;

Cairnes and, 374;

the Christian schools and, 377;

the Historical school and, 389;

Adam Smith and, 408, 410;

Carlyle and, 511;

the Hedonists and, 541;

Henry George and 573 n.

Lalande, A., 600 n.

Lamartine, A., 302 n., 303

Lammenais, the Abbé de, 496

Land, the Physiocratic conception of, as an agent in production, 12;

and rent, in Ricardo’s view, 143-149;

nationalisation of, 155, 570-578;

the Saint-Simonians and, 214;

Carey’s theory of the order of cultivation of rich and poor land, 338-339;

growth in value of, 546;

a gift of nature, 559;

confiscation of, 559-562;

and the theory of rent, 561

Land Tenure Reform Association, 562

Landez, A., 540 n.

Landowners, the Physiocrats’ esteem for, 39-40

Landrecht, the Prussian, 445

Landry, A., 420 n., 470 n., 537 n., 544 n.

Langlois, C. V., 405 n.

Laskine, M., 208 n.

Lassalle, F., 73 n., 159, 261, 294, 329, 376;

and the “brazen law,” 321, 426;

and State Socialism, 414;

and Rodbertus, 414-415, 416, 417;

and Bismarck, 414;

his career, 432;

his political and economic programme, 433-435;

and Marx, 433 n., 434 n.;

and State intervention, 434-435; 436, 437, 449 n., 453 n., 496 n., 607 n.

Lauderdale, Earl of, 109 n.

Launay, M. de, 609 n.

Launhardt, Herr, 529 n.

Laveleye, É. de, 222, 376, 577 n.

Lavergne, L. G. de, 371 n.

Lavoisier, A. L., 15, 125

Law, Kropotkin on, 627 n., 632 n.;

Reclus on, 632 n.

Law of capillarity, 137

Law of concentration of capital, Marx’s, 450, 475-476

Law of demand and supply, 359-360

Law of diminishing returns, 118, 126, 146-147, 148, 153, 157, 340, 341, 373, 558 and n.

Law of free competition, 356-358

Law of indifference, 148, 525, 527 n.

Law of international exchange, 362-366

Law of population, Malthus’s, 120, 121-137;

of the Classical school, 358-359, 373

Law of rent, 362

Law of sale, Cournot’s, 531 n.

Law of self-interest, 355-356

Law of substitution, 525, 526, 528, 537 n.

Law of variation of intensity of need, 543 n.

Law of wages, 360-362

Lazare, B., 620

Ledru-Rollin, A. A., 303

Legrand, D., 486

Leo XII, Pope, 500 n.

Leo XIII, Pope, 501

Leopold, Grand Duke, of Tuscany, and the Physiocrats, 5

Leroux, P., 235 and n., 263, 344 n., 589

Leroy-Beaulieu, P., 137, 254 n., 342 n., 375 n.;

and the Mathematical method, 537 n.; 546

Leslie, Cliffe, 196, 387

Lesseps, F. de, 212

Letchworth, 513 n.

Levasseur, É., 326 n., 388 n.

Lévy de Lyon, E., 607 n.

Lévy-Brühl, L., 435 n.

Lexis, Professor, 448 n.

Liberal individualists, and co-operation, 343

Liberal Optimists, 322-348

Liberal school, xv;

the Physiocratic doctrine and, 46;

Adam Smith a member of, 53;

beginnings of, 54;

and Adam Smith’s theory of value, 75; 205;

Saint-Simon and, 210 n.;

the Associationists and, 231; 233;

severance of, into French and English sections, 322;

and Protection and socialism, 323, 326, 354;

and Optimism, 324-326;

and liberty, 324, 325-326;

origin of the name, 324;

and association, 325;

and Darwin’s doctrine of the survival of the fittest, 326;

and the Physiocrats, 327;

Bastiat and, 327;

and Bastiat’s theory of profits, 342 n.;

synonymous with the Individualist school, 356;

definition of, 356 n., 357 n.;

and the repeal of the Corn Laws, 366;

Le Play and, 486-487;

and solidarity, 607-608; 629;

and government and society, 631; 648

Liberal Socialism, 573

Liberalism, economic, vii, xv, 170;

Sismondi and, 173, 185; 209; 311 n.;

the Classical school and, 322;

and Optimism, 377;

the reaction against, 377-378;

effect of Bismarck’s policy upon, 436;

and measures of social reform in Germany, 436 n.;

growth of, in Germany, 439;

State Socialism and, 447;

the Christian schools and, 484; 493;

modern revival of, 516; 586;

political economy and, 646, 647

Liberalism of Adam Smith, 207;

of the Liberal school, 326

Liberalism, political, the Saint-Simonians and, 211

Liberty, the French Revolution and, 104;

Blanc on, 262;

Sismondi on, 262 n.;

Proudhon and, 293, 297, 315;

the French Liberal school and, 324, 325-327;

Dunoyer and, 327;

Stuart Mill and, 353, 358, 413;

and the natural laws, 355;

the Classical school and, 356;

and State intervention, 413;

Cournot and, 413;

the State Socialists and, 440;

the anarchists and, 622-623, 624, 629;

Kropotkin on liberty as the corrective for the excesses of liberty, 634

Liberty, individual, the Physiocratic doctrine and, 10 n., 11;

Proudhon and, 315;

Ricardo and Malthus and, 410;

Stuart Mill and, 411 n.;

Rodbertus and, 429

Lichtenberger, A., 200 n.

Lieben, R., 529 n.

Liebknecht, W., 437

Lilienfeld, von, 590 n.

List, F., 111;

and the Classical school, 169, 289, 290;

his National System, and Protection, 265, 268;

and the German tariffs, 266, 267-268;

and nationality, 270-272;

and productive power, 270;

and Germany’s claim to Holland and Denmark, 272;

and Adam Smith and his school, 273;

and manufactures, 273-274;

and agriculture, 274, 276-277;

his Protectionism, 275-276, 281-282;

origin of his Protectionist ideas, 277-280;

his influence, 280-287;

and history, 282, 381;

and Carey, 282-284;

and Stuart Mill, 284-285;

his originality, 287-289;

and the Historical school, 287, 360 n.;

and free exchange, 287-288;

and the individual and the nation, 288, 411;

and the duty of Governments, 288;

and economic reforms in Germany, 288-289;

his aim and achievement, 290; 323, 378;

his economic method, 380;

the Historical school and, 380 n.; 439

Littré, M., 222 n.

