A BOOK OF DISCOVERY
Reading edition
THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S EXPLORATION, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE FINDING OF THE SOUTH POLE
By M. B. SYNGE, F.R.Hist.S.
AUTHOR OF "THE STORY OF THE WORLD" "A SHORT HISTORY OF SOCIAL LIFE IN ENGLAND" ETC.
FULLY ILLUSTRATED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES AND WITH MAPS
THE GOLDEN HIND (From the Chart of "Drake's Voyages")
LONDON: T. C. & E. C. JACK, LTD. 35 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C., & EDINBURGH
INTRODUCTION
"Hope went before them, and the world was wide."
Such was the spirit in which the exploration of the world was accomplished. It was the inspiration that carried men of old far beyond the sunrise into those magic and silent seas whereon no boat had ever sailed. It is the incentive of those to-day with the wander-thirst in their souls, who travel and suffer in the travelling, though there are fewer prizes left to win. But
"The reward is in the doing, And the rapture of pursuing Is the prize."
"To travel hopefully," says Stevenson, "is a better thing than to arrive." This would explain the fact that this Book of Discovery has become a record of splendid endurance, of hardships bravely borne, of silent toil, of courage and resolution unequalled in the annals of mankind, of self-sacrifice unrivalled and faithful lives laid ungrudgingly down. Of the many who went forth, the few only attained. It is of these few that this book tells.
"All these," says the poet in Ecclesiastes—"all these were honoured in their generation, and were the glory of their times ... their name liveth for evermore."
But while we read of those master-spirits who succeeded, let us never forget those who failed to achieve.
"Anybody might have found it, but the Whisper came to Me."
Enthusiasm too was the secret of their success. Among the best of crews there was always some one who would have turned back, but the world would never have been explored had it not been for those finer spirits who resolutely went on—even to the death.
This is what carried Alexander the Great to the "earth's utmost verge," that drew Columbus across the trackless Atlantic, that nerved Vasco da Gama to double the Stormy Cape, that induced Magellan to face the dreaded straits now called by his name, that made it possible for men to face without flinching the ice-bound regions of the far North.
"There is no land uninhabitable, nor sea unnavigable," asserted the men of the sixteenth century, when England set herself to take possession of her heritage in the North. Such an heroic temper could overcome all things. But the cost was great, the sufferings intense.
"Having eaten our shoes and saddles boiled with a few wild herbs, we set out to reach the kingdom of gold," says Orellana in 1540.
"We ate biscuit, but in truth it was biscuit no longer, but a powder full of worms,—so great was the want of food, that we were forced to eat the hides with which the mainyard was covered; but we had also to make use of sawdust for food, and rats became a great delicacy," related Magellan, as he led his little ship across the unknown Pacific.
Again, there is Franklin returning from the Arctic coast, and stilling the pangs of hunger with "pieces of singed hide mixed with lichen," varied with "the horns and bones of a dead deer fried with some old shoes."
The dangers of the way were manifold.
For the early explorers had no land map or ocean chart to guide them, there were no lighthouses to warn the strange mariner of dangerous coast and angry surf, no books of travel to relate the weird doings of fierce and inhospitable savages, no tinned foods to prevent the terrible scourge of sailors, scurvy. In their little wooden sailing ships the men of old faced every conceivable danger, and surmounted obstacles unknown to modern civilisation.
"Now strike your Sails ye jolly Mariners, For we be come into a quiet Rode."
For the most part we are struck with the light-heartedness of the olden sailor, the shout of gladness with which men went forth on these hazardous undertakings, knowing not how they would arrive, or what might befall them by the way, went forth in the smallest of wooden ships, with the most incompetent of crews, to face the dangers of unknown seas and unsuspected lands, to chance the angry storm and the hidden rock, to discover inhospitable shores and savage foes. Founded on bitter experience is the old saying—
"A Passage Perilous makyth a Port Pleasant."
For the early navigators knew little of the art of navigation.
