Note 69 — Volume II. (continued 3)
Reading edition
1 Based on information collected at Mirzapur and notes received through Mr. H. E. L. P. Dupernex, C.S., Azamgarh, and from Munshi Chhedi Lâl, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Gorakhpur. ↑
2 Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa, 37, sqq. ↑
3 Chronicles of Unâo, 27. ↑
4 Settlement Report, 87, sq. ↑
5 Cunningham, Archæological Survey, XXII., 107. ↑
6 Buchanan, Eastern India, II., 379; Oldham, Memoir, I., 15–26. ↑
7 Elliott, Chronicles of Unâo, 26. ↑
8 Oldham, Memoir, I., 46. ↑
9 Hindu Tribes and Castes, I., 359, sqq. ↑
10 Chronicles of Unâo, 26; Lucknow Settlement Report, 62, 116. For other instances see Sherring, loc. cit. I., 357, sqq. ↑
11 Oudh Gazetteer, Introduction, XXXV., sq.; Indian Antiquary, I., 265, sq.; Clans of Râê Bareli, 2. ↑
12 Archæological Survey, XXI., 105; Census Report, North-West Provinces, 1891, p. 220. ↑
13 I., 306. ↑
14 Archæological Survey, XI., 67. ↑
15 Mr. J. W. McCrindle, Indian Antiquary, VI., 339; XIII., 380. ↑
16 Supplemental Glossary, s.v. ↑
17 Journal Royal Asiatic Society, N. S., V., 376. On the Bharatas, see Oppert, Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsha, 578, sqq. ↑
18 Primitive Culture, I., 46. ↑
19 Oudh Gazetteer, Introduction, XXXV. ↑
20 Notes, 19. ↑ a b
21 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1877. ↑
22 Settlement Report, 33. ↑
23 See instances of this in Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, 496. ↑
24 On this see Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, 483, sq. ↑
25 A further account of him is given under Bind, 9. ↑
26 Oudh Gazetteer, I., 341. ↑
27 On this custom see Lubbock, Origin of Civilisation, 465; and compare Korwa, para. 10. ↑
28 Based on local enquiries at Mirzapur and notes by the Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bareilly and Agra, Mr. W. H. O’N. Segrave, Basti, and Munshi Niyâz Ahmad, Fatehpur. ↑
29 Bombay Gazetteer, XVI., 60. ↑
30 Monograph on Trades and Manufactures, 76. ↑
31 Sultânpur Settlement Report, 178. ↑
32 Based on enquiries at Mirzapur and notes by Pandit Baldeo Prasâd, Deputy Collector, Cawnpur; Bâbu Jay Gopal Banerji, Râê Bareli; Bâbu Mûl Chand, Subordinate Judge, Konrh, Mirzapur; Bâbu Sânwal Dâs, Deputy Collector, Hardoi. ↑
33 Risley, Tribes and Castes, I., 98. ↑
34 Central India, II., 132. ↑
35 For the immunity of the Bhâts compare that of the herald in classical literature—Iliad, I., 334; Æschylus, Agamemnon, 498; Plato, Laws, 941 A. ↑
36 North Indian Notes and Queries, July 1893. ↑
37 Based on enquiries at Mirzapur, and notes by Mr. E. Rose, C.S., Collector of Farrukhâbâd, and Munshi Chhotê Lâll, Archæological Survey, Lucknow. ↑
38 Purchas, II., 1475, quoted in Hobson Jobson, s.v. Serai. ↑
39 Eastern India, II., 289. ↑
40 Travels, I., 86, Hobson Jobson, 615. ↑
41 Eastern India, loc. cit. ↑
42 Entirely based on a note by Munshi Atma Râm, Head Master, High School, Mathura. ↑
43 Punjâb Ethnography, 297. ↑
44 Râjputâna Gazetteer, II., 170. ↑
45 Panjâb Ethnography, section 448. ↑
46 Râja Lachhman Sinh, Bulandshahr Memo., 162. ↑