Lloyd, S., 266 n.

Locke, J., 559

Loesewitz, J., 502

Longe, F. D., 361

Loria, A., 469 n.;

and land nationalisation, 578 n.

Lorin, H., 499 n.

Louis Bonaparte, 320

Louis Philippe, 301

Ludlow, J. M. F., 504, 505

Luxembourg Commission, the, 302, 304-306, 319 n.

Mably, the Abbé de, 200 and n.

McCulloch, J. R., 52 n., 109 n., 139 n., 140 n., 141 n., 150, 168, 175, 177, 349 n., 379

Mackay, J. H., 615 n.

McVickar, J., 349

Machinery, Adam Smith and, 112;

J. B. Say on, 112;

Sismondi and, 180-182;

the Classical school and, 180-182;

Ricardo and, 180 n., 181

Maitland, F. W., vi

Malon, Benoît, 465 n.

Malthus, T. R., xiv, 108, 109 n., 110, 116 and n., 117;

one of the Pessimists, vi, 119-120, 192;

regarded as an Optimist, 119 n.;

his career, 120 n.;

his law of population, 120, 121-137, 157, 345;

and moral restraint, 127-129;

and the Neo-Malthusians, 134;

on charity, 135 n.-136 n.;

correspondence with Ricardo, 139 n., 141 n.;

and rent, 142, 152, 164;

and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147 and n.; 149 n., 150 n., 155, 156 n.;

and wages and population, 158-159, 189; 163 n.;

and Protection, 164;

Sismondi and, 175;

Sismondi and the theory of population of, 189 n.;

the Saint-Simonians and, 227; 264, 322, 324, 326, 348, 353;

and individualism, 355; 358, 359, 371;

and the identity of public and private interests, 410; 416, 564

Malthusian League, the, 134 n.

Manchester school, xi, 436, 437, 438, 539

“Manchesterism,” 357, 447

“Manchesterthum,” 357, 438

Mandeville, B. de, 54, 70 n.

Mangoldt, H. von, 548 n., 551, 556

Manifesto, Communist, 449 n., 450 n.

Mantoux, P., 66 n., 97 n., 103, 104

Manu, the laws of, Malthus and, 132 n.

Manufactures, List on, 273-274, 276 and n.

Marat, J. P., 199 n.

Marcet, Mrs., 119 n., 349

Marcus Aurelius, 588

“Marginal utility,” 521 n., 539

Marie, A. T., 301, 302 n.

Markets, Say’s theory of, 115

Marmande, R. de, 622 n.

Maroussem, P. du, 495 n.

Marrast, A., 303

Marriage, effect of, upon population, 136 n.;

the anarchists and, 627

Marshall, Professor A., 329 n., 335, 386, 390 n., 391, 392, 394, 396, 397 n., 401, 402 n.;

compared with Marx, 474 n.; 513 n., 516, 527 n., 529 n., 531, 544 nn., 546 n., 551 n., 552;

and rent, 557 and n.; 581

Martineau, Miss, 119 n., 349

Marx, Karl, x;

on Adam Smith, 66 n.;

his labour-value theory, 77, 151 n., 184-185, 201 n., 216, 293 n., 474-475, 581;

intellectually a scion of the Ricardian family, 120;

his theory of surplus value and Ricardo’s theory, 140;

resemblance of doctrines of, to those of the Classical school, 181;

similarities between Sismondi and, 184;

his theory of surplus value, 184, 198, 228, 294;

and profit and interest, 185, 216;

debt to Sismondi, 198; 209 n.;

and “exploitation,” 215, 216;

his system and communism, 221;

his system compared with the Saint-Simonians’, 225; 227;

and List, 278 n.;

and his “Utopian” predecessors, 301;

and Bray’s scheme, 315 n.;

and Proudhon, 320-321;

and distribution, 368 n.; 386;

his socialism, 416, 433, 449-450, 470;

the object of his system, 423;

and the “brazen law,” 426; 429;

and Rodbertus, 429 n.;

Lassalle and, 433 n., 434 n.; 437, 448 n.;

his career, his works and influence, 449 n.-450 n.;

his theory of surplus labour and surplus value, 450-459, 474-475;

and capital, 455-458;

his law of concentration of capital, 459-465, 475-476;

the Marxian school, 465-473;

his following, 465 n.;

and Ricardo, 466;

his obscurity of style, 466;

and value, 466 and n., 474;

on production, 468 n.-469 n.;

the French socialists and, 469;

quality of his economic theories, 473;

compared with Marshall, 474 n.;

and syndicalism, 480-481, 641; 483;

the Christian schools and his collectivism, 485;

Herron on, 507 n.; 579;

the Fabians and his theories, 583-584, 586;

and the anarchists, 616;

influenced by Hegel, 619;

and Bakunin, 620;

anarchy and his socialism, 640

Marxian school, characteristics of, 465-472;

and production, 468; 515;

beginnings of, 579;

and Marx’s theory of value, 583; 647, 648

Marxism, vii, xv, 447, 449-483;

and the Classical school, 467, 472;

Sorel on, 467 n.;

and capitalism, 467;

a working-class socialism, 470-471, 480;

the evolution of, 473 n.;

and syndicalism, 479-483;

its contempt for intellectualism, 480;

traced in the doctrines of Le Play’s school, 495;

the Fabians and, 583-584, 586;

the rupture with anarchism, 620

Mathematical school, the, x;

Quesnay a pioneer of, 19 n.;

and the abstract method, 138; 335;

and the Mathematical method, 392 n., 537 n., 538-539;

and the Psychological school, 521;

principal adherents of, 528 n.;

doctrines of, 528-537;

and exchange, 528-530;

and distribution, 529-530;

and consumption, 530;

and value, 530 n.;

and production, 536;

and free competition, 543;

influence of, 544;

and solidarity, 613

Maurice, F. D., 504 and n., 505, 508 n.

Mazel, F., 316, 317

Mecklenburg, 268 n.

Mehring, F., 434 n.

