INDEX
Reading edition
Abdera
107, 119.
See Atomists.
Abelard
life of, 363;
his conceptualism, 364;
his rationalism, 365–367.
Academy, the
what it was, 124;
after the death of Plato, 166;
and Aristotle, 169–171;
Older, Middle, and New, 220, 221;
the skepticism of, 266–268;
eclecticism in, 270.
Adams, G. B.
Civilization during the Middle Ages, 374 n.
Adamson, Robert
The Development of Greek Philosophy quoted, 255.
Ænesidemus
Skeptic, 268.
Agrippa
Skeptic, 268, 269.
Albertus Magnus
See Bollstaedt.
Alcidamus
Sophist, 68.
Alcuin
349, 350.
Alexander of Hales
379.
Alexandria
a centre of Hellenism, 215;
in the Middle Ages, 282.
Alexandrian School of neo-Platonism
290–298.
Ammonius Saccas
290, 314.
Anamnesis
147–149.
Anaxagoras
his life, 43;
his philosophy, 45–47.
Anaximander
24, 25.
Anaximenes
25.
Ancient Philosophy
length of, 1;
underlying character of, 2;
divisions of, 4, 5;
literary sources of, 6.
Animism
19.
Anselm
life and position in mediæval philosophy, 359–361;
his arguments for the existence of God, 361;
on reason and dogma, 365.
Anthropological period of Greek philosophy
12, 13;
discussion of, 55–97;
historical summary of, 55.
Anthropologists
103.
Anthropology
defined, 13.
Antiochus of Ascalon
270, 271.
Antisthenes
founder of the Cynic school, 93, 95.
Apathy
Stoic, 251.
Apollonius
neo-Pythagorean, 285.
Apologists, the
307–309.
Aquinas, Thomas
on the problem of reason and faith, 369, 377;
the predecessors of, 379, 380;
life of (founder of the Dominican tradition), 380, 381;
the central principle of his doctrine, 381–383;
the problem of individuality according to, 383–385;
on the will and the intellect, 385, 386.
Arabian
schools, 371, 372;
translations of Greek works, 372, 373.
Arcesilaus
267.
ἀρετή
meaning of, 84.
Aristippus
founder of the Cyrenaic school, 93, 96;
and Epicurus, 229, 230.
Aristophanes
opposed the Sophists, 74.
Aristotle
his place in Greek history, 98–100, 103;
conceptualist, 104;
advanced age at which he finished his education, 125;
in the Academy and Lyceum, 166–168;
chronological sketch of his life, 168, 169;
his biography in detail, 169–173;
the writings of, 173–176;
his starting-point, 176, 177;
the fundamental principle in his philosophy, 177–180;
his logic, 180–185;
his metaphysics, 185–194;
development is purposeful, 185–187;
his two different conceptions of purpose, 187–190;
his conception of God, 190, 191;
his conception of matter, 191, 192;
his conception of nature, 192–194;
his theory of physics, 194–196;
his psychology, 196–199;
his ethics, 199–202;
his political philosophy, 202, 203;
in the Middle Ages, 332, 363, 368, 369;
Arabic versions of his works, 372, 373;
works of, introduced into Western Europe, 375–378;
the strength and burden of, to the church, 378, 379;
and Thomas Aquinas, 380, 381.
Arnold, Matthew
43 n.
Astronomy
of the Pythagoreans, 49–52, 53;
Ptolemaic, 322–325.
Ataraxia
of Epicurus, 231, 233;
of the Skeptics, 266.
Athenian school of neo-Platonism
290, 299–301.
Athens
rise of, 57, 58;
and Socrates, 91;
and Abdera, 119;
a centre of Hellenism, 213–215.
Atomism of Epicurus, the
238–240.
Atomistic school, the
107.
Atomists, the
philosophy of, 47, 48.
Atoms of Democritus, the
109–114, 116, 117.
Augustine
the historical position of, 306, 318, 335–338;
the life of, 339, 340;
the two elements in his teaching, 340, 341;
the neo-Platonic element: the inner certainties of consciousness, 341–345;
the authority of the church according to, 345–347.
Aurelius, Marcus
243, 246.
Bacon, Francis
Essay on Love, 153 n.
Bacon, Roger
387 n.
