Note 3 — Chapter I

Among the principal Mamlūk nobles of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the following names most frequently occur; they are Turkish or Tartar, and Mr. J. W. Redhouse, C.M.G., has kindly given me their significations: Beybars, and Bars Bey, Prince Panther; Altunbugha, Gold (yellow) Bull; Ketbughā, Lucky Bull; Kurt, Wolf; Tunkuz, Boar; Aktai, White Colt; Karakush, Black bird of prey, Eagle; Tughan, Falcon; Sunkur Ashkar, Bay Falcon; Aksunkur, Jerfalcon; Karasunkur, Black Falcon; Lāgīn, Perigrine Hawk; Balban, Goshawk; Singar, Bird of prey; Kalaun, Duck. The preceding names are derived from animals and birds of prey, and it is probable that corresponding images were blazoned on their owners’ shields. Names connected with the moon are common: e.g. Tūlūn, Setting Moon; Aybek, Moon Prince; Aydaghdy, The Moon has risen; Aytekīn, Moon-touching, tall; others relate to steel, as Janbalāt, Whose soul is steel; Aydemir, Battle-axe; Erdemir, Male Iron (tempered steel); Bektemir, Prince Iron; Esendemir, Sound Iron; Tukuzdemir, Pig-iron (?). Others refer to some personal characteristic, as Beysary, Prince Auburn; Salār, The Attacker; Karamūn, Black Man; Aghirlu, Sedate; Bektūt, Prince Mulberry; Kagkar and Kagkīn, Fleet in running; Kurgy means Armour-bearer; Takgi, Mountaineer; Suyurghatmish, A present; Ezbek, True Prince; Bektāsh, Prince-peer; Satilmish, Who was sold.