47 Indian Antiquary, XIII., 361. General Cunningham takes Phyllitæ to correspond to parna and to mean “leaf clad” like the Juangs up to the present day. Dr. Oppert seems to consider Phyllitæ as derived from Bhîl. Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa, 80, sq. ↑
48 Wheeler, History of India, I., 84, sq.; Westminster Review, 1868, page 387. ↑
49 Captain Hunter, Journal Royal Asiatic Society, VIII., 181; Malcolm, Central India, I., 526. ↑
50 Ibid., I., 519. ↑
51 Forsyth, Highlands of Central India, 172. ↑
52 Asiatic Studies, 160. ↑
53 Ibid., II., 180, sq. ↑
54 Bareilly Settlement Report, 19; Gazetteer, North-West Provinces, V., 578, sq. ↑
55 I., 177, sqq.; III., 64, 114. ↑
56 Some account of Gûga, known also as Zâhir Diwân, will be found in the Introduction to Popular Religion and Folklore, 133. At the last Census 122,991 persons returned themselves as his votaries. ↑
57 For the Mahra Bhoksas mainly based on notes collected through Mr. G. A. Tweedy, C.S., Dehra Dûn. ↑
58 Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, II., 371: J. C. Nesfield, Calcutta Review, LXXX., 41. ↑
59 Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, XXXIV., II., 150. ↑
60 Elliot, Supplemental Glossary, s.v. ↑
61 Census Report, North-West Provinces, I., 321. ↑
62 Census Report, N.-W. P., 1865, I., Appendix 60, sqq. ↑
63 Ibbetson, Panjâb Ethnography, 115; C. F. Oldham, Contemporary Review, XLVII., 412, sq.; Panjâb Notes and Queries, II., 181 sq. ↑
64 Ibbetson, loc. cit., 114. ↑
65 Atkinson, loc. cit. II., 833. ↑
66 Chiefly based on notes by Munshi Badri Nâth, Deputy Collector, Kheri, and Munshi Mahadeo Prasâd, Head Master, Zillah School, Pilibhît. ↑
67 Panjâb Census Report, 1891, page 295, sq. ↑
68 Tribes and Castes, I., 28. ↑
69 Ibid. ↑
70 Calcutta Review, LXXVI., 82. ↑
71 Azamgarh Settlement Report, 27, sq. ↑
72 Ghâzipur Memo., I., 43. ↑
73 Supplementary Glossary, s.v. ↑
74 Oldham, ibid., I., 68, sqq. ↑
75 Hindu Tribes, I., 41, sq. ↑
76 These probably include a few of the Dravidian Bhuînhârs who were not separately tabulated. ↑
77 For an account of the branch of the tribe who have lately become notorious in Bengal, see Hunter, Orissa, II., 144. ↑
78 Dalton, Ethnology, 185. ↑
79 Tribes and Castes, I., 109, sq. ↑
80 Descriptive Ethnology, 140. ↑
81 Ibid., 147; also see Ball, Jungle Life, 267. ↑
82 Risley, Tribes and Castes, II., Appendix II. ↑
83 This is something like the custom of the Hos; but among them it is the bride and bridegroom who pledge each other. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology, 193. ↑
84 Among the Bhuiyas of Bengal “the bridegroom acknowledges his wife and threatens any one who attempts to take her from him.” Dalton, Ethnology, 148. ↑
85 On the sacredness of the kalsa, see Campbell, Notes on the Spirit Basis of Belief and Custom, 9. ↑
86 This Westermarck calls the “simplest way of purchasing a wife.” History of Human Marriage, 390. ↑
87 Tylor, Primitive Culture, II., 30. ↑
88 Risley, Tribes and Castes, I., 115, sq. ↑
89 Dalton, Ethnology, 179. ↑
90 Cf. ibid., 148. ↑