Pytheas, who discovered the British Isles, was "a great mathematician." Diego Cam, who sailed to the mouth of the Congo, was "a knight of the King's household." Sir Hugh Willoughby, "a most valiant gentleman." Richard Chancellor, "a man of great estimation for many good parts of wit in him." Anthony Jenkinson, a "resolute and intelligent gentleman." Sir Walter Raleigh, an Elizabethan courtier, and so forth.
It has been obviously impossible to include all the famous names that belong to the history of exploration. Most of these explorers have been chosen for some definite new discovery, some addition to the world's geographical knowledge, or some great feat of endurance which may serve to brace us to fresh effort as a nation famous for our seamen. English navigators have been afforded the lion's share in the book, partly because they took the lion's share in exploring, partly because translations of foreign travel are difficult to transcribe. Most of these stories have been taken from original sources, and most of the explorers have been allowed to tell part of their own story in their own words.
Perhaps the most graphic of all explorations is that written by a native of West Australia, who accompanied an exploring party searching for an English lad named Smith, who had been starved to death.
"Away, away, away, away; we reach the water of Djunjup; we shoot game. Away, away, away through a forest away, through a forest away; we see no water. Through a forest away, along our tracks away; hills ascending, then pleasantly away, away, through a forest away. We see a water—along the river away—a short distance we go, then away, away, away through a forest away. Then along another river away, across the river away. Still we go onwards, along the sea away, through the bush away, then along the sea away. We sleep near the sea. I see Mr. Smith's footsteps ascending a sandhill; onwards I go regarding his footsteps. I see Mr. Smith dead. Two sleeps had he been dead; greatly did I weep, and much I grieved. In his blanket folding him, we scraped away the earth. The sun had inclined to the westward as we laid him in the ground."
The book is illustrated with reproductions from old maps—old primitive maps, with a real Adam and Eve standing in the Garden of Eden, with Pillars of Hercules guarding the Straits of Gibraltar, with Paradise in the east, a realistic Jerusalem in the centre, the island of Thule in the north, and St. Brandon's Isles of the Blest in the west.
Beautifully coloured were the maps of the Middle Ages, "joyous charts all glorious with gold and vermilion, compasses and crests and flying banners, with mountains of red and gold." The seas are full of ships—"brave beflagged vessels with swelling sails." The land is ablaze with kings and potentates on golden thrones under canopies of angels. While over all presides the Madonna in her golden chair.
The Hereford Mappa Mundi, drawn in the thirteenth century on a fine sheet of vellum, circular in form, is among the most interesting of the mediæval maps. It must once have been gorgeous, with its gold letters and scarlet towns, its green seas and its blue rivers. The Red Sea is still red, but the Mediterranean is chocolate brown, and all the green has disappeared. The mounted figure in the lower right-hand corner is probably the author, Richard de Haldingham. The map is surmounted by a representation of the Last Judgment, below which is Paradise as a circular island, with the four rivers and the figures of Adam and Eve. In the centre is Jerusalem. The world is divided into three—Asia, "Affrica," and Europe. Around this earth-island flows the ocean. America is, of course, absent; the East is placed at Paradise and the West at the Pillars of Hercules. North and South are left to the imagination.
And what of the famous map of Juan de la Cosa, once pilot to Columbus, drawn in the fifteenth century, with St. Christopher carrying the infant Christ across the water, supposed to be a portrait of Christopher Columbus carrying the gospel to America? It is the first map in which a dim outline appears of the New World.
The early maps of "Apphrica" are filled with camels and unicorns, lions and tigers, veiled figures and the turrets and spires of strange buildings—
"Geographers in Afric maps With savage pictures fill their gaps."
"Surely," says a modern writer,—"surely the old cartographer was less concerned to fill his gaps than to express the poetry of geography."
And to-day, there are still gaps in the most modern maps of Africa, where one-eleventh of the whole area remains unexplored. Further, in Asia the problem of the Brahmaputra Falls is yet unsolved; there are shores untrodden and rivers unsurveyed.
