Note 3 — Phonology.

Superadded consonants. 6. r over another consonant is written ⸆, and 11 consonants have this sign: རྐ་ རྒ་ རྔ་ རྟ་ རྡ་ རྣ་ རྦ་ རྨ་ རྩ་ རྫ་, above ཉ་ it preserves its full shape, as better adapted to the form of that letter: thus, རྙ་. In speaking it is seldom heard except provincially, and in some instances in compound words after a vowel thus, ཨུ་རྒྱན་ Urgyán, Urgyén, ancient name of the country of Lahore; རྡོ་རྗེ་ dórje ‘vaj̀ra’. Ladakees often pronounce it = s: རྟ་ sta ‘horse’ elsewhere ta. 7. Similar is the usage in those with a superadded ལ (namely: the surds and sonants of the first four classes, the guttural nasal, and ཧ), which latter is often softly heard in WT, but entirely dropped elsewhere, except in the case of ལྷ, which is spoken = ལ in WT, but with a distinct aspiration = hla or lha in ET. 8. ས is superadded to the gutturals, dentals and labials with exception of the aspiratae, then ཉ་ and ཙ་. It is, in many cases, distinctly pronounced in Ladak, but dropped elsewhere3. 9. ག་ ད་ བ་ ཇ་ ཛ་ with any superadded letter lose the aspiration mentioned in § 2. 6 and sound = g, d, b, j̀, ds. 10. རྗ་ རྩ་ རྫ་ often lose even the inherent t-sound in pronunciation and are spoken like j̀, s, z.