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A Complete Grammar of Esperanto

Editorial note — Front matter (continued 3)

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The adverb jam indicates a change from some preceding action or state to the different one expressed in the sentence, clause or phrase containing jam. It may often be translated "yet," "now," etc. Mi jam vidis lin, I already saw (have already seen) him. Ĉu vi jam trovis ĝin? Ne, mi ankoraŭ ne trovis ĝin. Have you yet (have you already) found it? No, I have not yet (still not) found it. Li jam ne vivas, he no longer lives (he already is-not-alive). Jam ne neĝas, it is not snowing now (already not snowing).

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