"God hath given us some things, and not all things, that our successors also might have somewhat to do," wrote Barents in the sixteenth century. There may not be much left, but with the words of Kipling's Explorer we may fitly conclude—
"Something hidden. Go and find it. Go and look behind the Ranges— Something lost behind the Ranges. Lost and waiting for you. Go!"
Thanks are due to Mr. S. G. Stubbs for valuable assistance in the selection and preparation of the illustrations, which, with few exceptions, have been executed under his directions.
CONTENTS
CHAP.
I. A LITTLE OLD WORLD
II. EARLY MARINERS
III. IS THE WORLD FLAT?
IV. HERODOTUS—THE TRAVELLER
V. ALEXANDER THE GREAT EXPLORES INDIA
VI. PYTHEAS FINDS THE BRITISH ISLES
VII. JULIUS CÆSAR AS EXPLORER
VIII. STRABO'S GEOGRAPHY
IX. THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND PLINY
X. PTOLEMY'S MAPS
XI. PILGRIM TRAVELLERS
XII. IRISH EXPLORERS
XIII. AFTER MOHAMMED
XIV. THE VIKINGS SAIL THE NORTHERN SEAS
XV. ARAB WAYFARERS
XVI. TRAVELLERS TO THE EAST
XVII. MARCO POLO
XVIII. THE END OF MEDIÆVAL EXPLORATION
XIX. MEDIÆVAL MAPS
XX. PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL
XXI. BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE
XXII. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
XXIII. A GREAT NEW WORLD
XXIV. VASCO DA GAMA REACHES INDIA
XXV. DISCOVERY OF THE SPICE ISLANDS
XXVI. BALBOA SEES THE PACIFIC OCEAN
XXVII. MAGELLAN SAILS ROUND THE WORLD
XXVIII. CORTES EXPLORES AND CONQUERS MEXICO
XXIX. EXPLORERS IN SOUTH AMERICA
XXX. CABOT SAILS TO NEWFOUNDLAND
XXXI. JACQUES CARTIER EXPLORES CANADA
XXXII. SEARCH FOR A NORTH-EAST PASSAGE
XXXIII. MARTIN FROBISHER SEARCHES FOR A NORTH-WEST PASSAGE
XXXIV. DRAKE'S FAMOUS VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD
XXXV. DAVIS STRAIT
XXXVI. BARENTS SAILS TO SPITZBERGEN
XXXVII. HUDSON FINDS HIS BAY
XXXVIII. BAFFIN FINDS HIS BAY
XXXIX. SIR WALTER RALEIGH SEARCHES FOR EL DORADO
XL. CHAMPLAIN DISCOVERS LAKE ONTARIO
XLI. EARLY DISCOVERERS OF AUSTRALIA
XLII. TASMAN FINDS TASMANIA
XLIII. DAMPIER DISCOVERS HIS STRAIT
XLIV. BEHRING FINDS HIS STRAIT
XLV. COOK DISCOVERS NEW ZEALAND
XLVI. COOK'S THIRD VOYAGE AND DEATH
XLVII. BRUCE'S TRAVELS IN ABYSSINIA
XLVIII. MUNGO PARK AND THE NIGER
XLIX. VANCOUVER DISCOVERS HIS ISLAND
L. MACKENZIE AND HIS RIVER
LI. PARRY DISCOVERS LANCASTER SOUND
LII. THE FROZEN NORTH
LIII. FRANKLIN'S LAND JOURNEY TO THE NORTH
LIV. PARRY'S POLAR VOYAGE
LV. THE SEARCH FOR TIMBUKTU
LVI. RICHARD AND JOHN LANDER DISCOVER THE MOUTH OF THE NIGER
LVII. ROSS DISCOVERS THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE
LVIII. FLINDERS NAMES AUSTRALIA
LIX. STURT'S DISCOVERIES IN AUSTRALIA
LX. ROSS MAKES DISCOVERIES IN THE ANTARCTIC SEAS
LXI. FRANKLIN DISCOVERS THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE
LXII. DAVID LIVINGSTONE
LXIII. BURTON AND SPEKE IN CENTRAL AFRICA
LXIV. LIVINGSTONE TRACES LAKE SHIRWA AND NYASSA
LXV. EXPEDITION TO VICTORIA NYANZA
LXVI. BAKER FINDS ALBERT NYANZA
LXVII. LIVINGSTONE'S LAST JOURNEY
LXVIII. THROUGH THE DARK CONTINENT
LXIX. NORDENSKIÖLD ACCOMPLISHES THE NORTH-EAST PASSAGE
LXX. THE EXPLORATION OF TIBET
LXXI. NANSEN REACHES FARTHEST NORTH
LXXII. PEARY REACHES THE NORTH POLE
LXXIII. THE QUEST FOR THE SOUTH POLE
DATES OF CHIEF EVENTS
INDEX
COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS
Ptolemy's Map of the World about A.D. 150
Taken from the first printed edition of 1472 and the Rome edition of 1508.