Bardesanes
Gnostic, 310.
Basilides
Gnostic, 310.
Becoming
word how used, 22;
in Heracleitus’s doctrine, 29;
according to Plato, 133, 136, 139.
Being
word how used, 22;
in Parmenides’ doctrine, 33–35;
Pythagorean conception of, 49–51;
aspects under which it was conceived of, in Greek philosophy, 103, 104;
according to Plato, 133, 136, 139.
Benedictine Age, the
350.
Berengar of Tours
359.
Boëthius
300.
Bollstaedt, Albert
377, 379.
Bologna
University of, 377.
Burnet, John
Early Greek Philosophers cited, 17 n.
Bury, J. B.
History of Greece cited, 12 n.;
quoted, 16.
Carneades
267.
Carpocrates
Gnostic, 310.
Carthage
15, 16.
Catechists
the School of, 314–318.
Catholic theologians
the old, 312–314.
Cause
teleological, final, mechanical, and efficient, 105 n.
See Final cause, Efficient cause.
Causes
Aristotle’s, 187.
Change
Heracleitus’s doctrine of, 28, 29;
has no existence in Parmenides’ philosophy, 34, 35;
as conceived by the Pluralists, 40.
Charlemagne
the revival of, 349, 350.
Christianity
and neo-Platonism, difference in their conception of inspiration, 276, 277;
rise of, 279, 280;
summary of its history, 281;
and neo-Platonism, 288–290;
the Hellenizing of, 302–318;
the early situation of, 302–305;
the philosophies influencing, 305, 306;
early, the periods of, 306, 307;
the Apologists, 307–309;
the Gnostics, 310–312;
the reaction against Gnosticism (the old Catholic theologians), 312–314;
Origen and the School of Catechists, 314–318;
and Mohammedanism, 371–375.
Chrysippus
242, 244, 245.
Church
authority of, according to Augustine, 345–347;
strength and burden of Aristotle to, 378, 379;
and state, Aquinas’s and Dante’s views of, 382.
Cicero
on Aristotle, 167;
his work, 271, 272.
Civilizations
Christian and Mohammedan, 369–372;
the first contact of, 372, 373;
the conflict between, 374, 375.
Classic Scholasticism
period of, 333, 368–394.
Cleanthes
242, 244–246.
Clement
314.
Conception
and perception, 83 n.;
importance of, to Socrates, 83;
according to Plato, 134, 135;
in Aristotle, 177–179.
Conceptualism
of Aristotle, 104;
in the Middle Ages, 358, 364, 365.
Consciousness
formulation of the psychological conception of, 294;
the inner certainties of, according to Augustine, 341–345.
Constantinople
an intellectual centre, 372 n.
Cosmas map, the
335.
Cosmological period of Greek philosophy
12, 13;
treated, 15–54.
Cosmologist
characteristics of the, 18–20;
table of, 20;
their philosophical question, 20, 21;
where they lived, 21;
results of their philosophy, 53, 54.
Cosmology
defined, 13.
Crates of Thebes
95.
Critical attitude of mind
among the Greeks, 61–64;
of Socrates, 80.
Crusades, the
374, 375.
Cusanus, Nicolas
394.
Cynic school, the
93–97.
Cynics and Stoics
246, 247.
Cyrenaic school, the
93–97.
Cyrenaics
their teaching, and Epicureanism, 229, 230.
Dante
on Aristotle, 167;
used Ptolemaic conception of the universe, 324, 325;
diagram of his poetic conception of the universe, 376;
his view of the state and the church, 382 n.;
placed the intellectual virtues above the practical, 383 n.
Dark Ages, the
347–349.
Deduction
182.
Definition
Socrates one of the first to use it correctly, 92.
Democritus
his place in Greek history, 98–100, 103;
and Plato, their similarities and differences, 104–106;
life of, 106–108;
comprehensiveness of his aim, 108;
the enriched physics of, 109–111;
the materialistic psychology of, 111–114;
his theory of knowledge, 114–116;
the ethical theory of, 116–118;
a wide traveler, 123;
advanced age at which he finished his education, 125.
Development
according to Aristotle, 178, 179, 185–187.
De Wulf
History of Mediæval Philosophy, 336 n., 384.
