Note 1 — PREFACE.
Reading edition
Published by Messrs. Spooner, of the Strand.
[2] Epic of Hades.
[3] Modern Painters, vol. iv.
[4] Scenery of Scotland.
[5] Modern Painters, vol. iv.
[6] "The Alpine Regions of Switzerland" (Deighton, Bell, & Co.), a most interesting book, especially for travellers.
[7] It has lately been proved that clouds can only form in air which contains dust, and that each little suspended particle of water contains a speck of dust or a tiny germ of some sort for its nucleus.
[8] Pressure also has an important influence, but was omitted above for the sake of simplicity.
[9] Ruskin, "Modern Painters."
[10] The Alpine Regions of Switzerland.
[11] Mountaineering in 1861 (Longman).
[12] Mr. R. S. Watson, in "The Alpine Journal," vol. i., p. 143.
[13] Conservateur Suisse, xlvi. p. 478, vol. xii.
[14] Bonney.
[15] The word "Alpine" is used in a general sense to denote the vegetation that grows naturally on the most elevated regions of the earth; that is, on all high mountains, whether they rise up in hot tropical plains or in cooler northern pastures.
[16] The following remarks are largely taken from the Introduction to Ball's well-known "Alpine Guide."
[17] Flowerless in the ordinary, not the botanical sense.
[18] We are again indebted to Professor Bonney's "Alpine Regions of Switzerland" for the information here given.
[19] Bonar on Chamois-hunting in Bavaria.
[20] The reader will find an account of the old red sandstone in the writer's "Autobiography of the Earth" (Edward Stanford, 1890).
[21] The flints usually found in limestone are also of organic origin.
[22] Schists are so named from their property of splitting into thin layers. Their structure is crystalline; and the layers, or folia, consist usually of two or more minerals, but sometimes of only one. Thus mica-schist consists of quartz and mica, each arranged in many folia, but it splits along the layers of mica.
[23] Modern Painters.
[24] Modern Painters.
[25] See papers by the writer on Volcanoes and Volcanic Action in "Knowledge" for May and June, 1891, on which this chapter is partly based.
[26] Perhaps these Scripture phrases were suggested long before the Bible was written, by the sight of some crater in active eruption.
[27] The Hawaiian Archipelago.
[28] "The Crest of the Continent," by Ernest Ingersoll, Chicago, 1885.
[29] Scenery of Scotland page 130, new edition.
[30] Bonney.
[31] Scenery of Scotland, page 201, new edition.
[32] Geikie.
[33] For a fuller account see the writer's "Autobiography of the Earth."
[34] The Archæan rocks are frequently placed in a separate group below the Palæozoic.