Note 650 — Chapter XI · THE STATE (B) STATE AND HISTORY

After the overthrow of the Tyrannis, c. 500, the two regents of the Roman patriciate bear the title prætor or judex. But it seems to me probable that these go back beyond the Tyrannis and even the preceding oligarchic period into that of the kingship proper, and that as court-offices they have the same origin as our Herzog, duke (præ-itor); Heerwart, in Athens polemarch; and Graf, earl (“Ding-graf,” hereditary arbiter, in Athens archon). The name “consul” (from 366) is philologically thoroughly archaic, and therefore implies no new creation, but the renascence of a title (king’s adviser?) which oligarchic sentiment had long repudiated.