Note 15 — Chapter II · GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SLAVERY.
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1 Dr. Tönnies, in his review of the first edition of this work, expresses a doubt as to whether slavery in the proper sense exists in every case in which, relying on the often superficial accounts of travellers, we conclude that slavery is present.
The foregoing passage and the whole of the present chapter are, we think, sufficient evidence that we have set ourselves the task of subjecting the accounts of travellers and other writers on savage tribes, on which our conclusions are to be based, to a critical examination. There may be particular instances in which we have failed in this respect; but we believe our conclusions on the whole rest upon a solid basis and Dr. Tönnies’s objection, in corroboration of which he does not adduce a single fact, does not seem to us well founded. ↑
2 Sometimes, however, children are sold to adoptive parents within the tribe. Such is the case in Greenland; see Crantz I, p. 178. But these are exceptional cases, so, when no particulars are given, we may suppose that the purchased persons become slaves and not adopted children. ↑
3 See Tylor, Primitive Culture, I pp. 417 sqq. ↑
4 The distinction between the several stages of culture will be enlarged upon in the second Part. ↑
5 Hanoteau et Letourneux, La Kabylie et les coutumes Kabyles. ↑
6 When similar phenomena are found among different peoples, modern ethnology supposes that they have spontaneously originated among each of them, viz. as long as the contrary is not made probable. See Steinmetz, Endokannibalismus, pp. 56, 57, and Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 141. ↑
7 Rink, p. 5. ↑
8 Ibid., pp. 24, 25. ↑
9 Ibid, pp. 24–34. ↑
10 Crantz I. pp. 178, 186. ↑
11 Ibid., pp. 211, 215. ↑
12 Nansen. ↑
13 Boas, Central, Eskimo, pp.580, 581. ↑
14 Ribbach, p. 286. ↑
15 Hall. ↑
16 Klutschak. ↑
17 Petitot. ↑
18 Turner, Ungava District. ↑
19 Bancroft, p. 65; Elliott. ↑
20 Ray, p. 44; Murdoch, p. 419. ↑
21 See Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 268. ↑
22 Bancroft, p. 92. ↑
23 Petroff, p. 152. ↑
24 Petroff, pp. 158, 159. ↑
25 Bancroft, p. 80; see also Holmberg, I pp. 78, 79. ↑
26 Krause, p. 152, etc.; Bancroft, p. 108; Dall, pp. 419–421; Petroff, p. 165; Elliott, p. 64; Niblack, p. 252; Holmberg, I pp. 50, 51, II pp. 43–46. ↑
27 Krause, p. 311; Bancroft, p. 168. ↑
28 Krause, p. 319; Niblack, p. 252; Boas, Die Tsimschian, pp. 237, 240, 244; Kane, Appendix A. ↑
29 Boas, Kwakiutl Indians, p. 338. ↑
30 Krause, p. 321. ↑
31 Sproat, pp. 89–92; Brown, adventures of John Jewitt, pp. 130, 131. ↑
32 Bancroft p. 195; Brown, ibid., pp. 19, 28, 35. ↑
33 Bancroft, p. 217. ↑
34 Mayne, pp. 242, 275, 253, etc. ↑
35 Kane, pp. 214, 215; Niblack, p. 252. ↑
36 Jones, The Kutchin Tribes, p. 325. ↑
37 Hardisty, p. 316. ↑
38 Whymper; Kirby; Bancroft. ↑
39 Mackenzie, I p. 152. ↑
40 Hearne, II pp. 87, 179. ↑
41 Bancroft, p. 124. ↑
42 Bancroft, p. 135. ↑
43 Allison, p. 316. ↑
44 Roosevelt; Le Jeune in The Jesuit Relations; Sagard; Mackenzie. ↑
45 Loskiel, p. 195. ↑
46 Loskiel; Brinton, The Lenape. ↑
47 Jesuit Relations, V pp. 31, 55; VI p. 245. ↑
48 Keating, II p. 168. ↑
49 Jones, Ojibway Indians, pp. 131, 109. ↑
50 Kohl, I p. 96. ↑
51 Carver, pp. 325, 326. ↑
52 Tanner, pp. 17, 112, 114. ↑
53 Tanner, pp. 11–16. ↑
54 Keating; Long, Ojibway Indians; Roosevelt. ↑
55 McLean, p. 64; Kane, p. 128; Mackenzie. ↑
56 Dodge, pp. 266, 267. ↑
57 Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 99. ↑
58 Grinnell, pp. 115, 116, 123. ↑
59 Grinnell; Möllhausen; Mackenzie; Reports of Expl., Vol. I and Vol. XII Part I; Zu Wied, Nord-Amerika; Schoolcraft. ↑
60 Maurault, pp. 26—28. ↑
61 Hoffman, p. 35. ↑
62 Morgan, Anc. Soc., pp. 80, 69. ↑
63 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, III p. 245. ↑