The Polos leaving Venice for their Travels to the Far East
From a Miniature at the head of a late 14th century MS. of the Travels of Marco Polo, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
The Hereford Mappa Mundi of 1280
The original, made by RICHARD DE HALDINGHAM, Prebendary of Hereford, hangs in the Chapter House Library, Hereford Cathedral.
Map of the World drawn in 1500, the first to show America
By JUAN DE LA COSA.
The Dauphin Map of the World
Made by PIERRE DESCELLIERS 1546, by order of Francis I. for the Dauphin (Henri II.) of France.
Barents's Ship among the Arctic Ice
From a coloured woodcut in Barents's Three Voyages (De Veer), published in 1598.
Ross's Winter Quarters in Felix Harbour
The First Communication With Eskimos at Boothia Felix, 1830
From Drawings by ROSS in the Narrative of his Expedition to the North Magnetic Pole, A Second Voyage in Search of a North-West Passage, 1829-33.
Shackleton's Ship, the Nimrod, among the Ice in McMurdo Sound
From The Heart of the Antarctic (published by Heinemann), by kind permission of Sir ERNEST SHACKLETON.
BLACK & WHITE ILLUSTRATIONS
The Unrolling of the Clouds: the World as known at the time of Homer
The Unrolling of the Clouds: the World as known at the time of Ptolemy
The Unrolling of the Clouds: the World as known at the end of the 13th century
The Best Portrait of Columbus
From the original Painting by an unknown artist in the Naval Museum, Madrid.
The Unrolling of the Clouds: the World as known at the time of Columbus
Amerigo Vespucci
From the Sculpture by GRAZZINI at the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Ferdinand Magellan, the first Circumnavigator
From the Engraving by FERDINAND SELMA.
Sir Francis Drake, the first Englishman to sail round the World
After the Engraving attributed to HONDIUS.
The Unrolling of the Clouds: the World as known at the time of Drake
Karakakova Bay, where Captain Cook was murdered
From the Engraving in the Atlas to COOK'S Voyages.
The Unrolling of the Clouds: the World as known at the time of Cook
Mungo Park
From the Engraving in PARK'S Travels into the Interior of Africa, 1799. [Transcriber's note: This illustration has been lost.]
Search for a North-West Passage: Parry's Ships cutting through the Ice into Winter Harbour, 1819
From a Drawing by WILLIAM WESTALL, A.R.A., of a Sketch by Lieut. BEECHEY, a member of the expedition. From PARRY'S Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of the North-West Passage.
Lhasa and the Potala
From a Photograph by a member of Younghusband's Expedition to Thibet.
At the North Pole
From the Photograph in Admiral PEARY'S book The North Pole.
Captain Roald Amundsen taking Sights at the South Pole
From a Photograph.