Dialectic
defined, 60, 131.
Dill, Samuel
Roman Society cited, 274 n.
Diogenes
95.
Dionysiodorus
68.
Dogma
See Reason.
Dominican tradition
Thomas Aquinas the founder of, 380, 381;
intellectualism the central principle in, 385.
Doxography
6.
Drama
the Greek, 60, 61.
Dualism
defined, 51 n.;
the Pythagorean, 51, 52;
of the Systematic period of Greek philosophy, 102, 103.
Dynamic pantheism of Plotinus
293.
Eckhart
369, 386.
Eclectic Platonists, the
285.
Eclecticism
264, 265, 269–272.
Efficient cause
introduction of conception of, by the Pluralists, 41;
defined, 105 n.;
Aristotle’s conception of, 187.
Elean-Eretrian school, the
93.
Eleatic school
and Milesian school, Xenophanes the connecting link between, 26;
lives of Parmenides and Zeno, 32, 35;
teaching of, compared with that of the Milesians and Heracleitus, 22 f.;
the philosophy of, 33–37;
and Heracleitus, results of the conflict between, 37, 38.
Element, the
as conceived by the Pluralists, 40, 41.
Eleusinian
See Mysteries.
Emanations
the world of, according to Plotinus, 294–297.
Emerson, R. W.
Essay on Love, 153 n.;
Initial, Dæmonic, and Celestial Love, 153 n.
Emerton, Ephraim
Mediæval Europe, 374 n.
Empedocles
his conception of change, 40;
his conception of the element, 40;
his doctrine of the efficient cause, 41;
his life, 43;
the philosophy of, 44, 45.
Empiricism
104 n.
End
defined, 105 n.
Entelechy
186.
Epic, Greek
importance of the, 8–10.
Epictetus
243, 246.
Epicureanism
one of the New Schools, 222–225;
and Stoicism, summary of agreements and differences, 225, 226;
and the teaching of Aristippus, 229;
ideal of, 230–233;
the place of virtue in, 233;
the Wise Man of, 234–236.
See Epicurus.
Epicureans, the
228.
Epicurus
life of, 227, 228;
and Aristippus, 229;
his ideal, 230–233;
his conception of the physical world, 238–240.
See Epicureanism.
Epistemology
Democritus’ contribution to, 114–116.
Erigena, John Scotus
349, 350;
life and teaching of, 350–352;
the Greek principle which he formulated for the Middle Ages, 352, 353.
Eristic
defined, 60.
Ethical period of the Hellenic-Roman period
208;
general characteristics of, 215–218.
Ethics
tendency toward, among early Greeks, 11, 12;
of the Sophists, 71–73;
of Democritus, 116–118;
Plato’s theory of, 153–158;
of Aristotle, 199–202;
of Plotinus, 297, 298.
Eucken, Rudolf
Problem of Human Life, 336 n.
Euclid
founder of the school at Megara, 93.
Eudæmonism
87.
Euhemerism
96.
Eusebius
on Aristotle, 167.
Euthydemus
68.
Evil
the problem of, according to Stoicism, 260, 261.
Fairbanks, Arthur
First Philosophers of Greece, 6 n.
Falckenberg, Richard
History of Modern Philosophy, 3 n.
Final cause
defined, 105 n.;
according to Aristotle, 187.
Fire
Heracleitus’s doctrine of, 30–32.
Form and Matter
in Aristotle, 186–192, 197–199;
in Thomas Aquinas, 384.
Formal cause
187.
Franciscan tradition, the
385–387.
Freedom
the problem of, according to Epicurus, 240;
according to Stoicism, 260, 261;
according to Origen, 316, 317;
according to Augustine, 345;
according to Duns Scotus, 389.
Gerbert
350.
Glaber
quoted, 354.
Gnomic poets
Greek, 10–12.
Gnosticism
310–312;
the reaction against, 312–314.
God
Plato’s conception of, 141, 142;
Aristotle’s conception of, 190, 191;
His will and His intellect, 386, 388, 389.
Goethe
quoted, 129, 167.
Good
Plato’s Idea of the, 140–142, 144;
Plato’s theory of the, development of, 153, 154;
the, of the Stoics, 250, 251.
