Note 485 — Chapter XX · ART AND MAGIC

Lenormant, Magie und Wahrsagekunst der Chaldäer, p. 73; Rochas, L’extériorisation de la sensibilité, pp. 74-113 (rich collection of instances referring to savage tribes, to mediæval Europe, and to modern folklore); further instances in Skeat, Malay Magic, pp. 569-574; Romilly, Western Pacific, p. 35 (New Britain); Selenka, Sonnige Welten, p. 215 (Japan). That this crude superstition has been at the bottom of many ceremonies which, from our point of view, appear purely symbolical is shown by the curious death-sentences on absent criminals—to be executed in effigy, “jusqu’à mort s’en suive”—which M. Tarde has unearthed from among the old law-proceeds of Périgord. Tarde, Études pénales et sociales, p. 241.