Note 14 — Chapter I · METHOD AND DIVISIONS.

Several writers assert that hunters and fishers never have slaves. Schmoller was formerly of the opinion that “no people unacquainted with cattle-breeding and agriculture has slaves”14. In his handbook, however, he informs us, that some highly developed tribes of fishers also keep slaves15. Ingram expresses the view formerly held by Schmoller: “In the hunter period the savage warrior does not enslave his vanquished enemy, but slays him; the women of the conquered tribe he may, however, carry off and appropriate as wives or as servants, for in this period domestic labour falls almost altogether on the female sex. In the pastoral stage slaves are captured only to be sold, with the exception of a few who may be required for the care of flocks or the small amount of cultivation which is then undertaken. It is in proportion as a sedentary life prevails, and agricultural exploitation is practised on a larger scale, whilst warlike habits continue to exist, that the labour of slaves is increasingly introduced to provide food for the master, and at the same time save him from irksome toil. Of this stage in the social movement slavery seems to have been a universal and inevitable accompaniment.” But he makes an exception in the case of those communities where “theocratic organisations established themselves”16. Flügel says: “Hunting tribes can neither feed nor employ the prisoners; generally they kill them”17. According to Schurtz “among tribes of migratory hunters there is no room for slavery”18. Whether he means here all hunters or only Vierkandt’s unstete Völker is not clear.