Méline, M., 17 n.

Melouga family, 489, 493

Menenius Agrippa, 588

Menger, A., 209, 212, 231 n., 316 n.;

and the origin of Rodbertus’s ideas, 415 n.;

and Marx, 416 n., 450 n.;

and Fichte, 436 n.;

and private and public rights, 607 n.

Menger, K., 76, 380;

and the historical method 382, 383 n., 402 n.;

and the Historical school, 389, 390, 395, 517;

and the deductive method, 396 nn.;

and the final utility theory, 522 n.;

and the theory of rent, 557

Mercanti di tenute, 190

Mercantilism, the “net product” theory and, 17;

influence of Physiocratic ideas upon, 27;

Physiocracy antagonistic to, 29;

and agriculture and industry, 30 n.;

Adam Smith and, 83, 97, 98, 100, 101, 169;

List and, 279

Mercantilist school, 1;

and the increase of wealth, 17;

their view of the State, 27;

Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and, 83;

and money, 83, 314;

List and, 280, 285 n.

Meredith, George, 432 n.

Meslier, the Curé, 200 n.

Method, the relative importance of, 397, 645

Métin, A., 577 n., 579 n.

Meyer, Ed., 402 n., 405 n.

Meyer, R., 416 and n., 417 nn., 423 n., 428 n.

Mieux value, 184

Milcent, M., 502 n.

Mill, James, and rent, 155, 168, 562;

and land nationalisation, 155, 168;

a disciple of Ricardo, 168, 349 n.; 352 n.

Mill, John Stuart, xv;

and productive and unproductive works, 62;

“industry is limited by capital,” 72 n.;

and Adam Smith’s conception of utility, 75 n.;

and international trade, 98, 100, 330 n.;

and “products,” 109 n.; 138;

and Ricardo’s theory of rent, 141;

and the stationary state, 162, 373-374, 605 n.; 222 n.;

on Saint-Simonism and Fourierism, 255; 280;

and Protection, 283, 284-285, 365;

and List, 285 n.;

and the Classical school, 322, 352-353, 368; 349;

his career and works, 352 n., 353;

and socialism, 352 n., 353, 358, 367, 368;

and communism, 353, 367;

and competition, 353, 358;

and co-operation, 353;

and individualism, 355, 356 and n.;

and laissez-faire, 357;

and the law of population, 358-359;

and the law of demand and supply, 359-360, 519;

and value, 360;

and the law of wages, 360-362;

and trade unionism, 360, 362 n.;

and Malthus, 362 n.;

and rent, 362, 370-372, 548, 551, 553, 554-555;

and international exchange, 364-365;

and Free Trade, 365, 411 n.;

influence upon economics, 367;

French influence upon, 367, 579;

and natural law, 368;

his programme of social reform, 369-374;

and wages, 369-370;

and association, 370, 505;

and inheritance, 372;

his successors, 374-376; 377, 379;

and relativity, 392;

and self-interest, 394, 411; 404;

and the identity of general and personal interests, 411;

and State intervention, 411, 413;

and individual liberty, 411 n., 413;

Chevalier and, 411;

and the State and the individual, 442, 443, 444;

on Le Play’s theory of the salvation of the working-classes by the upper, 491;

on the rent of ability, 549;

and man’s right to the land, 561;

and the confiscation of rent, 562-563, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570-571, 575; 564;

and private property, 568 n.;

and the abolition of profit, 605 n.

Millerand, A., 587 n.

Mines and the “net product,” 14

Mirabeau, Marquis de, one of the Physiocrats, 3 n.;

and Rousseau and Physiocracy, 6 n.;

and the origin of the term laissez-faire, 11 n.;

on the Tableau économique, 18 n.;

and interest, 32-33;

Cantillon’s influence upon, 46 n.;

on population, 121

Molinari, M. de, 248, 329 n., 358 n.

Mollien, the Comte, 314

Money, Adam Smith and, 71, 82-85, 89, 106, 115;

the Physiocrats and, 115;

Ricardo and the quantity theory of, 164-165;

Ricardo and paper money, 165-167;

Robert Owen and, 240-241, 243;

Proudhon and, 308-310, 313, 316;

Solvay’s scheme, 318-319;

the Classical school and, 360;

Ruskin and Tolstoy and, 510

Monod, W., 508 n., 509 n.

Monopoly, x;

Adam Smith and, 95, 96;

Stuart Mill and, 554 n.;

and the rent of land, 554 n.

Monopoly price, Adam Smith on, 81 n.

Montagne, La, 200 n.

Montalembert, the Comte de, 487 n.

Montchrétien, A. de, 1

Montesquieu, C. de S., 121

More, Sir Thomas, 200 and n., 246

Morellet, the Abbé, 46

Morelly, 200 and n.

Morris, Wm., 251

Moufang, Canon, 496

Mulhouse, the Industrial Society of, 172

Müller, Adam, 278 n.

Mun, the Comte de, 484 n., 497, 502

Mutual aid, the anarchists and, 629-636

Mutual credit, 314, 315;

solidarity and, 606

Mutualists, and solidarity, 602, 603-604

Mutuality, Proudhon and, 297 n., 299, 300

Napoleon I, 107

Napoleon III, 280, 323, 366, 375, 490 n.

Nassau, 268 n.

National Equitable Labour Exchange, 236 n., 241-242, 244 n.

National workshops of the 1848 Revolution, 301-303

Nationalisation of the land, 570-578

Nationality, List and, 270-272

Natural laws, 354-366, 368, 385 n.;

the anarchists and, 628, 629

“Natural order,” the, xiv, 5-12;

meaning of the term, 5-8;

the Physiocrats’ conception of, 8, 9-10, 109;

Turgot on the universality and immutability of, 10;

and the old régime, 10;

the aim of, 10-11;

and the right of private property and individual liberty, 10 n., 11;

comprehensiveness of, 12;

the bon prix and, 15;

property the “foundation-stone” of, 21;

and trade, 29;

the conception of, constitutes the foundation of political economy, 46;

Adam Smith and, 109;

Ricardo’s theory of rent and, 152;

the French Classical school and, 322, 323;

the Christian schools and, 484

“Naturalism,” Adam Smith’s, 68-88

Naumann, Pastor, 507

Navigation Laws, 101 n.

