Note 22 — ANTS
Reading edition
The value of mutual aid as a factor in evolution was dimly divined by Goethe, and was first expressed as a “law” by Professor Kessler in 1880, who was then Dean of the St. Petersburg (Leningrad) University. Having read Kessler’s lecture in 1883, Prince Kropotkin began a series of articles on the same subject, resulting in the publication in 1902 of his great work, “Mutual Aid as a Law of Nature and a Factor of Evolution.”