Note 3 — The Chinese and the “Outer Barbarians.”

The emperor’s words are: “This was the only proper arrangement to be made (for the settlement of the treaties). We understand the whole question.” In 1854, when the foreign Ministers visited Tien-tsin, the imperial orders were conveyed to the mandarins in the following words:—“At your interview, you must snap short their deceit and arrogance, and foil their malicious sophistry.” Another imperial decree says:—“The barbarians study nothing but gain. Their hurrying backwards and forwards only means [more] trade and [lower] tariffs. When a trifle is granted on this score they naturally acquiesce and hold their tongues.”