Neale, Vansittart, 504

Necessity, the laws of, Kropotkin on, 628 n.

Necker, J., and free trade in corn, 32; 157

“Negative rent,” 558

Neill, C. P., 277 n.

Neo-Classical school, 10, 397

Neo-Malthusians, 130, 134

Neo-Marxism, 473-483;

and the labour-value theory, 474;

and surplus labour and surplus value, 475;

and syndicalism, 479-483

“Net product,” the, 12-18;

agriculture the sole source of, 12, 14;

mines doubtful yielders of, 14 and n.;

disappears when prices are low, 15;

the illusion of, 16;

rent and, 16;

value of the theory of, 17;

and Mercantilism, 17;

non-existent, 24;

interest a symbol of, 32;

taxation should be drawn from, 38-40, 41;

adaptation of, to the impôt unique, 43; 453 n.

Netchaieff, 639 and n.

Nettlau, M., 619 n.

New Harmony, Owen’s colony, 236 n., 241 n., 246, 257

New Moral World. 236 n.

Nicholas I, Tsar, 639 n.

Nicholson, Professor J. S., 52 n., 266 n., 592 n.

Nietzsche, 511, 616 and n.

Nitti, F. S., 503 n.

“Noble savage,” the cult of the, 7

“Normal,” the term, 271

North, Dudley, 54

North, Lord, 105

Oberlin, Pastor, 486

Office du Travail, 257 n.

Ogilvie, W., 560 and n.

Oldenburg, 268 n.

Olivier, P., 611 n.

Ollivier, E., 324

Oncken, H., 11 n., 17, 19 n., 30, 383 n., 414 n., 432 n.

Ophelimity, 75, 91, 99, 522 n., 541 n., 572

Optimism, xv;

Adam Smith’s, 68-69, 88-93;

the French Liberal school and, 324-327;

Bastiat and, 327, 377;

Carey and, 327, 493

Optimist school, definition of, 356 n., 357 n.

Optimists, the, 118, 322-348, 354, 356, 368, 438

Orbiston, Robert Owen’s colony at, 236 n.

Organic sociologists, the Physiocrats the forerunners of, 7

“Organisation of labour,” 300, 303-305, 319

Orthodox school, 169, 176, 326

Ott, A., 317 n., 420 n.

Over-production, J. B. Say and, 115-117; 171;

Sismondi and, 176, 178-182;

the Classical school and, 181;

Marx and, 461

Owen, Robert, 169, 171;

Sismondi and, 173 n., 184, 194; 201 n.;

and association, 232 n., 233;

and Fourier, 234-235, 245;

and the Chartist movement, 235;

and socialism, 235;

his career, 235 n.;

his industrial reforms, 236-237;

and association, 237;

and the social milieu, 237-239;

and profit, 239-244;

and money, 240-241;

and the National Equitable Labour Exchange 241-242;

and co-operative societies, 243-244, 504;

founded no school, 244; 246, 255, 261, 264, 290, 293, 315, 316, 323, 370, 378, 470, 579

Paepe, C. de, 459 n.

Paillottet, P., 343 n.

Paine, Tom, 560 and n.

Pantaleoni, M., 36 n., 530, 538 n., 542, 551 nn.

Parable, Saint-Simon’s, 204-205

Pareto, V., 71 n.;

on prices, 76 n.-77 n.; 99, 231 n.;

and Free Trade, 288 n.;

on method, 397;

and maximum utility and maximum ophelimity, 412; 421, 448, 516, 521 n., 522 n., 529 n., 533 n., 534 n., 536 and n., 537 n., 540 n., 541 n.;

and the Hedonists, 542; 544 n., 555 n.;

and the relative duration of rents, 557;

and negative rent, 558;

on solidarity, 608 n.

Passy, F., 509 n., 592 n.

Passy, H., 371 n.

Patten, Professor, 285 n., 522 n., 542 n.

Pearson, K., 407 n.

Peasant proprietorship, 371-372

Pecqueur, C., 304-305, 449 n.

Peel, Sir Robert, 280, 366

Pellarin, C., 245 n.

People’s Bank, 308 n., 317 n., 319-320

Péreire, E. and I., 212, 226

Périn, C., 502 n.

Personal interest—see Self-interest

Pervinquière, M., 14

Pessimism, the French Liberal school and, 324

Pessimists, the, 118-120;

and rent, 118;

and the law of diminishing returns, 118;

Mill and, 372

Petty, W., 54

Pflüger, Pastor, 507

Phalange, 248-250

Phalanstère, 245 n., 246-252, 255, 257, 297 n., 604, 635

Physiocracy, 4 n.;

a popular craze, 5;

Adam Smith and, 63;

J. B. Say and, 108-109

Physiocrats, the, xi n., 1-50;

and the conception of political economy, 2;

the first school of economists, 3;

the Abbé Baudeau on, 3 n.;

bibliography of the system, 4 n.-5 n.;

and the “natural order,” 5-12;

Rousseau and, 6 n.;

and the civilised state as opposed to a state of nature, 7;

forerunners of the organic sociologists, 7;

their conception of the “natural order,” and man’s duty with regard to it, 8, 9-10, 87-88;

and the rights of private property and individual liberty, 10 n., 11;

and the “net product,” 12-18, 141;

and land as an agent in production, 12;

on industry and commerce, 12-13;

and the “sterile classes,” 14, 21;

and mines and the “net product,” 14 and n.;

and agricultural and industrial production, 15;

their influence upon practical politics, 17;

and the circulation of wealth, 18-26;

their regard for private property, 21-26, 199 n.-200 n., 217;

and the duties incumbent upon landed proprietors, 25-26;

and the abolition of corporations, 26 n.-27 n.;

and trade, 27-33;

and Mercantilism, 27, 29, 169, 314;

the founders of Free Trade, 29;

and reciprocity, 31;

Galiani’s criticism of, 32;

and the question of interest, 32-33;

and the functions of the State, 33-37;

and legislation, 33-34;

and political liberty, 34 n.;

and the sovereign authority, 35-37, 41;

and education, 37;

and internationalism, 37;

and taxation, 38-45;

and the fiscal system of the French Revolution, 44, 104;

résumé of their doctrine, 45-50;

Adam Smith and, 51 n., 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 80, 88, 93, 98, 100; 89, 97;

J. B. Say and, 108-109;

Germain Garnier and, 108;

and money, 115;

and population, 122; and rent, 142;

and Free Trade, 98, 153, 163;

and the natural identity of individual and general interests, 185; 201 n.;

the Associationists and, 232-233; 322, 323;

and their successors, 327; 331, 338 n., 347, 348, 354, 371, 572, 629, 644

Pitt, William, 104, 105

Place, F., 159 n.

