Note 3 — Chapter I · 1822—1843

Ecole Normale Supérieure, under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, founded in 1808 by Napoleon I, with the object of training young professors. Candidates must (1) be older than eighteen and younger than twenty-one; (2) pass one written and one vivâ voce examination; (3) be already in possession of their diploma as bachelier of science or of letters, according to the branch of studies which they wish to take up; and (4) sign an engagement for ten years’ work in public instruction. The professors of the Ecole Normale take the title of Maître des Conférences. [Trans.]