Gorgias
66, 67;
the nihilism of, 70, 71.
Gospel
the Hellenizing of, 302–318.
See Christianity.
Greece
after the Persian Wars, 57–64.
Greek Enlightenment, the
58–64, 82.
Greek-Jewish philosophy of Philo
281–284;
and neo-Platonism, 288.
Greek nation
the fall of, and the persistence of its civilization, 204–208.
Greek national spirit
waning of, 98.
Greek philosophy
three periods of, 12–14;
summary of, 102, 103.
Greek thought
was objective, 2, 100, 101.
Greeks, early
geographical environment of, 7;
political environment of, 8, 9, 15, 16;
native tendencies of, 9–12;
perils to, in the new religion, 16–18;
monistic philosophies, 22 f.
Grote, George
History of Greece, 61 n.;
Plato, 267 n.
Happiness
according to Socrates, 86;
according to the Cynics and the Cyrenaics, 94–97;
according to Democritus, 117, 118;
according to Aristotle, 200;
according to Epicurus, 233–238.
Harnack, Adolf
Outlines of the History of Dogma quoted, 308, 336, 344, 354;
cited, 315 n., 345 n.
Hatch, Edwin
Hibbert Lectures quoted, 305.
Hedonism
and eudæmonism, 87;
some types of, 228, 229.
Hellenic-Roman period
204–318;
its time length, 204;
the fall of the Greek nation and the persistence of its civilization, 204–208;
the two parts of, 208, 209;
the undercurrent of skepticism in, 209–211;
the fundamental problem of, 211–213.
Hellenism
205–208;
the centres of, 213–215.
Hellenizing of the Gospel
302–318.
Heracleitus
life, 28;
his teaching compared with that of the Milesians and Eleatics, 22, 23;
his philosophy, 28–31;
and Parmenides, results of the conflict between, 37, 38;
practical philosophy of, 31.
Hesiod
11.
Hicks, R. D.
Stoic and Epicurean, 227 n.;
cited, 267 n.
Hipparchia
95.
Hippias
66, 68.
Hippodamus
68.
Hippolytus
313.
Homoiomeriai
46.
Human nature
value set upon, by Socrates, 81.
Hylozoism
defined, 19;
and Pluralism, 41;
the breaking up of pre-Socratic, 47;
becomes materialism with Democritus, 109–111.
Hylozoists
the Cosmologists were, 19.
Hypatia
298.
Idea
development of the meaning of (Democritus and Plato), 105.
Ideal of Socrates, the
83–85;
what it involves, 85–88.
Idealism
of the Greeks, 100;
objective, 104.
Ideas
of Plato, 133, 135;
the development of, in the two drafts, 136, 137;
brief comparison of the two drafts of 137;
fuller comparison of the two drafts of, 137–141;
in the doctrine of anamnesis, 147, 148.
Immortality
Plato’s doctrine of, 146–150.
Individuality
the problem of, according to Thomas Aquinas, 383–385;
the problem of, in Duns Scotus, 389, 390.
Induction
92, 183.
Intellect or will
the question of the primacy of, 385, 386, 388, 389.
Ionic School
See Milesian school.
Irenæus
313.
Irish learning, the
349.
Irony
Socratic, 90.
Jackson, H.
article “Sophists,” in Encyclopædia Britannica, 68 n.
Jamblichus
298, 299.
Jewish (Greek-) philosophy of Philo
281–284;
and neo-Platonism, 288.
Julian, Emperor
298.
Justin Martyr
308.
Kingsley, Charles
Hypatia, 298 n.
Knight, William A.
Life and Teaching of Hume, 3 n.
Knowledge
in Socrates’ ideal, 83–86, 88;
according to the Cynics, 95;
Democritus’ theory of, 114–116.
Lanfranc
359.
Law
positive and natural, 72.
Learning
the impulse for, among the Greeks, 58, 59;
the Revival of, 375–378.
Leucippus
his life, 43, 44;
his philosophy, 47, 48, 109, 110;
founder of the Atomistic school, 107.
Logic
Aristotle’s, 180–185.
Love
Platonic, 151–153.
Love and Hate
Empedocles’ doctrine of, 44.
Lucretius
228.