Acknowledgment is due to the courtesy of Mr. John Murray and the Illustrated London News for the photograph taken at the South Pole; to Admiral Peary for that taken at the North Pole; and to Sir Ernest Shackleton and Mr. Heinemann for the colour-plate of the Nimrod. Permissions have also been granted by Mr. John Murray (for illustrations from Livingstone's books and Admiral McClintock's Voyage of the Fox); by Messrs. Macmillan (for the colour-plate of the Polos leaving Venice, from the Bodleian); and by Messrs. Sampson, Low, Marston, & Co. (for illustrations from Sir H. M. Stanley's books).
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
The Garden of Eden with its Four Rivers
From the Hereford Map of the World.
Babylonian Map of the World on Clay
In the British Museum.
The oldest known Ships: between 6000 and 5000 B.C.
From a pre-Egyptian Vase-painting.
Egyptian Ship of the Expedition to Punt, about 1600 B.C.
From a Rock-carving at Der el Bahari.
The Ark on Ararat, and the Cities of Nineveh and Babylon
From LEONARDO DATI'S Map of 1422.
A Phoenician Ship, about 700 B.C.
From a Bas-relief at Nineveh.
Map of the Voyage of the Argonauts
The Pillars of Hercules, as shown in a Mediæval Map
HIGDEN'S Map of the World. 1360 A.D.
The Pillars of Hercules, as shown in the Anglo-Saxon Map of the World, 10th century
A Greek Galley, about 500 B.C.
From a Vase-painting.
Jerusalem, the Centre of the World
From the Hereford Map of the World, 13th century.
A Merchant-Ship of Athens, about 500 B.C.
From a Vase-painting.
The Coast of Africa, after Ptolemy (Mercator's Edition), showing Hanno's Voyage
A Sketch Map of Alexander's Chief Exploratory Marches from Athens to Hyderabad and Gaza
Alexandria in Pizzigani's Map, 14th century
North Britain and the Island of Thule
From MERCATOR'S edition of Ptolemy's Map.
A Portion of an old Roman Map of the World, showing the roads through the Empire
From the Peutinger Table.
The World-Island according to Strabo, 18 A.D.
Hull of a Roman Merchant-Ship
From a Roman model at Greenwich.
A Roman Galley, about 110 A.D.
From Trajan's Column at Rome.
The First Stages of a Mediæval Pilgrimage, London to Dover
From MATTHEW OF PARIS'S Itinerary, 13th century.
Jerusalem and the East
From MATTHEW OF PARIS'S Itinerary, 13th century.
Ireland and St. Brandon's Isle
From the Catalan Map, 1375.
The Mysterious Isle of St. Brandon
From MARTIN BEHAIM'S Map, 1492.
The World-Map of Cosmas, 6th century
The oldest Christian Map.
The Mountain of Cosmas
A Viking Ship
From Professor MONTELIUS'S book on Scandinavian archæology.
A Khalif on his Throne
From the Ancona Map, 1497.
A Chinese Emperor giving Audience, 9th century
From an old Chinese MS. at Paris.
The Scene of Sindbad's Voyages
From EDRISI'S Map, 1154.
Sindbad's Giant Roc
From an Oriental Miniature Painting.
Jerusalem and the Pilgrims' Ways to it, 12th century
From a Map of the 12th century at Brussels.
Two Emperors of Tartary
From the Catalan Map, 1375.
A Tartar Camp
From the Borgian Map, 1453.
Initial Letter from the MS. of Rubruquis at Cambridge
How the Brothers Polo set out from Constantinople with their nephew Marco for China
From a Miniature Painting in 14th century Livre des Merveilles.
Marco Polo lands at Ormuz
From a Miniature in the Livre des Merveilles.
Kublai Khan
From an old Chinese Encyclopædia at Paris.
Marco Polo
From a Woodcut in the first printed edition of MARCO POLO'S Travels, 1477.
A Japanese Fight against the Chinese at the time when Marco Polo first saw the Japanese
From an ancient Japanese Painting.
Sir John Mandeville on his Travels
From a MS. in the British Museum.
