Note 1 — Chapter XXI · KINSHIP

Another important feature of the Toda system is the existence of two well-marked groups of terms expressing bonds of kinship; one used when speaking of relatives, and the other when speaking to relatives and in exclamations. The latter, which may be regarded as vocative cases of the former, are fewer in number and used in a much more general sense; and if the two are not distinguished, it is easy to understand that one may find only “inextricable confusion in Toda ideas as to relationship.”1 I will first give a list of kinship terms, together with the forms used in direct address, and the approximate definitions, and these will be followed by a discussion of the exact meaning of each term. The vocative forms are enclosed in brackets.