LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

BY

J. M. D. MEIKLEJOHN, M.A.

Professor of the Theory, History, and Practice of Education in the University of St. Andrews, Scotland

BOSTON

D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS

1887

Copyright, 1887, By D. C. Heath & Co.

PUBLISHER’S NOTICE.

The present volume is the second part of the author’s “English Language—Its Grammar, History, and Literature.” It includes the History of the English Language and the History of English Literature.

The first part comprises the department of Grammar, under which are included Etymology, Syntax, Analysis, Word Formation, and History, with a brief outline of Composition and of Prosody. The two may be had separately or bound together. Each constitutes a good one year’s course of English study. The first part is suited for high schools; the second, for high schools and colleges.

The book, which is worthy of the wide reputation and ripe experience of the eminent author, is distinguished throughout by clear, brief, and comprehensive statement and illustration. It is especially suited for private students or for classes desiring to make a brief and rapid review, and also for teachers who want only a brief text as a basis for their own instruction.

PREFACE.

This book provides sufficient matter for the four years of study required, in England, of a pupil-teacher, and also for the first year at his training college. An experienced master will easily be able to guide his pupils in the selection of the proper parts for each year. The ten pages on the Grammar of Verse ought to be reserved for the fifth year of study.

It is hoped that the book will also be useful in Colleges, Ladies’ Seminaries, High Schools, Academies, Preparatory and Normal Schools, to candidates for teachers’ examinations and Civil Service examinations, and to all who wish for any reason to review the leading facts of the English Language and Literature.

Only the most salient features of the language have been described, and minor details have been left for the teacher to fill in. The utmost clearness and simplicity have been the aim of the writer, and he has been obliged to sacrifice many interesting details to this aim.

The study of English Grammar is becoming every day more and more historical—and necessarily so. There are scores of inflections, usages, constructions, idioms, which cannot be truly or adequately explained without a reference

The Syntax of the language has been set forth in the form of Rules. This was thought to be better for young learners who require firm and clear dogmatic statements of fact and duty. But the skilful teacher will slowly work up to these rules by the interesting process of induction, and will—when it is possible—induce his pupil to draw the general conclusions from the data given, and thus to make rules for himself. Another convenience that will be found by both teacher and pupil in this form of rules will be that they can be compared with the rules of, or general statements about, a foreign language—such as Latin, French, or German.

It is earnestly hoped that the slight sketches of the History of our Language and of its Literature may not only enable the young student to pass his examinations with success, but may also throw him into the attitude of mind of Oliver Twist, and induce him to “ask for more.”

The Index will be found useful in preparing the parts of each subject; as all the separate paragraphs about the same subject will be found there grouped together.

J. M. D. M.

CONTENTS.

Italicized items were added by the transcriber. As explained in the Publisher’s Notice, this text is the second of two volumes; pagination was continuous, beginning at 193 for this volume.

PART III.

PAGE

The English Language, and the Family to which it belongs 193

The Periods of English 198

History of the Vocabulary 202

History of the Grammar 239

Specimens of English of Different Periods 250

Modern English 258

Landmarks in the History of the English Language 266

PART IV.

History of English Literature 271

Our Oldest English Literature 271

The Fourteenth Century 280

The Fifteenth Century 286

The Sixteenth Century 289

The Seventeenth Century 298

The First Half of the Eighteenth Century 311

The Second Half of the Eighteenth Century 323

The First Half of the Nineteenth Century 336

The Second Half of the Nineteenth Century 353

Tables of English Literature 367

Index 381

Publisher’s Advertising Ad 1