An Emperor of Tartary
From the Map ascribed to SEBASTIAN CABOT, 1544.
A Caravan in Cathay
From the Catalan Map, 1375.
The Turin Map of the World, 8th century
A T-map, 10th century
A T-map, 13th century
The Kaiser holding the World
From a 12th-century MS.
The "Anglo-Saxon" Map of the World, drawn about 990 A.D.
From the Cotton MSS. in the British Museum.
Africa—from Ceuta to Madeira
From FRA MAURO'S Map, 1457.
The Voyage to Cape Blanco from Cape Bojador
From FRA MAURO'S Map, 1457.
A Portion of Africa illustrating Cadamosto's Voyage beyond Cape Blanco
From FRA MAURO'S Map, 1457.
Sketch of Africa
From FRA MAURO'S Map of the World, 1457.
Negro Boys
From CABOT'S Map, 1544.
The West Coast of Africa
From MARTIN BEHAIM'S Map, 1492.
The Parting of Columbus with Ferdinand and Isabella, 3rd August 1492
From DE BRY'S account of the Voyages to India, 1601.
Columbus's Ship, the Santa Maria
From a Woodcut of 1493, supposed to be after a Drawing by COLUMBUS.
Columbus landing on Hispaniola
From a Woodcut of 1494.
The first Representation of the People of the New World
From a Woodcut published at Augsburg between 1497 and 1504.
The Town of Isabella and the Colony founded by Columbus
From a Woodcut of 1494.
Vasco da Gama
From a contemporary Portrait.
Africa as it was known after da Gama's Expeditions
From JUAN DE LA COSA'S Map of 1500.
Calicut and the Southern Indian Coast
From JUAN DE LA COSA'S Map, 1500.
The Malabar Coast
From FRA MAURO'S Map.
A Ship of Albuquerque's Fleet
From a very fine Woodcut in the British Museum.
A Ship of Java and the China Seas in the 16th century
From LINSCHOTEN'S Navigatio ac Itinerarium, 1598.
One of the first Maps of the Pacific
From DIEGO RIBERO'S Map, 1529.
Magellan's Fleet
From MERCATOR'S Mappe Monde, 1569.
A Ship of the 16th century
From AMORETTI'S translation of Magellan's Voyage round the World.
"Hondius his Map of the Magellan Streight"
From a Map by JODOCUS HONDIUS, about 1590.
The first Ship that sailed round the World
Magellan's Victoria, from HULSIUS'S Collection of Voyages, 1602.
Hernando Cortes, Conqueror of Mexico
After the original Portrait at Mexico.
The Battles of the Spaniards in Mexico
From an ancient Aztec Drawing.
Pizarro
From the Portrait at Cuzco.
Peru and South America
From the Map of the World, 1544, usually ascribed to SEBASTIAN CABOT.
Peruvian Warriors of the Inca Period
From an ancient Peruvian Painting.
Part of North America, showing Sebastian Cabot's Voyage to Newfoundland
From the Map of 1544, usually ascribed to CABOT.
Jacques Cartier
From an old Pen-drawing at the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
Canada and the River St. Lawrence, showing Quebec
From LESCARBOT'S Histoire de la Nouvelle France, 1609.
New France, showing Newfoundland, Labrador, and the St. Lawrence
From JOCOMO DI GASTALDI'S Map, about 1550.
Ivan Vasiliwich, King of Muscovie
From an old Woodcut.
Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, Muscovy, and Tartary
Published in 1562.
Greenlanders as seen by Martin Frobisher
From Captain BESTE'S Account of Frobisher's Voyages, 1578.
Sir Francis Drake
From HOLLAND'S Heroologia, 1620.
The Silver Map of the World
From Medallion in British Museum.
The Silver Map of the World
From Medallion in British Museum.
The Golden Hind at New Albion
From the Chart of Drake's Voyages.
The Golden Hind at Java
From the Chart of Drake's Voyages.
