Note 6 — Chapter IX · THE YOUNG TURKS ARE WON OVER

Pan-Turkism, or Pan-Turanianism, started as a cultural movement among Ottoman intellectuals. It assumed political aspects as a result of three important circumstances: 1. Aggressions against Turkey by foreign powers; 2. The ardent nationalism of the Balkan states bordering on Turkey; 3. The existence within Turkey of vigorous dissident nationalities, such as the Armenians and the Arabs. Pan-Turanianism and Pan-Islamism, although separate movements, had much in common. In 1911, at any rate, the Young Turks adopted Pan-Islamism as part of their program. Pinon, op. cit., pp. 134 et seq.; Mohammedan History, pp. 89–96; Sir Thomas Barclay, The Turco-Italian War and Its Problems (London, 1912), pp. 100 et seq.