64 Lafitau and Loskiel. Loskiel’s account of the Delawares applies equally to the Iroquois, see Loskiel, p. 1. ↑
65 Lafitau, II p. 308. ↑
66 Lafitau, III pp. 264–290; Charlevoix, l.c. pp. 242—252; Loskiel, p. 195; Mrs. Kinzie, pp. 214, sqq. ↑
67 Powell, Wyandot Gov., p. 68. ↑
68 Adair, pp. 303, 304, 287. ↑
69 Roosevelt, I p. 50. ↑
70 Rochefort, p. 412. ↑
71 Loskiel, p. 197. ↑
72 Bartram, p. 38. ↑
73 Roosevelt, I pp. 63, 64. ↑
74 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, III pp. 426; see also Lettres édif., XX pp. 132, 133. ↑
75 Bossu, pp. 241, 245, 249. ↑
76 Strachey, p. 83. ↑
77 Ibid., pp. 101, 108. ↑
78 Histoire de la Virginie, p. 261. ↑
79 Owen Dorsey, Siouan Soc., p. 215. ↑
80 Eastman, Dahcotah; Eastman, Indian Wars; Reports of Expl., Vol. I; Möllhausen; Ten Kate, Noord-Amerika; Schoolcraft. ↑
81 Eastman, Indian Wars, p. 412; Copway, pp. 65, 66; Neill, pp. 340, 526. ↑
82 Mathews, p. 47. ↑
83 Owen Dorsey, Omaha Soc., pp. 364, 332. ↑
84 James, p. 299. ↑
85 Hunter, Gedenkschriften, pp. 268, 270, 271. ↑
86 Reports of Expl., Vol. XII Part I p. 76. ↑
87 Lewis and Clark, I pp. 175, 242; see also pp. 212, 233. ↑
88 Gibbs, p. 188. ↑
89 Bancroft, p. 269; McLean, p. 54. ↑
90 The Flatheads of Fort George, who in Kane’s time kept slaves, are described by him as consisting principally of Chinooks and Klickataats. We are not sure whether these Flatheads are the same as those mentioned by Bancroft and McLean. (See Kane, pp. 173, 175, 181). ↑
91 Bancroft, p. 240; Kane, pp. 181, 182. ↑
92 Swan, The Northwest Coast, pp. 166, 167, etc. ↑
93 Lewis and Clark, II pp. 344, 345, 313, 314. ↑
94 Bancroft, p. 276. ↑
95 Ross, as quoted by Bancroft, l.c. ↑
96 Mackenzie, II pp. 217, 263. ↑
97 Brancroft, p. 269. ↑
98 Powers, p. 248. ↑
99 Kane, pp. 237, 242, 248, 320. ↑
100 Bancroft, pp. 349, 351. ↑
101 Powers, pp. 22, 75, 76. ↑
102 Hubbard, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 348. ↑
103 Bancroft, p. 360. ↑
104 This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the following statement of Gibbs, which we have already referred to: “Southward it [slavery] ceases, so far as my observation has gone, with the Siskiou Mountains, which divide Oregon from California.” (Gibbs, p. 188). ↑
105 Gatschet, pp. 59, 62; see also pp. 60, 16. ↑
106 Bancroft, p. 349. ↑
107 Ibid., pp. 388, 381. ↑
108 Ibid., p. 407. ↑
109 Boscana, in “Life in California”, pp. 308, 309. ↑
110 Powers, p. 322. ↑
111 Bancroft, p. 436. ↑
112 Bancroft, p. 433; Meline, p. 120. ↑
113 Bancroft, p. 510. ↑
114 Ibid., p. 500. ↑
115 Schoolcraft, I pp. 232, 235. ↑
116 Gregg, II p. 243. ↑
117 Cessac, pp. 115, 116. ↑
118 Ten Kate, Noord-Amerika, pp. 383, 384. ↑
119 Reports of Expl., Vol. III Part I pp. 22, 31. ↑
120 Möllhausen, p. 137. ↑
121 Bancroft, p. 498. ↑
122 Schoolcraft, V p. 210. ↑
123 Bourke, pp. 128, 129; Fremont and Emory, p. 150. ↑
124 Bent, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 510. ↑
125 Stratton, as quoted by Bancroft, p. 511. ↑
126 Bancroft, p. 543; see also Meline’s above-quoted statement about the Pueblos. ↑
127 Parker Winship, p. 548. ↑
128 Ten Kate. Noord-Amerika; see also Möllhausen, and Reports of Expl., Vol. III. ↑
129 Bancroft, p. 562. ↑
130 The names printed in italics contain the clear, the other the more doubtful cases (vide p. 46). ↑
131 Boudin, pp. 826, 827. Gregg (II p. 195) also states that Negro slaves were to be found among these tribes. ↑
132 Bartram, p. 38; Schoolcraft, I p. 277. ↑
133 Roosevelt, I p. 59; Gregg, l.c. ↑
134 Maccauley, p. 526. ↑
135 Gregg, II p. 196. ↑
136 Bancroft, p. 581. ↑
137 Bancroft, p. 629. ↑
138 So for instance among the Tlinkits; see Niblack, p. 252. ↑
139 Bancroft, pp. 656, 663. ↑
140 Bancroft, pp. 729, 723; Wickham. ↑
141 Bancroft, pp. 771, 764; Gabb; Pokalowsky, p. 50. ↑
142 Pinart, see pp. 33, 48. ↑
143 Rochefort, pp. 430, 478, 512, 480, 489, 477; de la Borde. ↑
144 Gumilla, II p. 255. ↑