An Eskimo
From a Water-colour Drawing by JOHN WHITE, about 1585.
A Ship of the late 16th century
From Ortelius, 1598.
Nova Zembla and the Arctic Regions
From a Map in DE BRY'S Grands Voyages, 1598.
Barents in the Arctic—"Hut wherein we wintered"
From DE VEER'S Account of the Voyages of Barents, 1598.
Hudson's Map of his Voyages in the Arctic
From his Book published in 1612.
A Ship of Hudson's Fleet
From his Voyages, 1612.
Baffin's Map of his Voyages to the North
From original MS., drawn by BAFFIN, in the British Museum.
Sir Walter Raleigh
Raleigh's Map of Guinea, El Dorado, and the Orinoco Coast
From the original Map, drawn by RALEIGH, in British Museum.
The first Settlement at Quebec
From CHAMPLAIN'S Voyages, 1613.
The Defeat of the Iroquois by Champlain
From a Drawing in CHAMPLAIN'S Voyages, 1613.
An early Map of "Terra Australis" called "Java la Grande"
From the "Dauphin" Map of 1546.
The Wreck of Captain Pelsart's Ship, the Batavia, on the Coast of New Holland
From the Dutch account of PELSART'S Voyages, 1647.
Van Diemen's Land and two of Tasman's Ships
From the Map drawn by TASMAN in his "Journal."
Dampier's Ship, the Cygnet
From a Drawing in the Dutch edition of his Voyage Round the World, 1698.
Dampier's Strait and the Island of New Britain
From a Map in DAMPIER'S Voyages, 1697.
Chart of Behring's Voyage from Kamtchatka to North America
From a Chart drawn in 1741 by Lieut. WAXELL.
The Island of Otaheite, or St. George
From a Painting by WILLIAM HODGES.
A Maori Fort on the Coast between Poverty Bay and Cape Turnagain
From an Engraving in the Atlas to COOK'S first Voyage.
Captain Cook's Vessel beached at the Entrance of Endeavour River
From an Engraving in the Atlas to COOK'S first Voyage.
Captain James Cook
From the Painting by DANCE in the Gallery of Greenwich Hospital.
Port Jackson and Sydney Cove
From the Atlas to the Voyage de l'Astrolabe.
A Nile Boat, or Canja
From BRUCE'S Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile.
An Arab Sheikh
From BRUCE'S Travels.
The Camp of Ali, the Mohammedan Chief, at Benown
From a Sketch by MUNGO PARK.
Kamalia, a Native Village near the Southern Course of the Niger
From a Sketch by MUNGO PARK.
A Native Woman washing Gold in Senegal
From a Sketch by MUNGO PARK, made on his last expedition.
Vancouver's Ship, the Discovery, on the Rocks in Queen Charlotte's Sound
From a Drawing in VANCOUVER'S Voyage, 1798.
Parry's Ships, the Hecla and Griper, in Winter Harbour
From a Drawing in PARRY'S Voyage for the North-West Passage, 1821.
The North Shore of Lancaster Sound
From a Drawing in PARRY'S Voyage for the North-West Passage, 1821.
A Winter View of Fort Enterprise
From a Drawing, by WILLIAM BACK, in Franklin's Journey to the Polar Sea, 1823.
Franklin's Expedition to the Polar Sea on the Ice
From a Drawing, by WILLIAM BACK, in Franklin's Journey to the Polar Sea, 1823.
An Eskimo watching a Seal Hole
From a Drawing in PARRY'S Second Voyage for a North-West Passage, 1824.
Fort Franklin, on the Great Bear Lake, in the Winter
From a Drawing in FRANKLIN'S Second Expedition to the Polar Sea, 1828.
Franklin's Expedition crossing Back's Inlet
From a Drawing, by Lieut. BACK, in Franklin's Second Expedition to the Polar Sea, 1828.
The Boats of Parry's Expedition hauled up on the Ice for the Night
From a Drawing in PARRY'S Attempt to Reach the North Pole, 1828.