91 The worshippers of people killed by tigers numbered 7,784 according to the Report of 1891. Mr. Baillie remarks (page 216), that the worship is general throughout Oudh and the Gorakhpur Districts. “In Gorakhpur, Gonda, or Bahrâich, it might have been expected, but it seems extraordinary that such worship has retained its hold in Sultânpur. Probably the comparative rarity of such a death in the Southern Districts of late years made it appear the more impressive and preserved its memory the longer.” For Baghaut worship, see Introduction to Popular Religion and Folklore, 167. ↑
92 Ethnology, 146. ↑
93 Collection of Papers relating to the Settlement of South Mirzapur, page 2. ↑
94 Risley, Tribes and Castes, II., 102. ↑
95 Jungle Life, 418. ↑
96 History of Human Marriage, 508. ↑
97 Ibid., 499. ↑
98 Ibid., 485; Frazer, Golden Bough, II., 238, sqq. ↑
99 Letourneau, Evolution of Marriage, 76. ↑
100 Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, 532. ↑
101 Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, 483. ↑
102 Tylor, Primitive Culture, I., 453. ↑
103 Tylor, Primitive Culture, II., 30. ↑
104 At the same time this seems to be a real belief of the Santâls. Hunter, Rural Bengal, 210; and see Tylor, Primitive Culture, II., 97, and Professor Max Müller writes:—“In the Vedic accounts of hell a pit (karta) is mentioned into which the lawless are said to be hurled down (Rig Veda, IX., 73, 8), and into which Indra casts those who offer no sacrifice (Rig Veda, I., 121, 13). One poet prays that the Adityas may preserve him from the destroying wolf and from falling into the pit (Rig Veda, II., 29, 6). In one passage we read that those who break the commandments of Varuna and who speak lies are born for that deep place (Rig Veda, IV., 5, 5.).” Cf. Basor, 7. ↑
105 This condition in which there are no priests and the religious duties are performed by the house father is undoubtedly primeval. It was the case among the Homeric Greeks where Agamemnon himself performs the sacrifice (Iliad, III. 271, and compare Wilson, Preface to Vishnu Purâna, 2, Virgil, Æneid III, 80, Genesis, XIV, 17). ↑
106 This may possibly be a survival of the matriarchate, see Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 146. ↑
107 Descriptive Ethnology, 133. ↑
108 Ibid., 135. ↑
109 See Agariya, para. 22. ↑
110 Among the Mahili Mundas pork is tabooed. Risley, Tribes and Castes, II., 12. ↑
111 Nesfield, Brief View, 52, sq.; Calcutta Review, CLXVII., 265. ↑
112 Indian Antiquary, XI, 117. ↑
113 Wilson, Rig Veda, II., 28: Manu, Institutes, II., 99. There is an interesting account of the manner in which water was supplied and cooled in Akbar’s Court in Blochmann, Aîn-i-Akbari, I., 55, sq. ↑
114 Lectures, I., 97, note. ↑
115 Panjâb Ethnography, 193. ↑
116 Report, Inspector-General of Police, North-Western Provinces, 1867, page 94, sq. ↑
117 Ibbetson, loc. cit., para. 533. ↑
118 The word Vindhya is probably derived from the root bind or bid, “to divide.” The name, as is suggested by the legend of Agastya Muni, seems to refer to the range as the main barrier against the Brâhmanical exploitation of Central and Southern India: see Professor Wilson, Works, III, 332. ↑
119 Tribes and Castes, I, 131. ↑
120 Jhusi was the head-quarters of the eccentric Râja of Harbong, for whom see Elliot, Supplemental Glossary, s.v. ↑
121 Azamgarh Settlement Report, 33, sq. ↑
122 In Bengal they are in a transition stage. Risley, Tribes and Castes, I., 131. ↑