145 Ling Roth, Hispaniola; see especially p. 272. ↑
146 Im Thurn; Brett; R. Schomburgk; R. H. Schomburgk; Joest, Guyana; Bonaparte; Goudreau; Vidal; van Coll. ↑
147 Martius, p. 693. ↑
148 Gumilla, II p. 254. ↑
149 Sievers, Sierra Nevada; Reclus; Simons. ↑
150 De Brettes, pp. 94, 96, 78—80. ↑
151 Sievers, Des Grafen Josef de Brettes Reisen, pp. 381, 382. ↑
152 De Lery, pp. 225—242; see especially pp. 225, 236. Stade gives a similar account of the treatment of prisoners, quoted by Andree, pp. 85—88. ↑
153 D’Evreux, pp. 21, 46, 52—54. ↑
154 Martius, pp. 71, 74. ↑
155 Ibid., pp. 206, 207. ↑
156 Ibid., p. 71. ↑
157 Ibid., p. 73. ↑
158 Keane; von Tschudi; Ehrenreich, Botocudos; Zu Wied, Brasilien, II p. 45. Martius (p. 326) apparently relies entirely on Zu Wied. ↑
159 Azara, II p. 146. ↑
160 Boggiani, p. 80. ↑
161 Southey III, pp. 391, 392; Martius, pp. 232, 233, 71. ↑
162 Colini, in Boggiani, p. 297. ↑
163 Thouar, pp. 51, 60 sqq. ↑
164 See Steinmetz, Strafe, I p. 174 note 1. ↑
165 Azara II, pp. 96, 108–110, 119. ↑
166 Colini, in Boggiani, p. 316. ↑
167 Boggiani, pp. 305, 310. ↑
168 Boggiani, p. 100. ↑
169 Pohl, p. 163. ↑
170 Von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern; von den Steinen, Durch Central-Brasilien; Hensel. ↑
171 Von den Steinen, Durch Central-Brasilien, p. 211. ↑
172 Ibid., p. 265. ↑
173 Ehrenreich, Beiträge, pp. 28, 29. ↑
174 Simson, p. 505. ↑
175 Ordinaire, pp. 287, 270—273. ↑
176 Ibid., pp. 308, 309. ↑
177 Skinner, II pp. 113, 114. ↑
178 Smyth and Lowe, p. 226. ↑
179 Azara, II p. 96. ↑
180 D’Orbigny, I pp. 360, 372. ↑
181 Ibid., II p. 166. ↑
182 Ibid., II p. 211. ↑
183 L. c. ↑
184 Muratori, pp. 29, 128, 129. ↑
185 Dobrizhoffer, II pp. 148—152. ↑
186 Azara, II pp. 145, 132. ↑
187 Ibid., pp. 159, 157. ↑
188 D’Orbigny, II p. 89. ↑
189 Azara, II pp. 15, 19, 20. ↑
190 Heusser and Claraz. ↑
191 Azara travelled in South America for 20 years, D’Orbigny for only 7. The former was commissary and commander of the Spanish frontiers in Paraguay; the latter made a journey for scientific purposes, mainly zoölogical. ↑
192 Azara, II p. 32. ↑
193 Musters, p. 217; Falkner, pp. 122, 123, 126; Letourneau, p. 123. ↑
194 Azara, II p. 38. ↑
195 D’Orbigny, I p. 401. ↑
196 Molina, p. 74. ↑
197 Von Bibra; Ochsenius; Smith; Musters. ↑
198 Hyades et Déniker, p. 242. ↑
199 Parker Snow; Darwin, Voyage; Vincent; O’Sullivan. ↑
200 The literature used is the same as that quoted on p. 22, Chapter I, and besides: Howitt, South-East Australia; Stokes; Mitchell; Hale; Grey; Taplin, as quoted by Woods. ↑
201 Curr; Brough Smyth. Gerland’s survey of Australian social life is much better. ↑
202 E.g. Grosse and Letourneau. ↑
203 Comp. Steinmetz’s treatment of the problem of Australian chieftainship, Strafe, II pp. 20–42. See also Spencer and Gillen’s statement that “whilst undoubtedly there is a certain amount in common as regards social organisation and customs amongst the Australian tribes, yet, on the other hand, there is great diversity” (Native tribes, p. 34). ↑
204 Curr; Brough Smyth; Gerland. ↑
205 Brough Smyth, I p. 127. ↑
206 Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 764. ↑
207 Letourneau (pp. 26, 35) arrives at the same conclusion. ↑
208 De Rochas, p. 252. ↑
209 Lambert, pp. 79, 177. ↑
210 Brainne, p. 239; de Vaux; Legrand. ↑
211 Glaumont, p. 74. ↑
212 Elton, p. 98. ↑
213 Guppy, p. 33. ↑
214 Verguet, p. 205. ↑
215 Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 46. ↑
216 Guppy, pp. 35, 36. ↑
217 Somerville, New Georgia, pp. 402, 400. ↑
218 Ribbe, pp. 248, 276. ↑
219 Woodford, pp. 154, 155. ↑
220 Parkinson, N. W. Salomo-Inseln, pp. 2 note, 8, 9, 10. ↑
221 Ribbe, pp. 100, 138, 139, 110. ↑
222 Guppy. p. 34. ↑
223 Sorge, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 414. ↑
224 Wilkes, III, pp. 81, 108. ↑
225 Williams, pp. 32, 53. ↑
226 Seemann, pp. 196, 179, 180. ↑
227 Waterhouse. ↑
228 Erskine, pp. 456, 457, 420, 438, 458. ↑