Plato, 200 and n.

Play, F. Le, 137, 196, 238, 304;

his school, 486-495;

his career, 486 n.-487 n.;

his family system, 488-493;

and the State, 488;

his method, 492;

and the Historical school, 493-494;

the division in his school, 494-495; 497, 502

“Plutology,” 375

Podmore, F., 236 n.

Political economy, origin of the term, 1;

Quesnay and his school the virtual founders of the science, 2;

Adam Smith as founder of, 50-51, 103;

the scope of, in Adam Smith’s system, 55-56;

Quesnay’s conception of, 88;

Adam Smith’s conception of, 88, 89, 110;

J. B. Say’s influence upon, 107, 111;

influence of Malthus and Ricardo upon, 108;

the Physiocrats and, 109;

J. B. Say’s conception of, 110-111;

Say’s treatment of, 117, 175;

a fashionable craze, 119 n., 349;

Ricardo and, 138, 139 n., 175;

the new, the attack upon, 169;

Sismondi and, 173-178, 184, 196, 198, 380;

the Historical school and, 175, 222, 380, 381;

the Classical school and, 177;

A. Comte and, 201 n.;

Saint-Simon on, 209 n.;

List and, 270, 380-381;

and politics, 288;

significance of the advent of, 327;

McVickar on, 349;

Senior and, 350;

Stuart Mill and, 353;

not a “dismal science,” 354;

the reaction against Liberalism, 377;

development of the abstract method in, 379-380;

the socialists and, 381;

Roscher and, 383-384;

Hildebrand and, 383-384;

Knies and, 384-385;

the newer Historical school and, 386;

Toynbee and, 386 n.;

development of, in France, 388;

influence of the Historical method upon, 388;

Menger and, 389;

Ashley and, 391 n.;

and sociology, 404;

Ruskin and, 510 n.;

Carlyle on, 511 and n.;

modern claims for, 517;

Pareto and, 536 n.;

recognised as independent of parties and ideals, 583;

development and future of, 643-648;

simplicity of Adam Smith’s system, 644;

divergency of objects and methods among economists, 646-647;

Liberalism and, 646, 647

Political Economy Club, 139 n.

Pollock, Sir F., 559

Poor Law, English, Malthus and, 135 n., 136 n.;

Sismondi and, 195

Population, Adam Smith’s supply and demand theory applied to, 82, 89, 188;

dependent upon capital, 90;

Malthus’s law of, 120, 121-137, 142, 157, 345;

the “repressive checks,” 126-127;

the “preventive checks,” 127-129, 137;

the reproductive capacity and intellectual activity, 137 n.-138 n.;

Sismondi on the regulation of, by revenue, 188;

wages and, 189;

Sismondi and Malthus’s theory, 189 n.;

Carey’s theory of, 346;

development of the theory of, 645

Port Sunlight, 255, 513 n.

Positivism, Saint-Simon the father of, 203; 213

Pothier, R. J., 587 n.

Potter, B. (Mrs. Sidney Webb), 587 n.

Price, demand and supply and, 519-520;

cost of production and, 520;

and rent, 520

Prices, Adam Smith’s theory of, 74-81;

Walras and, 114;

the recent theory of, 515;

development of the theory of, 645

Principles of Revolution, The, 639

Producer, subordination of, to consumer, 342-343

Producer’s rent, 527 n.

Producers, and social reorganisation, 605 n.

Producers’ associations, 604

Production, the accretion of value is, 16;

labour as the cause of, 24;

the Physiocratic conception of, 46, 49;

the three factors of, 56 n.;

Adam Smith and, 80, 419;

adaptation of supply to demand the basis of our theory of, 82;

J. B. Say and, 109;

Sismondi and, 177, 178-182, 193, 419;

the Classical school and, 177;

net and gross, Sismondi and, 189-190;

the Christian Socialists and, 196;

the Saint-Simonians and, 199, 226-227;

Dunoyer and, 347-348;

Senior on agricultural and industrial production, 362 n.;

Stuart Mill and, 368-369;

Rodbertus and, 419-421, 430;

State Socialism and, 444;

Marx on, 468 n.-469 n.;

cost of, and value, 520, 526;

cost of, and price, 520, 534 n.;

the Hedonists and, 533;

the expansion of, under the influence of applied science, 635-636

Productive power, List and, 270, 272-274

Productivity theory of capital, 502, 583;

of wages, 527-528

Profit, Adam Smith on the relation of, to rent, 64 n.;

Adam Smith’s conception of, 65 n., 80, 114;

Smith on high profits, 67, 74 n.;

dependent on exchange value, 90;

Ricardo and, 114, 160-163, 373;

the Pessimists and, 118;

Marx and, 185, 457-458 and n.;

Robert Owen and the abolition of, 239-243;

Bastiat and the relation of, to wages, 340-342, 550-551;

Stuart Mill and, 373 n.;

the term as understood by English and French economists, 373 n.;

the Classical school and, 520;

Walras and, 534 n.-535 n.;

rent and, 545;

Walker and, 550-551;

Pantaleoni on, 551 n.;

Stuart Mill and the abolition of, 605 n.