Lyceum, the
Aristotle in, 166, 167, 172, 173;
after Aristotle, 220–222;
eclecticism in, 270.
Lycophron
68.
Maine, Sir Henry
cited, 72.
Man
the philosophy of, 13, 55–97;
Plato’s conception of, 144–146.
Material cause
187.
Materialism
hylozoism becomes, with Democritus, 103, 109–111;
Stoic, 254, 255.
Materialistic psychology of Democritus
111–114.
Matter
and Form, in Aristotle, 186–192, 197–199, 384;
of Plotinus, 295, 296.
Mean, the
Aristotle’s doctrine of, 201, 202.
Mechanical series of Aristotle
194–196.
Mediæval geography
335.
Mediæval library, a
326–328.
Mediæval Man, the
320, 321;
how the universe appeared to, 322–325;
at school, 325, 326;
summary of the political and educational worlds of, 330–333.
Mediæval philosophy
length of, 1;
underlying character of, 3;
divisions of, 4;
treated, 319–394.
Megarian school
93.
Mendicants, the
368.
Metaphysical problem, the
early formulation of, 22, 23.
Metaphysics
Plato’s, the formation of, 132–136;
Plato’s, the development of, 136–141;
Aristotle’s, 185–194;
abandonment of, in Hellenic-Roman period, 216;
of Plotinus, 294–297.
Metrocles
95.
Middle Ages
characteristics and conditions of, 319–333;
and the Hellenic-Roman period, comparison of, 319, 320;
the mediæval man, 320, 321;
how the universe appeared to the mediæval man, 322–325;
the mediæval man at school, 325, 326;
a mediæval library, 326–328;
the three periods of, 328–330;
summary of the political and educational worlds of the mediæval man, 330–333;
the early period of, 330–332, 334–353;
the transitional period of, 332, 354–367;
the period of classic scholasticism, 333, 368–394.
Milesian school
24;
the members of, 24, 25;
the philosophy of, 25, 26
the teaching of, compared with that of Heracleitus and the Eleatics, 22, 23.
Milton, John
325.
Modern philosophy
length of, 1;
underlying character of, 3;
divisions of, 4.
Mohammedanism
growth of, during the Middle Ages, 370–372;
first contact with Christianity, 372, 373;
conflict with Christianity, 374, 375.
Monism
defined, 10 n.;
of the early Greeks, 10;
displaced by pluralism in Greek philosophy, 39.
Monists
list of early Cosmologists who were, 20;
discussion of the, 22–38.
Monotheism
defined, 10 n.;
for the first time conceptually framed, 191.
Monte Cassino
founding of the monastic school at, 348.
Moral postulate
philosophy for the first time founded upon, 85;
of Socrates, 85–88.
Motion
according to Aristotle, 195, 196.
Mysteries
Orphic and Eleusinian, 16–18, 38;
Orphic, dangers of, averted by Cosmologists, 54.
Mysticism
in neo-Platonism, 287.
Natural Science
See Physics.
Nature
the philosophy of, 15–38;
the word as used by the Sophists, 72, 73;
a logical, Socrates’ attempt to find, 92;
physical, Plato’s conception of, 142–144;
Aristotle’s conception of, 192–194;
Stoic conception of, 251–257.
Neo-Platonism
and Christianity, difference in their conception of inspiration, 276, 277;
rise of, 279, 280;
summary of its history, 281;
and Platonism, 287, 288;
and the philosophies of Philo and the neo-Pythagoreans, 288;
and Christianity, 288–290;
the periods of, 290;
the Alexandrian school (scientific theory of neo-Platonism, life and writings of Plotinus), 290–298;
the Syrian school (the systematizing of polytheism, Jamblichus), 290, 298, 299;
the Athenian school (Proclus), 290, 299–301;
its influence on Christianity, 306.
Neo-Pythagoreanism
281, 285–287;
and neo-Platonism, 288.
Nominalism
103, 358, 362–365, 391, 392.
Norton, Arthur O.
Readings in the History of Education, 377 n.
Nous
Anaxagoras’ conception of, 47;
of Plotinus, 294.
Numbers
Pythagorean conception of, 49–51.
Objective character of Greek philosophy
2, 100, 101.
Objective Idealism
104.
Objective Realism
104.