Major Denham and his Party received by the Sheikh of Bornu
From a Drawing by Major DENHAM.
The first European Picture of Timbuktu
From a Drawing in CAILLÉ'S Tomboctou, 1829.
Richard and John Lander paddling down the Niger
From a Drawing in the account of LANDER'S Travels, 1835.
The Rosses on their Journey to the North Magnetic Pole
From a Drawing in ROSS'S Second Voyage for a North-West Passage, 1835.
"Somerset House," Ross's Winter Quarters on Fury Beach
From a Drawing in ROSS'S Second Voyage for a North-West Passage, 1835.
Matthew Flinders
Cape Catastrophe
From FLINDERS' Voyages.
The Huts of the Crew of the Porpoise on the Sandbank, Wreck Reef
From FLINDERS' Voyages.
Captain Sturt at the Junction of the Rivers Darling and Murray
From the Narrative of Sturt's Expedition.
The Burke and Wills Expedition leaving Melbourne, 1860
From a Drawing by WILLIAM STRUTT, an acquaintance of Burke.
Burke and Wills at Cooper's Creek
From a Woodcut in a contemporary Australian account of the expedition.
Part of the Great Southern Ice Barrier
From ROSS'S Voyage in the Antarctic Regions.
Eskimos at Cape York watching the approach of the Fox
From McCLINTOCK'S Voyage in Search of Franklin.
The Three Graves on Beechey Island
From McCLINTOCK'S Voyage in Search of Franklin.
Exploring Parties starting from the Fox
From McCLINTOCK'S Voyage in Search of Franklin.
Livingstone, with his Wife and Family, at the Discovery of Lake Ngami
From LIVINGSTONE'S Missionary Travels.
The "Smoke" of the Zambesi (Victoria) Falls
After a Drawing in LIVINGSTONE'S Missionary Travels.
Burton in a Dug-out on Lake Tanganyika
After a Drawing by BURTON.
Burton and his Companions on the march to Victoria Nyanza
From a Humorous Sketch by BURTON.
The Ma-Robert on the Zambesi
After a Drawing in LIVINGSTONE'S Expedition to the Zambesi.
M'tesa, King of Uganda
From SPEKE'S Journey to Discover the Source of the Nile.
The Ripon Falls on the Victoria Nyanza
From SPEKE'S Journey to Discover the Source of the Nile.
Captains Speke and Grant
Baker and his Wife crossing the Nubian Desert
From BAKER'S Travels.
Baker's Boat in a Storm on Lake Albert Nyanza
From BAKER'S Albert Nyanza.
The Discovery of Lake Bangweolo, 1868
From LIVINGSTONE'S Last Journals, by permission of Mr. John Murray.
Livingstone at Work on his Journal
From a Sketch by H. M. STANLEY.
Livingstone entering the Hut at Ilala on the Night that he Died
From LIVINGSTONE'S Last Journals, by permission of Mr. John Murray.
The last Entries in Livingstone's Diary
Susi, Livingstone's Servant
From a Sketch by H. M. STANLEY.
Stanley and his Men marching through Unyoro
From a Sketch, by STANLEY, in Through the Dark Continent.
"Towards the Unknown": Stanley's Canoes starting from Vinya Njara
From Through the Dark Continent.
The Seventh Cataract—Stanley Falls
From Through the Dark Continent.
The Fight below the Confluence of the Aruwimi and Livingstone Rivers
From a Sketch, by STANLEY, in Through the Dark Continent.
Nordenskiöld's Ship, the Vega, saluting Cape Chelyuskin
From a Drawing in HOVGAARD'S Nordenskiöld's Voyage.
Menka, Chief of the Chukches
The Vega frozen in for the Winter
From a Drawing in HOVGAARD'S Nordenskiöld's Voyage.
The Potala at Lhasa
From KIRCHER'S China Illustrata.
Dr. Nansen
After a Photograph.
The Ship that went Farthest North: the Fram
From a Photograph.