229 Meinicke, Die Inseln des stillen Oceans, I p. 202. ↑
230 Hagen and Pineau; Inglis; Somerville, New Hebrides. ↑
231 Danks; Pfeil, p. 78. ↑
232 Hahl, p. 77; Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, pp. 159, 172, 173. ↑
233 Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, p. 264; Romilly, Western Pacific. ↑
234 Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, pp. 380, 396–398, 443. ↑
235 Meinicke, Die Torresstrasse, p. 116; Haddon, p. 355. See also Hunt’s Ethnogr. notes on the Murray Islands, Torres Straits, in which no mention is made of slaves. ↑
236 Bink, p. 325; Krieger, p. 413; Koning. ↑
237 Robidé, p. 109. ↑
238 Ibid., p. 262. ↑
239 Moolenburgh, p. 180. ↑
240 Robidé, p. 235. ↑
241 Van der Roest, p. 157. ↑
242 Goudswaard, pp. 27, 51; see also Ottow and Geissler, pp. 115, 118. ↑
243 Van Hasselt in Z. E. VIII, pp. 191 sqq.; Van Hasselt in Tijds. XXXI, pp. 583, 584, XXXII, pp 270, 272; De Clercq, Nieuw-Guinea, p. 619. ↑
244 Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., pp. 454, 456; Robidé, pp. 64, 65, 76, 94, 228; see also Nieuw-Guinea, p. 149. ↑
245 Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 532; Rosenberg, Nieuw-Guinea, p. 90. ↑
246 Robidé, p. 242. ↑
247 Bruijn, pp. 103, 104; Robidé, p. 59. ↑
248 De Clercq, Nieuw-Guinea, p. 459; Strauch, p. 30. ↑
249 Robidé, pp. 300, 305, 306. ↑
250 Nieuw-Guinea, pp. 116, 128. ↑
251 Ibid., pp. 158, 163. ↑
252 Thomson, British New Guinea, pp. 52, 63, 157,158. ↑
253 Turner, Motu; d’Albertis; Beardmore; Romilly, Verandah; Chalmers, see especially p. 326; Guise. ↑
254 Maclay; Finsch, Samoafahrten, p. 80. ↑
255 Vetter, p. 91. ↑
256 Kohler, Das Recht der Papuas, p. 389 (on the authority of Bamler). ↑
257 Hagen, Unter den Papuas, p. 220; see also Vallentin, p. 634. ↑
258 See Kunze’s minute description, in which slavery is not mentioned. ↑
259 Thomson, New Zealand, pp. 149, etc.; Polack, I pp. 35, 36, etc., II pp. 52–59, etc.; Tregear, p. 113; Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 206; Meinicke, Die Inseln des stillen Oceans, I p. 326; Letourneau, pp. 173–182; Weisz, pp. 22, 24, 28, 30; Taylor, pp. 165, 167, 185, 189, 191, etc.; Brown, New Zealand, pp. 29, 30; Yate, pp. 120, 121. ↑
260 Meinicke, l.c. II. p. 185. ↑
261 Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 170. ↑
262 Ibid., pp. 170–185. ↑
263 Ibid., p. 185. ↑
264 Mariner, II pp. 153, 349, 350. ↑
265 Ibid., p. 237. ↑
266 West, pp. 260, 262. ↑
267 Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 170. ↑
268 Meinicke, l.c. II p. 122. ↑
269 Wilkes, II p. 159. ↑
270 Turner, Samoa, p. 192. ↑
271 Krämer, Die Samoa-Inseln, II p. 341. ↑
272 Gerland; Meinicke; Turner; Von Bülow. ↑
273 Gardiner, p. 429. ↑
274 Meinicke, l.c., II p. 148; Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 199. ↑
275 Ellis, Pol. Res., III p. 95. ↑
276 J. Wilson, III pp. 127–129. ↑
277 Moerenhout, II pp. 8, 47. ↑
278 Ellis, Pol. Res., IV pp. 161, 160, 413. ↑
279 Wilkes, IV p. 35. ↑
280 Chamisso, in Kotzebue, p. 149. ↑
281 Remy, pp. LXI–LXVI, XL. ↑
282 Meinicke, l.c., pp. 303, 304. ↑
283 Marcuse, p. 116. On p. 114, however, he states that they spared the lives of their captives only when they intended them to be sacrificed later on to their gods. ↑
284 Hale, p. 36. ↑
285 Radiguet, p. 156. ↑
286 Meinicke, l.c., II p. 254. ↑
287 Andree, p. 64. ↑
288 Moerenhout, II p. 31. ↑
289 Waitz-Gerland, VI p. 216. ↑
290 Letourneau, p. 183. ↑
291 Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 194. ↑
292 Wilkes, I p. 357. ↑
293 Moerenhout, II p. 191. ↑
294 Geiseler, pp. 30, 31, 41. ↑
295 Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre, p. 528. ↑
296 Meinicke, Die Gilbert- und Marshall-Inseln, p. 409; Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 122. ↑
297 Hernsheim, p. 80. ↑
298 Kubary, Die Ebongruppe, pp. 36, 37. ↑
299 Hager, p. 96. ↑
300 Senfft, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 431, 442, 439, 441, 443. ↑
