Note 378 — ARTICLE II (continued 3)

Cf. In re Chapman, 166 U.S. 661, 670-671 (1897), where it is held that presumptions in favor of official action "preclude collateral attack on the sentences of courts-martial." See also United States v. Fletcher, 148 U.S. 84, 88-89 (1893); and Bishop v. United States, 197 U.S. 334, 341-342 (1905); both of which in effect repudiate Runkle v. United States.