Ockam, William of
387 n., 390;
the course of philosophy after, 393, 394.
Order
thought of, developed into clearness by Cosmologists, 54.
Origen
280, 281, 314–318.
Orphic
See Mysteries.
Oxford, University of
377.
Palmer, G. H.
on Socrates, 79.
Panætius
270, 271.
Pantheism
defined, 10 n.;
dynamic, of Plotinus, 293;
of Erigena, 351–353;
of the realists, 363.
Paris, University of
377.
Parker, C. P.
cited, 258 n.
Parmenides
life, 32;
develops the doctrine of Xenophanes, 32 f.;
his philosophy, 33–35;
and Heracleitus, results of the conflict between, 37, 38.
See Eleatic School.
Particulars and Universals
according to Thomas Aquinas, 383–385.
Pater, Walter
Marius the Epicurean, 227 n.
Patmore, Coventry
Angel in the House, 153 n.
Patristics
302–318.
Perception
and conception, 83 n.;
according to Plato, 134;
in Aristotle, 177–179.
Pericles
58.
Periods
of philosophy, the three general, 1–4;
of Greek philosophy, 12–14.
Peripatetics
See Lyceum.
Persia
15, 16.
Persian Wars
their importance, 55–57, 62.
Personality
spiritual, increased importance of, in history, 277–279.
Pessimism
result of theory of Cyrenaics, 97.
Peter the Lombard
379, 380.
Phædo
founder of the Elean-Eretrian school, 93.
Philo
Greek-Jewish philosophy of, 281–284;
and neo-Platonism, 288.
Philoponus
299.
Philosophic skepticism
See Skepticism.
Physical universe
early Greek tendency toward scientific explanation of, 10, 11.
Physics
Socrates’ view of, 80;
enrichment of, under Democritus, 109–111;
Plato’s conception of, 142–144;
Aristotle’s theory of, 194–196;
of Epicurus, 238–240.
Plato
104;
parts of works to be read, 75 n.;
his place in Greek history, 93, 98–100, 103, 104;
and Democritus, their similarities and differences, 104–106;
the period of his life, 119, 120;
the difficulties in understanding the teaching of, 120, 121;
the chronology of his dialogues, 119, 120;
the life and writings of, 121, 126;
his student life, 121, 122;
as traveler, 122–124;
as teacher of the Academy, 124–126;
concerning his dialogues, 126–128;
the factors in the construction of his doctrine, 128–131;
his inherited tendencies, 128–130;
his philosophical sources, 130, 131;
the divisions of his philosophy, 131, 132;
summary of his doctrine, 132;
the formation of his metaphysics, 132–136;
the development of his metaphysics (the development of his ideas in the two drafts), 136–141;
his conception of God, 141, 142;
his conception of physical nature, 142–144;
his conception of man, 144–146;
his doctrine of immortality, 146–150;
the two tendencies in, 150, 151;
Platonic love, 151–153;
his theory of ethics, 153–158;
development of his theory of the Good, 153, 154;
the four cardinal virtues, 154, 155;
his theory of political society, 155–158;
a selection of passages from, for English readers, 158–165;
in the Middle Ages, 331, 337, 338, 360, 363.
Platonism
the revival of, 279;
and neo-Platonism, 287, 288.
Platonists
Eclectic, 285.
Pleasure
of Epicurus, 230–233.
See Happiness.
Plotinus
280, 287, 288;
life and writings of, 290, 291;
general character of his teaching, 291, 292;
the mystic God of, 292, 293;
the two problems of, 293;
the metaphysical problem of, 294–297;
the ethical problem of, 297, 298.
Pluralism
tried to reconcile extremes of Milesian school, 39, 40;
and hylozoism, 41.
Pluralists
list of later Cosmologists who were, 20;
their new conception of change, 40;
their new conception of the unchanging, 40, 41;
introduction of conception of efficient cause by, 41;
summary of similarities and differences in theories of, 41, 42;
their lives span the fifth century, 42.
See Empedocles, etc.
Plutarch
neo-Platonist, 299.
Political philosophy of Aristotle
202, 203.
Political society
Plato’s theory of, 155–158.
Polytheism
Homeric, 19.
Polytheisms
the systematizing of, 298, 299.