Profit-sharing, the Saint-Simonians and, 227

Property, private, the Physiocratic doctrine and, 10 n., 11, 21, 24-25;

respect for, during the French Revolution, 25;

Turgot’s views upon, 25;

Ricardo’s theory of rent and, 154, 558-559;

Sismondi and, 198;

the Saint-Simonians and, 199-201, 213-225, 294 n.;

considered from the point of view of ethics, 200;

Saint-Simon and, 210;

exploitation and, 215;

Fourier’s Phalanstère and, 248-249;

the Radical Socialists and, 251;

Proudhon and, 290-300, 315;

Brissot and, 292 n.;

Bastiat and, 337;

Marx and, 463-464;

the Christian Socialists and, 506;

Tolstoy and, 513;

the Hedonists and, 540 n.;

considered to be unjust, 559;

Stuart Mill and, 568 n.;

Gossen and, 572-573;

solidarity and, 606-607;

the anarchists and, 626-627, 641;

syndicalism and, 641;

socialism and, 642

Proprietor, the, in Ricardo’s, Proudhon’s, and Bastiat’s view, 336

Protection, the probable attitude of the Physiocrats to, 17;

influence of, on agriculture and on industry, 30 n.;

Adam Smith’s criticism of, 98-99;

Ricardo and, 163 n.;

Malthus and, 164;

Sismondi and, 264 n.-265 n.;

Saint-Simon and, 265 n.;

the Saint-Simonians and, 265 n.;

List and, 265, 268-290;

and agriculture, List on, 276 and n.;

in the United States, 279;

in Germany, 279, 280, 281;

in France, 280, 281, 323, 354;

Carey and, 282-284;

Dühring and, 289 n.;

in England, 323, 354;

Bastiat and, 329-330;

follows the interest of the producer, 343;

the Liberal school and, 354;

Stuart Mill and, 365;

the Social Catholics and, 501 n.;

and solidarity, 602

Proudhon, J. J., 169;

and government, 209, 310, 311, 624 n., 627;

his Exchange Bank, 242, 291, 293 n., 308-319;

and private property, 290-300;

his works, 291 n.-292 n.;

his career and his character, 291-292;

and interest, 293 n.;

and labour, 293;

and socialism, 296-300;

and Fourier, 296, 297 n.;

and the communists and communism, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300;

and the economic forces, 296-297;

on liberty, 297, 315;

and association, 297 and n.;

on justice, 298-299;

and exchange, 299-300;

and the Revolution of 1848, 300-308;

and “the right to work,” 301;

and money, 308-310, 313-314;

and co-operation, 315;

and solidarity, 317;

and the People’s Bank, 319-320;

influence after 1848, 320-321;

Marx and, 320-321, 449 n. 462;

new interest in his ideas, 321; 323, 329;

and Bastiat, 333 n.-334 n., 343;

and the proprietor, 336; 378, 415 n., 429 n., 450, 486;

on land, 559;

and the confiscation of land, 560; 607 n., 613;

the and anarchists, 615, 641; 616, 619 and n.;

and Bakunin, 620; 622;

and the individual, 622-623;

and the idea of humanity, 623;

and reason, 628;

and society, 630, 631 n.;

on the harmony of individual and general interests, 633 n.; 634;

and revolution, 637;

and syndicalism, 641

Providential order, Bastiat and, 331

Prudhommeaux, M., 264 n.

Prussia, the tariff of 1821 of, and Adam Smith’s doctrines, 106 n.;

tariffs in, in the early nineteenth century, 266;

and the Zollverein, 268;

industry in, 281 n.

Psychological school, the, 397 n., 521-528

Puech, M., 321 n., 323 n.

“Pure” school, the, 353, 392

Quantity theory of money, 360

Quasi-contract theory, 595-599, 603 n., 606

Quesnay, F., 2-5;

virtually the founder of political economy, 2;

his works, 3 n.;

on natural right, 7 nn.;

and the analogy between social and animal economy, 7;

and the “natural order,” 9, 10 and n.;

and the “net product,” 15;

his theory of the circulation of wealth, and the Tableau économique, 18-20;

on the productive and sterile classes, 21 n.;

on the landed proprietors, 21 n.;

on the security residing in property, 24 n.;

on the safety of property as the basis of economic order, 25;

on the poor, 26 n.;

on foreign trade, 28;

on Free Trade, 29 nn.;

on the “good price,” 29;

on American competition, 30 n.;

on Protection, 31 n.;

and interest, 33;

on laws, 34;

on the sovereign authority, 35;

on despotism, 36 n.;

on education, 37;

on Government expenditure, 38 n.;

and the “iron law,” 42-43;

and wages, 43 n.;

and value, 47 n.; 54;

and Adam Smith, 55;

and agriculture as the source of all wealth, 56;

his conception of political economy, 88;

Adam Smith’s criticism of his theory, 88; 201 n., 232, 298

Quetelet, L., 407 n.

Quod Apostolici, Encyclical, 500 n.

Radical party, English, 372

Radical-Socialist party, 592, 601

Rae, J., 52 n., 64 n., 66 n., 96 n., 103 n., 106 n.

Ragaz, Professor, 507

Raiffeisen, F. W., 496, 503 n.

Rambaud, J., xi, 277 n., 503 n.

Rau, K. H., 352, 379

Rauschenbusch, W., 507 n.

Raymond, D., 277 n.

Reason, the anarchists and, 628, 641

Reciprocity, Mercier de la Rivière on, 31;

Proudhon on, 310 n.

Reclus, É., 615, 619, 622, 624, 627 n., 628, 632 n., 636, 637

Reichel, 631 n.

Reid, T., 560

Religion, Robert Owen and, 238-239

Renard, G., 465 n., 469 n.

Renouvier, C. B., 403 n., 560

Rent, the theory of, xv;

Ricardo’s conception of the nature of, 16, 114;

and the “net product,” 17;

Adam Smith and, 64, 80, 92;

relation of wages and profit to, 64 n.;

J. B. Say and, 114-115, 556;

the Pessimists and, 118;

Ricardo’s theory of, 138, 140-157, 164, 335, 338, 339, 370, 545-546, 547, 548 and n., 552-553, 544 n., 555 n., 558-559, 561, 581-583, 587;

differential rent, 142, 546-558;

Malthus and, 142, 152, 164;

James Mill and, 155, 562;

the Saint-Simonians and, 213 n., 214, 562;

Carey and, 327, 338-340, 425, 545, 546;

Bastiat and, 335-338, 340, 425, 545, 546;

Fontenay and, 338 n.;

Senior and, 350-351, 362;

the Classical school and, 362, 520, 547;

Stuart Mill and, 362, 370-372, 548, 554, 555, 562-563, 566, 567-568, 569;