301 Krämer, Hawaii etc., p. 430. ↑
302 Kohler, Das Recht der Marschallinsulaner, Z. V. R. XIV pp. 427, 428, 431. ↑
303 Krämer, Hawaii etc., pp. 450, 451. ↑
304 Jung, pp. 67–70. ↑
305 Christian, p. 144. ↑
306 Waitz-Gerland V, 2 p. 118. ↑
307 Ibid., pp. 120, 121. ↑
308 Kubary, Mortlock-Inseln, p. 246. ↑
309 Kubary, quoted by Schmeltz and Krause, p. 373. ↑
310 Gräffe, p. 94. ↑
311 Krämer, Studienreise, p. 179. ↑
312 Volkens, Ueber die Karolinen-Insel Yap. ↑
313 Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 pp. 112–114. ↑
314 Kubary, Soc. Einr. der Pelauer, p. 72. ↑
315 Kubary, Die Palau Inseln, p. 232. ↑
316 Semper, Die Pelau-Inseln, pp. 36, 79. ↑
317 This is also proved (if any further proof were needed) by Kubary’s detailed description of fishing and agriculture: the former is carried on by the men, the latter by the women; nowhere is any mention made of slaves. Kubary, Industrie der Pelau-Insulaner, pp. 123 sqq., 156 sqq. ↑
318 Wilkes, pp. 88, 95. ↑
319 Meinicke, Die Inseln des stillen Oceans, II p. 340. ↑
320 Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 124. ↑
321 Parkinson, Gilbertinsulaner, pp. 98, 99, 39. ↑
322 Parkinson, Gilbertinsulaner, p. 43. ↑
323 Krämer, Hawaii, etc., p. 333. ↑
324 Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 230; Waitz-Gerland, V, 2 p. 124. ↑
325 De Morgan, Exploration, divisions: Linguistique (see especially p. 17), and: Ethnographie; Skeat and Blagden, I p. 515; Vaughan Stevens; Montano; Borie; Favre; Newbold; Hervey. ↑
326 Brenner, pp. 341, 342; Junghuhn, II pp. 150–152. ↑
327 Neumann T. A. G. 2nd series, part IV, pp. 26–41. ↑
328 Heijting, pp. 246–249; “Résumé’s”, pp. 55, 56; Willer, pp. 43–47; see also Meerwaldt, p. 541. ↑
329 Willer, l.c. ↑
330 Westenberg, Verslag, p. 76; Westenberg, Nota, pp. 113, 114. ↑
331 Van Dijk, Si Baloengoen, p. 158; Westenberg, Nota, p. 107; Mededeelingen, etc., pp. 580, 585. ↑
332 Meerwaldt, p. 541. ↑
333 Kroesen, Bataklanden, pp. 259, 260. ↑
334 Ypes, pp. 496–499, 542–545. ↑
335 Mededeelingen etc., pp. 567, 573, 575. ↑
336 Meerwaldt, p. 541. ↑
337 Meerwaldt, l.c.; Van Dijk, Nota, pp. 483, 491; see also Müller, Batak-Sammlung, p. 14. ↑
338 Van Ophuijsen; Van Dijk, Loeboe. ↑
339 See Mohnicke; Boers; Forbes, Kubus, and especially Dr. Hagen, who makes use of an extensive literature. ↑
340 De Groot. ↑
341 Modigliani, Nias, pp. 520–536; Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., pp. 157–163. ↑
342 Rosenberg, Mal. Arch.; Rosenberg, Mentawei-eilanden; Mess; Maass; Severijn, Poggi-eilanden. ↑
343 Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 193. ↑
344 Kroesen, Anambas, p. 244. ↑
345 Modigliani, Engano; Oudemans; Severijn, Engano; Rosenberg, Engano; “Verslag eener reis”. ↑
346 Walland, p. 301; Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 216. ↑
347 Low, pp. 301, 302. ↑
348 Schwaner, I pp. 167, 168. ↑
349 Low, pp. 200, 201; Spencer St. John, I p. 83; Brooke Low, in Ling Roth, Sarawak, II p. 210. ↑
350 Brooke Low, l.c., pp. 210–213. ↑
351 Perelaer, pp. 152–160. ↑
352 Schwaner, I pp. 80, 195; Grabowsky, p. 199. ↑
353 Grabowsky, l.c. ↑
354 Treacher, in Ling Roth, l.c., pp. 213, 214. ↑
355 Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, I pp. 58, 59, 65–67. ↑
356 Nieuwenhuis, l.c. II pp. 95, 96. ↑
357 Denison, as quoted by Ling Roth, l.c. ↑
358 Van Prehn, pp. 29–32. ↑
359 Engelhard, p. 468. ↑
360 Beschrijving van het landschap Pasir, pp. 541, 542. ↑
361 Denison, in Ling Roth, p. 210. ↑
362 Von Dewall, pp. 23, 24. ↑
363 Ibid., p. 80. ↑
364 Tromp, Rambai, p. 111. ↑
365 Graafland, Minahassa, I pp. 285, 286; Riedel, Minahasse, p. 502. ↑
366 Wilken and Schwartz, pp. 382–384. ↑
367 Riedel, Holontalo, pp. 65–67. ↑
368 Riedel, Boeool, pp. 197, 204. ↑
369 Kruijt, N. Z. G. XXXIX pp. 121–123, 126–128; XL pp. 141, 142; Adriani, pp. 240, 241. See also the description given by Riedel, who calls them Topantunuazu; Riedel, Topantunuazu, pp. 82–84, 90. ↑
