Note 2 — Chapter LII · VLADIVOSTOCK.

The number of Chinese and their congeners in the Russian littoral was estimated, in 1873, at from 3,000 to 7,000; and this would be multiplied a hundredfold if free emigration were permitted. In 1861, after the cession of the Sea Coast to the Russians, the Chinese Government forbade its subjects any longer to colonize in the country with their wives. The rich, therefore, returned home, leaving the poor; and these were joined by Manchu brigands and vagabonds, generically called Manzas, or Freemen—so named in reproach by the Chinese as outlaws, though the Manzas call themselves Pao-toui-tzi, that is, “walkers” or “couriers.”