Rodbertus and, 424, 425;

modern economists and, 516;

and price, 520;

an “unearned increment,” 545;

growth in, 546;

of land, 546-548, 554-555, 556-557;

of capital, 548-549 n.; 558 n., 583;

of ability, 549, 551, 582, 583;

Walker’s theory, 549-552;

and profit, 550-552;

and the Classical theory of distribution, 553;

a consequence of the laws of value, 555;

of land, a species of the income of fixed capital, 556;

a scarcity price, 556;

Schäffle and, 556-557;

K. Menger and, 557;

relative permanence of rents, 557;

negative rent, 558;

J. B. Clark and, 558 n.;

and private property, 558-559;

man’s right to the land and the theory of rent, 561;

of land, spontaneous character of, 561;

the confiscation of, 562-570;

Henry George and, 563-568, 569;

the relation of wages to the increase in, 566 and n.;

Gossen and Walras and the confiscation of, 574-575;

Sidney Webb and Ricardo’s theory of, 581-583;

interest regarded as, 582;

“economic rent,” 582 n., 583 n.;

the Fabian doctrine and Ricardo’s theory of, 587

Rerum Novarum, Encyclical, 501 n.

Revolution, Proudhon on, 320 n.;

Marxism and, 471-472;

Neo-Marxism and, 481-482;

Buchez on Christianity and, 496;

the anarchists and, 637-640, 641

Revolution, French, the Physiocratic system and, 44, 104;

socialism and, 199 n.;

the leaders of, and private property, 199 n.-200 n.; 205, 214, 223

Revolution, the Industrial, 65, 104, 111

Revolution of 1848, Blanc and, 256;

Proudhon and, 300-308, 311 n.;

and socialism, 300; 436-437

Revolutionary Catechism, Netchaieff’s, 639

Reybaud, M., 300-301, 306, 354

Ribbes, M. de, 492 n.

Ricardo, D., x, xiv;

against the idea that nature is the only source of value, 16;

his conception of what rent is, 16;

and Adam Smith’s reference to utility, 75 n.;

and international trade, 98, 99, 100, 163-164, 363 and n.-364 and n.;

influence on political economy, 108, 138, 175;

and distribution, 114, 139-140;

and wages and profits, 114, 157-163, 373;

and crises, 117, 177, 192;

compared with J. B. Say, 118;

regarded as an Optimist, 119 n.;

one of the Pessimists, vi, 119-120, 192;

his place in economics, his work and literary style, 138-139;

his career, 139 n.;

his theory of rent, 138, 140, 141-157, 164, 335, 338, 339, 370, 545-546, 547-548 and n., 552-553, 554 n., 555 n., 558-559, 576;

his theory of value, 138, 140-141, 149-151, 240;

and labour and value, 140, 144 n., 332;

and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147, 373, 576;

and the balance of trade theory and the quantity theory of money, 164-165;

and paper money, 165, 168;

Sismondi and, 174-175, 177 and n., 380;

and machinery, 180 n., 181 and n.;

and wages and population, 189;

the Saint-Simonians and, 227; 228;

and property, 228; 264;

List and, 269; 287, 322, 324;

and the proprietor, 336; 348, 349;

and the income of capital, 350; 353;

and individualism, 355; 362, 371, 379, 386 n., 390;

and the identity of public and private interests, 410;

Rodbertus on his theory of value, 415 n.; 416, 453 n.;

the Marxian school and, 466;

his method, 466;

man’s right to the land, and his theory of rent, 561; 564, 566 n.;

Sidney Webb and his theory of rent, 581-583;

the Fabian doctrine and his theory of rent, 587

Richelot, H., 265 n.

“Right to exist, the,” 607 n.

“Right to the whole produce of labour, the,” 607 n.

“Right to work, the,” 300, 301, 303, 319, 599, 607 n.

Rist, C., 172, 342 n., 423 n., 539 n.

Rivière, Mercier de la, one of the Physiocrats, 3 n., 5;

on the social order, 7;

on the “natural order,” 8 n.-9 n., 9, 10 n., 11;

and the origin of the term laissez-faire, 11 n.;

on the creation of value, 13 and n.;

on property as a “divine” institution, 21;

on the landed proprietor, 23 n.;

on property as the parent of social institutions, 25;

on the regard to be paid to the peasants, 26 n.;

on the fallacy that wealth grows from foreign trade, 28;

on freedom of trade, 29 n.-30 n.;

on the balance of trade theory, 31;

on reciprocity, 31;

on laws, 34 n.;

and Catherine the Great, 34;

on despotism, 35 n.;

on taxation, 40 n.;

on the relation of expenditure to production, 42 n.;

on the felicity following on the establishment of the “natural order,” 46 n.; 232

Rochdale Pioneers, 263 n., 243, 244, 605

Rodbertus, J. K., 73 n.;

and Sismondi, 198;

and the products of labour, 293 n.; 294, 316;

on the relative returns of capital and labour, 341 n.-342 n.; 369;

and State Socialism, 414-415, 428, 431;

and Lassalle, 414-415, 416, 417, 433, 434;

French origin of his ideas, 415, 416, 423;

his works, 415 n.-416 n.;

his political and economic views, 416-417;

his social theory, 417-432, 590;

and the State, 261, 418, 429-430, 441;

and production, 419-421, 423, 430;

and the utilisation of the means of production, 421;

and distribution, 421-428, 430-431;

and labour’s share of the national product, 425-426, 427;

and the “brazen law,” 426;

his theory of crises, 426-427;

and the regulation of national production and distribution, 427-429;

and the State and economic functions, 430-431;

the State Socialists and his doctrine, 430; 437, 443, 448 n., 450, 475;

and Professor Schäffle, 590 n.

Rodrigues, E., 211, 212

Rodrigues, O., 203, 204 n., 211

Rogers, Thorold, 52 n.

Roscher, W., 106 n., 196, 379 and n., 380 n.;

founder of the Historical school, 381-383; 389, 400 n., 402

Rossi, P., 315 n., 352, 375, 379

Roubaud, the Abbé—see Baden, Margrave of

Round, J. H., vi

Rousiers, P. de, 495 n.