370 Kruijt, Toboengkoe en Tomori, pp. 233, sqq. ↑
371 Bakkers, Sandjai, p. 287. ↑
372 van Hasselt, Bangkala, p. 367. ↑
373 Het landschap Donggala, pp. 520, 521. ↑
374 Donselaar, Saleijer, pp. 296–299. ↑
375 Ligtvoet, p. 570. ↑
376 de Roo, pp. 582–585; see also Bieger, p. 153. ↑
377 Von Martens, p. 117 (on the whole island); Ten Kate Timorgroep, p. 212 (on Sika); and especially Roos, pp. 488–491 (on Endeh). ↑
378 Ten Kate, Timorgroep, p. 242. ↑
379 Bakkers, Bonerate, pp. 248–250; Vink, pp. 340, 341. ↑
380 De Castro, pp. 484, 485; Forbes, Timor, p. 417. Zondervan mostly relies on De Castro. ↑
381 Ten Kate, l.c., p. 343. ↑
382 Donselaar, Savoe, pp. 295, 296. ↑
383 Graafland, Rote, pp. 364, 365. ↑
384 Riedel, Rassen, pp. 434 sqq. ↑
385 Ibid., p. 406. ↑
386 Ibid., p. 384; Van Hoëvell, Leti, p. 212. ↑
387 Riedel, Rassen, p. 463. ↑
388 Ibid., p. 320. ↑
389 Ibid., p. 346. ↑
390 Ibid., p. 293; Van Hoëvell, Tanimbar, p. 174; Forbes, Timorlaut, pp. 15, 18. ↑
391 Riedel, l.c., p. 251; Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., pp. 338, 344. ↑
392 Riedel, l.c., pp. 226, 228, 231; Van Hoëvell, Kei-eilanden, p. 120; Pleijte, p. 567. ↑
393 Riedel, l.c., p. 194. ↑
394 Ibid., p. 154. ↑
395 Ibid., pp. 101–103; Boot, p. 1171. ↑
396 Riedel, l.c., p. 49; Van Hoëvell, Ambon, p. 47. ↑
397 Hickson, p. 141; see also pp. 137, 139, 142; van Dinter. ↑
398 Riedel, Galela, pp. 64–66. ↑
399 Campen, p. 285. ↑
400 Riedel, Rassen, pp. 18, 19; Wilken, Boeroe, p. 3. ↑
401 Van der Miesen, p. 449. ↑
402 Blumentritt, Conquista, pp. 53–59; Blumentritt, Tagalen, pp. 12–17. ↑
403 Schadenberg, Süd-Mindanao, pp. 9, 12, 28; Blumentritt, Mindanao, p. 281. ↑
404 Blumentritt, Ethnographie, p. 49; Blumentritt, Mindanao, pp. 293, 294. ↑
405 Blumentritt, Ethnographie pp. 53, 54; Blumentritt, Maguindanaos, p. 891; Jansen, pp. 219, 224, 225. ↑
406 Schadenberg, Süd-Mindanao, p. 47. ↑
407 Blumentritt, Mindanao, p. 297. ↑
408 Blumentritt, Kianganen, p. 132. ↑
409 Blumentritt, Bungianen. ↑
410 Venturillo, see especially p. 142; Miller. ↑
411 Jenks, pp. 136–138; Schadenberg, Nord-Luzon. ↑
412 Blumentritt, Ethnographie; Meijer, Igorroten; Jagor, Philippines. ↑
413 See Reed, p. 63; Semper, Philippinen; Mallat; Blumentritt, Negritos; Schadenberg, Negritos. ↑
414 Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 221. ↑
415 Sibree, pp. 181, 182; Hartmann, p. 75; Ellis, Madagascar, pp. 146–149. ↑
416 Sibree. ↑
417 Hildebrandt, Ambergebirge, p. 276; Grandidier, p. 217. ↑
418 Veth, IV pp. 410–413. ↑
419 I, p. 11. ↑
420 Liefrinck, Nota etc., p. 184. ↑
421 Waanders, p. 133. ↑
422 Liefrinck, ibid., p. 185. ↑
423 Waanders, pp. 107, 123–125; Tonkes, pp. 54–58. ↑
424 Tonkes, p. 61. ↑
425 Liefrinck, Slavernij op Lombok, pp. 508, 514, sqq. ↑
426 Van Eck, p. 356. ↑
427 Van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra, pp. 190, 191. ↑
428 Willinck, pp. 130–144. ↑
429 Among the Rejangs: Marsden, pp. 252, 255; in Semindo: Pauw ten Kate, pp. 537–542, Gramberg, pp. 458, 459; in Blalauw: Gramberg, pp. 471, 472; in Palembang: Gersen, pp. 136, 137; Singkel: Rosenberg, Singkel, p. 413, Rosenberg, Mal. Arch., p. 45; Pangkallan: Holle, pp. 382, 383; Labuan-Batu: Neumann, Laboean-Batoe, pp. 478, 479, Korte beschrijving van het landschap Bilu, p. 553; Karintji, Serampas and Sungai Tenang: Klerks, p. 89; Upper Asahan: Van den Bor, p. 410; Batubarah: de Scheemaker, pp. 471–473; Siak: Nieuwenhuijzen, pp. 412–414; the Rokan states: Quast, pp. 416–418. In Glugur “serfdom does not exist: all men have the same human rights” (Van Delden, p. 169). Whether this is the original state of things, or due to Dutch interference, does not appear. ↑
430 Snouck Hurgronje, De Atjehers, I pp. 21–25. Concerning the West Coast of Atjeh, see also van Langen, pp. 478, 479. ↑
431 Snouck Hurgronje, Het Gajoland, pp. 62–64. ↑