Porphyry
291, 298, 357.
Posidonius
270, 271.
Primary and secondary qualities
116.
Probabilism in Stoicism
262.
Proclus
299–301.
Prodicus
66, 68.
Protagoras
66, 67;
the relativism of, 69, 70;
his point of view compared with that of Socrates, 81.
Psychology
materialistic, of Democritus, 111–114;
Plato’s, 144–146;
of Aristotle, 196–199;
the Stoic, 248–250.
Ptolemy
his cosmography, 322–325.
Purpose
Aristotle’s conceptions of, 186–190.
Pyrrho
266.
Pyrrhonism
265, 266.
Pythagoras
17.
Pythagoreanism
neo-, 281, 285–287;
and neo-Platonism, 288.
Pythagoreans
the early, 17;
the later, 44, 48, 49;
their conception of Being, 49–51;
their astronomy, 49, 52, 53;
their dualism, 51, 52.
Qualitative changes of phenomena
196–202.
Rationalism
defined, 104 n.;
of Plato and Democritus, 104;
of Abelard, 365–367.
Realism
100, 104, 358, 362–365;
objective, 104.
Reason and dogma
the relation between, 355, 356, 360–362, 365–367.
Reconcilers
See Pluralists.
Relativism
of Protagoras, 69, 70;
represented by the anthropologists, 103.
Religion
of the Greeks, organization of, 8, 9, 10;
the new, perils of, 16–18;
in Epicurus’s system, 236, 237;
and science, the separation of, under Duns Scotus, 387, 388.
Religious feeling
two causes of the rise of, 272–274.
Religious period of the Hellenic-Roman period
208, 209;
treated, 273–301;
the divisions of, 280, 281.
Religious philosophies
Hellenic, rise of, 280, 282;
summary of history of, 281;
introductory period of, 281–287;
development period of, 281, 287, 288.
Revival of Learning, the
375–378.
Rhabanus Maurus
350.
Rhetoric among the Greeks
60.
Romans
their conquest of Greece, 205–208.
Roscellinus
life and teaching, 361, 362.
Rossetti, Christina
Shadow of Dante cited, 325 n.
Rousseau and Epicurus
229.
St. Ambrose
306.
Salerno, University of
377.
Scholasticism
what it is, 355–359;
of Anselm, 359–361;
of Roscellinus, 361, 362;
of Abelard, 363–367;
classic, period of, 333, 368–394.
School
in early Greek philosophy, meaning of, 19.
Schools, the
214, 218–226;
fusion of doctrines in, 269;
after 150 B. C., notable names in, 271.
See Academy, Lyceum, etc.
Science
early tendencies toward, among the Greeks, 10, 11;
growth of, in Hellenic-Roman period, 216, 217;
secular, of the age of Augustine, 339;
and religion, the separation of, under Duns Scotus, 387, 388.
Scotus, Duns
gave a new direction to philosophy, 369;
upheld the primacy of the Will, 385, 386;
the founder of the Franciscan tradition (life and philosophical position of), 386, 387;
his conception of the twofold truth, 387;
the inscrutable will of God, according to, 388, 389;
the problem of individuality, according to, 389, 390;
the course of philosophy after, 390, 391.
Secondary and primary qualities
116.
Secular science of the age of Augustine
339.
Seignobos, Charles
History of Mediæval Civilization, 373 n.
Seneca
quoted, 234.
Sensationalism
defined, 104 n.
Sensationalistic skepticism
268, 269.
Sextus Empiricus
268.
Sill
The Two Aphrodites, 153 n.
Simplicius
299.
Skepticism
what it is, 69;
the undercurrent of, in the Hellenic-Roman period, 209–211;
philosophic, the appearances of, 264, 265;
the three phases of, 265–269;
of the Academy, 266–268;
sensationalistic, 268, 269.
Socrates, and Aristophanes
opposed the Sophists, 74;
works on, for reading, 75;
personality and life of, 75–80;
his dæmon, 77, 83;
and the Sophists, 80–82;
unsystematic character of his philosophy, 82, 83;
the ideal of, 83–85;
what his ideal involves, 85–88;
the two steps of his method, 88–91;
and Athens, 91;
the logical expedients of, 92, 93;
and the Lesser Socratics, 93–95.
