Note 379 — ARTICLE II (continued 3)

"The President, in the exercise of his executive powers under the Constitution, may act through the head of the appropriate executive department. The heads of departments are his authorized assistants in the performance of his executive duties, and their official acts, promulgated in the regular course of business, are presumptively his acts." Wilcox v. Jackson ex dem McConnel, 13 Pet. 498, 513 (1839). See also, United States v. Eliason, 16 Pet. 291 (1842); Williams v. United States, 1 How. 290, 297 (1843); United States v. Jones, 18 How. 92, 95 (1856); United States v. Clarke (Confiscation Cases), 20 Wall. 92 (1874); United States v. Farden, 99 U.S. 10 (1879); Wolsey v. Chapman, 101 U.S. 755 (1880).