432 Matthes, pp. 3, 5, 136, 137, etc. On the Bugis of Tanette and Barru, see also Bakkers, Tanette, p. 257, and on those of Boni: Bakkers, Boni, pp. 60, 98, 153. ↑
433 Robidé, pp. 53, 218, 221, etc. ↑
434 De Clercq, Ternate, p. 74. ↑
435 Saleeby, p. 65. ↑
436 Colquhoun, p. 189; Harper Parker, pp. 88, 100. ↑
437 Colquhoun, pp. 189, 258. ↑
438 St. John, Aracan, pp. 240–242. ↑
439 Lewin, p. 85. ↑
440 Colquhoun, p. 77. ↑
441 Ibid., p. 155. ↑
442 Mason, p. 159. ↑
443 Colquhoun, p. 69. ↑
444 Ibid., pp. 40, 69, 70. ↑
445 Wehrli, pp. 36, 37; see also Dalton, p. 10; Rowney, p. 167. ↑
446 Man, pp. 109, 356. ↑
447 Svoboda, p. 191. ↑
448 Cooper, p. 238; Dalton, p. 15; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15. ↑
449 Shaw, p. 89. ↑
450 Dalton, p. 58; Eliot, p. 28. ↑
451 Macrae, p. 188. ↑
452 Lewin, p. 89. ↑
453 Dalton, p. 46. ↑
454 Dalton, p. 45: Stewart and Butler, as quoted by Spencer, l.c., p. 14. ↑
455 Metz; Spencer, Descr. Soc., V. ↑
456 Hunter, Rural Bengal, I pp. 200, 202; Dalton, pp. 207–218. ↑
457 Campbell, pp. 53, 79. ↑
458 Dalton, p. 114. ↑
459 Dalton, p. 51; Watt. ↑
460 Dalton, p. 57. ↑
461 Ibid., p. 254. ↑
462 Ibid., p. 230. ↑
463 Ujfalvy, Aryens, pp. 352, 359; Robertson, pp. 78, 79; Rousselet, p. 223. ↑
464 Dalton, p. 24. Letourneau (p. 305) is in doubt whether slavery really exists here, first because the Padam Abors are organized in republican and even communistic clans, in which slavery is hardly possible (why?); secondly because the young slaves live together with the young freemen in communal long-houses. This last remark proves that Letourneau is not very familiar with the character of primitive slavery. ↑
465 Dalton, p. 36. ↑
466 Grange, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, pp. 7, 11; Godden in J. A. I. XXV p. 184. ↑
467 Hodgson, as quoted by Spencer, l. c, p. 7. ↑
468 Sarasin, p. 488. ↑
469 Pallas, Reise, I p. 338; Boutakoff; Ujfalvy, Expéd. scient., p. 112; Chambers, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 15. ↑
470 Levchine, pp. 341, 354. ↑
471 Ibid., pp. 305, 331, 368, 369, 399, 502. ↑
472 Ibid., pp. 347, 430. ↑
473 Radloff, Aus Sibirien, I p. 526. Finsch (West Sibirien, p. 150) speaks in the same way. ↑
474 Levchine, p. 305. ↑
475 Radloff, Beobachtungen über die Kirgisen, p. 168. ↑
476 Radloff, Aus Sibirien. The Kara Kirghiz are described I pp. 526–534. ↑
477 Koehne, pp. 458, 459. ↑
478 Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16. ↑
479 Pallas, Reise, I pp. 264, 233, 265. ↑
480 Die Bewohner des schwarzen Irtyschthales, p. 67. ↑
481 Radloff, Aus Sibirien, II pp. 327–330. ↑
482 Radloff, l.c., I pp. 270, 286, 287, 293, 295, 312, 315. ↑
483 Ibid., I p. 320. ↑
484 Ibid., I pp. 330–343, 353–357, 374–405. ↑
485 Vambéry, Das Türkenvolk, p. 356. ↑
486 Ibid., p. 380. ↑
487 Ibid., p. 410. ↑
488 Vambéry, Skizzen, p. 64. ↑
489 Stein; Weil. ↑
490 Letourneau, p. 227. ↑
491 Obrutschew, I p. 37. ↑
492 Ujfalvy, Expéd. scient., p. 84. ↑
493 Ujfalvy, Aryens, p. 145. ↑
494 Von Stenin, Kurden, p. 221. ↑
495 Pallas, Reise, III p. 51. ↑
496 Ibid., pp. 25, 26. ↑
497 Ibid., pp. 72–74. ↑
498 Islawin; Finsch, West-Sibirien. ↑
499 Von Stenin, Samojeden, see especially p. 187. ↑
500 Déniker, Les Ghiliaks, p. 309. ↑
501 Müller, Unter Tungusen und Jakuten. ↑
502 Sumner, p. 85; see also Müller, l.c. ↑
503 Laufer, see especially p. 318. ↑
504 Steller, pp. 356, 293, 235, 235 note. ↑
505 Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 156. ↑
506 Nordenskiöld, II p. 124. ↑
507 Erman, pp. 379, 380. ↑
508 Georgi as quoted by Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, p. 36; Dall; Hooper; Kennan. ↑
509 Hist. de Kamtschatka, II p. 218. ↑
510 Ibid., pp. 82, 223, 239. ↑
511 Melnikow, pp. 194, 206. ↑
512 Batchelor, p. 288. ↑
513 Savage Landor, p. 59. ↑
514 Hitchcock, p. 467. ↑
515 Joest, Weltfahrten; St. John, The Ainos; Holland. ↑
