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A Complete Grammar of Esperanto

Editorial note — Front matter (continued 3)

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The words antikva, maljuna, malnova, all of which may at times be translated "old," must not be confused in use: Mi havas malnovan ĉapelon, I have an old hat (a hat which is not new). Li estas maljuna sinjoro, he is an old (aged) gentleman. Li estas malnova amiko mia, he is an old friend of mine (a friend of long standing). La ĥinoj estis kleraj eĉ en la antikva tempo, the Chinese were learned even in the olden time (in ancient time). La antikvaj kleruloj jam sciis tre multe, the ancient learned (enlightened) men already knew a great deal. La maljuna sinjoro en la malnovaj vestoj estas antikvisto, the old gentleman with the old clothes is an antiquary.

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