Rousseau, J. J., 1;

and the Physiocrats, 6 n.;

and the natural state compared with the social state, 7; 120 n.;

and private property, 200 n.; 238 n., 596

Royal Economic Society, 506 n.

“Rural economy,” 2, 3 n., 5

Ruskin, John, 196, 251, 510 and n., 511-513

Rutten, Father, 498 n.

Sabotage, 481 n.

Sadler, Michael, 67

Saint-Leon, M., 500 n.

St. Paul, 588

Saint-Simon, C. H., and Fourier, 201 n.;

quality of his socialism, 201-202;

his career, 202-203;

his works, 203 n.;

his earlier philosophic system, 203;

his economic ideas, 204;

his “Parable,” 204-205;

on the future of the industrial classes, 205 n.;

on industry, 205 n.;

and the new industrial system, 205-211, 224;

and socialism, 209-211;

the Saint-Simonians and their doctrine, 211-231;

and capital, 214;

and A. Comte’s theory of the three estates, 222;

and history, 224;

on politics, 225 n.;

on philanthropy in social reorganisation, 225 n.;

Engels on, 228;

and private property, 217; 233, 256;

and Protection, 265 n.; 290, 300;

Proudhon and, 311 n.; 318, 323, 352, 402, 404, 405;

Rodbertus and, 418; 450, 470, 475, 486

Saint-Simonians, the, 169, 184;

and Sismondi, 193;

and the equalitarians, 200 n.-201 n.;

and their socialist contemporaries, 201 n.;

and collectivism, 201, 202, 211, 218-220;

their doctrine, 202, 213-225;

and governmental control, 207 n.;

the development of their doctrine from Saint-Simon’s, 211;

earliest members of the school, 211;

organisation of the school, 211-212;

Enfantine and the downfall of the school, 212-213;

and private property, 199-202, 213-225, 294 n.;

and “exploitation,” 215-216;

and production, 217-218, 226-227;

and inheritance, 217-218;

and the historical method in the criticism of private property, 221-224;

their socialism, 225, 230 n.;

part played by members of the school in practical economic administration, 226;

and banks and credit, 226;

influence upon the socialists, 227;

and distribution, 229;

and the general and particular interest, 229-230;

on the disadvantages of the spontaneous economic forces, 230;

and profits and wages, 216 n.;

and value, 216;

compared with the Associationists, 231;

Fourier on, 245;

and Protection, 265 n.;

and the State, 289 n.;

List and, 289 n.; 293;

Proudhon and, 296; 297;

Stuart Mill and, 367, 372; 378, 381, 415 and n.;

Rodbertus and, 421, 423; 465 n.;

and class antagonism, 471 n.;

and the confiscation of rent, 562

Saint-Simonism, 112;

Fourier and, 201 n.; 212, 219, 254, 255

Sainte-Beuve, and Sismondi, 193;

and Proudhon, 292, 295 n., 298 n.

Sand, George, 263

Sangnier, M., 496, 502 n.

Sartorius, G. F., 106

Saumaise, C., 503 n.

Savigny, F. K. von, 382

Saving, Adam Smith on, 73

Sax, Professor, 522 n.

Saxony, 281 n.

Say, J. B., xii, 34 n.;

and production, 56 n.;

and capital, 56;

and productive and unproductive works, 62, 348 n.;

and the entrepreneur, 65 n., 113-114, 550 n.; 70;

on Adam Smith’s theory of distribution, 80;

and distribution, 93, 113-114, 422;

on the loss of England’s American colonies, 103-104;

on the Wealth of Nations, 106;

and Adam Smith’s doctrines, 107-117;

his career, 107 n.;

and the Physiocrats, 108-109;

and political economy, 110-111, 175, 178;

on machinery, 112, 181;

and rent, 114-115, 551, 554 n., 555 n., 556;

his theory of markets, 115;

and over-production crises, 115-117, 192;

correspondence with Ricardo, 139 n.; 148;

on the poverty of the English worker, 171;

Sismondi and, 175, 177, 178, 181;

and the relative poverty of industrial society, 193; 201 n., 207;

Saint-Simon and, 209 n., 210 n.; 228;

and property, 228; 264, 265 n.;

List and, 269 n.; 279 n., 280, 287, 298, 311 n.;

and anarchy, 311 n.; 314, 322, 328 n., 335 n., 336 n., 352 n., 353, 375, 379, 390, 425, 615 n., 645

Say, Louis, 107 n., 265 n.

“Scarcity,” 521 n., 522 n.

Schäffle, A., 438 n., 469, 556-557, 590 n.

Schatz, A., 54 n., 357 n., 372 n.

Schelle, M., 4 n., 11 n.

Schmidt, Kaspar—see Stirner, Max

Schmoller, G., 196, 379 and n., 383, 385-386, 389 nn., 393 n., 395, 397, 400, 403, 406 n., 407, 438, 443 n., 517, 647

Schönberg, G., 439

School of Social Science, 494

Schulze-Delitzsch, F. H., 376, 434 and n.

Schumpeter, Herr, 547 n.

Schuster, R., 323

Schweitzer, Herr, 434 n.

Science, Bakunin and, 628-629

Seager, Professor H. R., 349 n.

Secrétan, C., 560, 600 n.

Seebohm, F., vi

Ségur-Lamoignon, M., 500 n.

Seignobos, C., 405 n.

Self-interest, Adam Smith on, as the mainspring of progress, 86-87, 88, 89, 92, 95, 393; 99;

the Classical school and, 393-394;

Wagner and, 394;

Stuart Mill and, 394, 404, 411

Seligman, Professor, 349 n., 570 n.

Semaines Sociales, 500 n.

Senior, N. W., 109 n., 168, 349-351, 358, 362 and n., 371, 372, 379, 549, 551

Sensi, Signor, 555 n.

Service, in Bastiat’s theory of value, 332-335;

place of the term in economic terminology, 335

Service-value, Bastiat’s theory of, 332-335

Shaftesbury, Lord, 67;

Robert Owen and, 237;

and Christian Socialism, 486

Shaw, G. Bernard, 579 n., 580 and n., 583 n.

Sidgwick, H., 329

Sillon, the, 502

Simiand, M., 388 n., 402 n., 538 n.

Sismondi, S. de, x, 111, 116, 117, 169;

life, 173 n.;