Socratics
the Lesser, and Socrates, 93–95.
Sophists
significance of, 64–67;
the prominent, 67, 68;
the philosophy of, 68–71;
the ethics of, 71–73;
summary of their work, 73;
met in two ways by Socrates and Aristophanes, 74;
and Socrates, 80–82.
Soul
Plato’s doctrine of, 145–150;
according to Aristotle, 196, 197;
of Plotinus, 295, 297, 298.
Spenser, Edmund
Hymn in Honor of Beauty, 153 n.
Spiritual authority
the need of, 275–277;
the turning to the present for, 287, 288.
Spirituality
rise of the conception of, 277–279.
State
Plato’s doctrine of, 155–158;
and church, Aquinas’s and Dante’s views of, 382.
Stoic school, the
222–225;
inclines to eclecticism, 269, 270.
Stoicism
and Epicureanism, summary of agreements and differences, 225, 226;
position of, in antiquity, 241, 242;
the three periods of, 242, 243;
leaders of, 243–246;
writings of, 246;
the two prominent conceptions of, 247, 248;
the conception of personality, 248;
the psychology of, 248–250;
the highest good, 250, 251;
the conception of nature, 251–256;
conceptions of nature and personality supplement each other, 256, 257;
and society, 257–259;
duty and responsibility, 259, 260;
the problem of evil and the problem of freedom, 260, 261;
modifications of, after the first period, 261–263;
its influence on Christianity, 305.
Stoics and Cynics
246, 247.
Storm and Stress
362, 363.
Sums
of Peter the Lombard, 379, 380.
Syllogism, the
182.
Syrian school of neo-Platonism
290, 298, 299.
Syrianus
299.
Systematic period of Greek philosophy
12–14;
treated, 98–203;
the three philosophers of, their place in Greek history, 98–100;
the fundamental principle of, 100–102.
Tatian
313.
Teleology
defined, 105 n.
Terminism
392.
Tertullian
313.
Teuffel, W. S.
History of Roman Literature, 227 n.
Thales
24, 25.
Theological series of Aristotle
196–202.
Thrasymachus
68.
Timon
266.
Transitional period of Middle Ages
332, 354–357.
Turner, William
History of Philosophy, 336 n.
Twofold reality
world of, Democritus’ theory of, 114–116.
Ueberweg
History of Philosophy, quoted, 6;
cited, 269 n.
Unchanging, the
as conceived by the Pluralists, 40, 41.
Universalia ante rem
104, 358, 362–365, 384.
Universalia in re
104, 358, 364, 365, 384.
Universalia post rem
103, 358, 362–365, 384.
Universals and particulars
according to Thomas Aquinas, 383–385.
Universe
diagram of Dante’s conception of, 376.
Universities
the establishment of, 377.
Useful, the
according to Socrates, 87, 88.
Valentinus
Gnostic, 310.
Vincent of Beauvais
379.
Virtue
meaning of, 84;
according to Socrates, 84–88;
according to the Cynics, 95;
according to Aristotle, 199–202;
place of, in Epicureanism, 233.
Virtues
the four cardinal, in Plato, 154, 155.
Weber
History of Philosophy cited, 269 n.
Wheeler, B. I.
Life of Alexander the Great, cited, 56 n.;
quoted, 172.
Will
freedom of. See Freedom.
Will or intellect
the question of the primacy of, 385, 386, 388, 389.
William of Aubergne
379.
William of Champeaux
363.
Windelband
History of Ancient Philosophy, 37 n.;
cited, 121 n., 311 n.;
quoted, 254.
Witte, Karl
Essays on Dante, 325 n.
Wordsworth, William
Dion, 123 n.;
Ode on Intimations of Immortality quoted, 148.
Xenophanes
religious philosopher, 26 f.;
philosophy of, 27 f.
Xenophon
parts of works to be read, 75 n.;
on Socrates, 76, 93.
Zeller, Edward
Pre-Socratic Philosophy, 3 n., 100 n.;
quoted, 101, 102;
Greek Philosophy, 37 n.
Zeno
Eleatic, his life, 35 f.;
his philosophy, 36, 37.
See Eleatic school.
Zeno
Stoic, 242, 244, 245.