123 Risley, Tribes and Castes, I, 132. ↑
124 Risley, Tribes and Castes, I., 133, and see Bhar, 9. ↑
125 Risley, loc. cit., I., 133. ↑
126 Report, Inspector-General of Police, North-Western Provinces, 1868, page 51. ↑
127 Gonda Settlement Report, 15. ↑
128 Panjâb Census Report, 1891, page 139, sqq., quoting Sirsa Settlement Report, 136. ↑
129 The sect recorded as Bishnoi numbers 49,559, mostly found in the Bijnor District. ↑
130 Central Provinces Gazetteer, 48. ↑
131 It need hardly be said that this custom of Brâhmans condescending to perform ceremonies for people of low caste is irregular. See Manu, III., 65, IV., 61, 81, 99. ↑
132 For the significance of the kohabar ceremony see Majhwâr, paragraph 18. ↑
133 See Bhuiya, paragraph 18. ↑
134 Tylor, Primitive Culture, I., 453. ↑
135 Ibid., II., 152. ↑
136 Tylor, Primitive Culture, I., 481, 483, 490, 492, 495. ↑
137 Ibid., II., 75. ↑
138 Amina Sati is one of the Pânchonpîr. ↑
139 This festival has obvious analogies in European custom. Mannhardt considers them to be sun-charms or magical ceremonies intended to secure a proper supply of sunshine for men, animals, and plants. See Frazer, Golden Bough, II., 268. ↑
140 Tylor, Primitive Culture, I., 109. ↑
141 See Agariya, para. 22. ↑
142 Tylor, Primitive Culture, I., 451. ↑
143 Tylor, Primitive Culture, II., 51. ↑
144 Supplemental Glossary, s.v. ↑
145 Râja Lachhman Sinh, Bulandshahr Memo., 151, sqq. ↑
146 Bühler, Sacred Laws, I., 72. ↑
147 Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, III., 344, sq. ↑
148 Buchanan, Eastern India, II., 454. ↑
149 Malcolm, Central India, I., III., sq. ↑
150 Principally based on notes by Pandits Râmgharîb Chaubê and Bhân Pratâp Tiwâri. ↑
151 Professor Eggeling, Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v., Brâhmanism. ↑
152 Ancient Sanskrit Texts, I., 213, 2nd edition; Nesfield, Calcutta Review, CLXVII, 258. ↑
153 Aitareya Brâhmana, I., Introduction, 9. ↑
154 Aitareya Brâhmana, 263, sq. ↑
155 Ibid., I., 282, sq. ↑
156 Settlement Report, 117. ↑
157 North-West Provinces Gazetteer VIII, Part III, 49; VI, 351, sq. ↑
158 Oudh Gazetteer, I, 305, 365; III, 229. ↑
159 Central India, II, 201. ↑
160 Archæological Reports, VIII, 102, sqq. ↑
161 Wilson, Vishnu Purâna, 359. ↑
162 Ibid., 451. ↑
163 III, 8,026. ↑
164 Wilson, Rig Veda, I., 42, note. ↑
165 Ibid., II., 319. ↑
166 Bühler, Books of the East, II., 6. ↑
167 Max Müller, Ancient Sanskrit Literature, 58, sq.; Rajendra Lala Mitra, Indo-Aryans, II., 266. ↑
168 Haug, Aitareya Brâhmana, II., 479. ↑
169 Frazer, Golden Bough, II., 238, sqq. ↑
170 Monier Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism, 353. ↑
171 Monier Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism, 358. ↑
172 Monier Williams, Brahmanism and Hinduism, 359. ↑
173 Golden Bough, II., 342, sqq. ↑
174 Prehistoric Antiquities, 416, 420. ↑
175 XII, 46, and see Muir, Ancient Sanskrit Texts, I., 128, note. ↑
176 Panjâb Ethnography, para. 236. ↑
177 Sacred city of the Hindus, 14. ↑
178 Mathura, 179, sqq. ↑
179 Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, III., 270. ↑
180 Partly based on a note by Diwân Bijay Bahâdur Sinh of Lalitpur. ↑
181 Settlement Report, Appendix C. ↑