Note 1 — INTRODUCTION
Reading edition
Chas. Scribner & Sons, N. Y.
[2] G. P. Putnam and Sons.
[3] Data re A. J. Fuller.
Ship A. J. Fuller. Flint and Co. The California Clipper Line, Owners. Signal letters J.V.G.B. International Code. Built at Bath, Maine, 1881, of wood.
Gross tonnage 1,848.76
Net tonnage 1,781.88
Length 229.3 ft.
Breadth 41.5 ft.
Draft (mean) 17.8 ft.
Depth of hold 23.0 ft.
[4] Now Boatswain of the Schoolship Newport.
[5] The following is the Scale of Provisions allowed and served out to the Crew during the voyage in addition to the daily issue of lime and lemon juice and sugar, or other antiscorbutics in any case required by law.
Bread Beef Pork Flour Peas Rice Barley Tea Coffee Sugar Water
lb. lb. lb. lb. pt. pt. pt. oz. oz. oz. qt.
Sunday 1 1½ ½ 1/8 ½ 2 3
Monday 1 1¼ 1-1/8 1/8 ½ 2 3
Tuesday 1 1½ ½ 1/8 ½ 2 3
Wednesday 1 1¼ 1-1/8 1/8 ½ 2 3
Thursday 1 1½ ½ 1/8 ½ 2 3
Friday 1 1¼ 1-1/8 1/8 ½ 2 3
Saturday 1 1½ 1/8 ½ 2 3
SUBSTITUTES
One ounce of coffee or cocoa or chocolate may be substituted for one quarter ounce of tea; molasses for sugar, the quantity to be one half more; one pound of potatoes or yams; one half pound of flour or rice; one third pint of peas or one quarter pint of barley may be substituted for each other.
When fresh meat is issued, the proportion to be two pounds per man, per day, in lieu of salt meat.
Flour, rice, and peas, beef and pork, may be substituted for each other, and for potatoes onions may be substituted.
Note by Author.—The above is from the fo'c'sle card of the ship A. J. Fuller, taken when I left her. This scale of provisions was greatly amplified a few years later. It was found that a shipmaster sticking close to the law in the matter of provisioning could easily starve a crew, as there was no control over quality. On the Fuller, the owners were liberal in provisioning. Such trouble as we had was due to the conditions of deep water voyages.
[6] Changed in 1916 to admit men of 19 years, having the required sea experience, to examination for third or second mate.
[7] 1918.
[8] Dr. G. Schott, as the result of studying the form and height of sea waves, claims that under a moderate breeze their velocity was 24.6 feet per second, or 16.8 miles per hour, which is about the speed of a modern sailing vessel. (Some speed!) As the wind rises, the size and speed of the waves increase. In a strong breeze their length rises to 260 feet and their speed reaches 36.0 to 36.4 feet per second. Waves the period of which is 9 seconds, the length 400 or 425 feet, and the speed 28 nautical miles per hour, are produced only in storms. During a southeast storm in the southern Atlantic, Dr. Schott measured waves 690 feet long, and this was not a maximum; for in latitude 28 degrees south and longitude 39 degrees west, he observed waves of fifteen seconds' period, which were 1,150 feet long with a velocity of 78.7 feet per second, or 46-1/8 nautical miles per hour. Dr. Schott does not think that the maximum height of the waves is very great. Some observers have estimated it at 30 or 40 feet in a wind the force of which is represented by 11 on the Beaufort scale (the highest number of which is 12); and Dr. Schott's maximum is 32 feet. He believes that in great tempests waves of more than 60 feet are rare, and even those of 50 feet are exceptional. In the ordinary trade winds the height is 5 or 6 feet. The ratio of height to length is about 1:33 in a moderate wind, 1:18 in a strong wind, 1:17 in a storm; from which it follows that the inclination of the waves is respectively about 6, 10, and 11 degrees. The ratio to the height of the waves to the force of the wind varies greatly.—Scientific American.
Note on Above by Author.—It would seem that the late Dr. Schott, if quoted correctly, did not consider the "fetch" as an element in the process of wave formation at sea; but his maximum waves were observed at a point where there was plenty of sea room.
[9] The Beaufort Notation, to indicate the force of the wind.
0 Calm. 1 Light airs: just sufficient to give steerage way. 2 Light breeze. Ship under all plain sail 1 to 2 knots. 3 Gentle breeze. Ship under all plain sail 3 to 4 knots. 4 Moderate breeze. Ship under all plain sail 4 to 5 knots. 5 Fresh breeze. Ship close hauled can carry Skysails. 6 Strong breeze. Ship close hauled can carry Topgallant sails. 7 Moderate gale. Ship close hauled can carry Reefed topsails. 8 Fresh gale. Ship close hauled can carry Lower topsails, courses. 9 Strong gale. Ship close hauled can carry Lower topsails; reefed courses. 10 Whole gale. Hove to, under main lower topsail and reefed foresail. 11 Storm. Hove to, under storm staysails. 12 Hurricane. Hove to, under bare poles.