Note 14 — Chapter IV · THE SULTAN MORTGAGES HIS EMPIRE

Pan-Islamism started as a religious and cultural revival but rapidly took on political and economic significance. Later, in connection with Turkish nationalism (see infra, Chapter IX), it became a serious international problem. A short, popular discussion of the rise of Pan-Islamism is Lothrop Stoddard’s The New World of Islam (New York, 1921), Chapters I, II, V. Cf., also, Mohammedan History, No. 57 of the Foreign Office Handbooks (London, 1920), Part I; G. Charmes, L’avenir de la Turquie: le pan-islamisme (Paris, 1883); A. J. Toynbee, Nationality and the War (London, 1915), pp. 399–411, and Turkey: a Past and a Future (New York, 1917); Tekin Alp, Türkismus und Pantürkismus (Weimar, 1915); C. Snouck Hurgronje, The Holy War, “Made in Germany” (New York, 1917). Regarding Abdul Hamid’s place in the Pan-Islamic movement cf. Mohammedan History, pp. 42–46.