516 Morgan, Ossetes, pp. 374, 377, 408; Klaproth, II pp. 595, 615; Pallas, Neue Nord. Beitr., VII p. 69; Kovalewsky, Coutume contemp., pp. 78, 189, 196, 203, 347. ↑
517 Bell, I pp. 163, 169 etc., II pp. 97 etc.; Klaproth, I pp. 564–573. ↑
518 Radde, pp. 425, 426. ↑
519 Bodenstedt, I p. 283. ↑
520 See Von Haxthausen; Telfer. ↑
521 Telfer, p. 113. ↑
522 Klaproth. ↑
523 Chantre, IV p. 79. ↑
524 Ibid., p. 129. ↑
525 Ibid., p. 136. ↑
526 Ibid., p. 192. ↑
527 Burckhardt, I p. 356; see also pp. 158, 175. ↑
528 Doughty. ↑
529 Geoffroy, p. 428. ↑
530 Theal, p. 72. ↑
531 Tromp, De Kaffers; Macdonald, South African tribes. ↑
532 Waitz-Gerland, II pp. 391, 398. ↑
533 Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 93, 97, 147. ↑
534 Kropf, pp. 180, 170. ↑
535 Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 385, 386. ↑
536 Fritsch, pp. 145, 146. ↑
537 Livingstone, Zambesi, pp. 262, 263. ↑
538 Kerr, I p. 20. ↑
539 Holub, Süd-Afrika, II pp. 432, 434. ↑
540 Schurtz, Katechismus, p. 169. ↑
541 Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 432. ↑
542 Holub in J. A. I. 1881, p. 10. ↑
543 Conder, p. 89. ↑
544 Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 432. ↑
545 Casalis, pp. 197, 236. ↑
546 Passarge, Okawangosumpfland, pp. 704, 705, 710 711. ↑
547 Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 125; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 88, 93. ↑
548 Ibid., p. 235. ↑
549 Holub, Süd-Afrika, I p. 397. ↑
550 Joest, Weltfahrten, I p. 253. ↑
551 Wiese, pp. 188–197; Kerr, II p. 129. ↑
552 Junod, p. 96. ↑
553 Beuster, p. 239. ↑
554 Theal, p. 161. ↑
555 Galton, p. 142. ↑
556 Rautanen, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 336, 335, 342. The Ondonga are perhaps identical with the Ovampo, see Steinmetz, ibid., p. 326. ↑
557 Andersson, I pp. 247, 248. ↑
558 Hahn, Die Ovaherero; Haarhoff. ↑
559 Fritsch, p. 364; see also Waitz-Gerland, II p. 391. ↑
560 Viehe, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 304, 305, 302. ↑
561 Kohler, Das Recht der Herero, pp. 311, 312. ↑
562 Ibid., p. 312. ↑
563 Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 322; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 597. ↑
564 Holub, Süd-Afrika, II pp. 331, 348, 350, etc.; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 318; Serpa Pinto, II p. 42. ↑
565 Holub, Süd-Afrika; Livingstone, Miss. Trav.; Mauch. ↑
566 Holub, l.c. II p. 241. ↑
567 Magyar, I pp. 286–290, etc. ↑
568 Cameron, II pp. 164, 167. ↑
569 Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 165, 134, 226, etc.; Livingstone, Last Journ., I p. 237. ↑
570 Peters, pp. 395, 394. ↑
571 Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 45, 46, 51. ↑
572 Magyar, I p. 80. ↑
573 Macdonald, East Central African Customs, pp. 101, 102. ↑
574 Livingstone, Zambesi, p. 396. ↑
575 Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 618. ↑
576 Beverley, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 213. ↑
577 Lang, ibid., pp. 240–242; Storch, p. 319. ↑
578 Storch, p. 323. ↑
579 Weule, pp. 55, 56. ↑
580 Weule, pp. 123, 124. ↑
581 Von Schele, pp, 71, 72. ↑
582 Kohler, Das Banturecht, pp. 42–45 (after Merker). ↑
583 Baumann, p. 237; Kohler, Das Banturecht, pp. 42–45 (after Puder). On the Msalala, a division of the Wanyamwesi, see also Desoignies, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 278. ↑
584 Angus, pp. 317, 323. ↑
585 Hore, p. 11. ↑
586 Kraft, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 291. ↑
587 Dale, p. 230. ↑
588 Hermann, p. 55. ↑
589 Fülleborn, p. 383. ↑
590 Storch, p. 326. ↑
591 Thomson, Centr. Afr. Lakes, I pp. 102, 139. ↑
592 Peters, pp. 284, 285. ↑
593 Baumann, p. 214. ↑
594 Thomson, Centr. Afr. Lakes, II p. 222. ↑
595 Baumann, p. 237. ↑
596 Von Höhnel, p. 318. ↑
597 Stuhlmann, pp. 492–529. ↑
598 Thomson, Massai; Johnston; Von Höhnel. ↑
599 Ward in J. A. I. 1895, p. 287; De Bas, p. 173. ↑
600 Phillips, pp. 223, 224. ↑
601 Magyar, I pp. 213–216, etc. ↑
602 Schütt, pp. 115, 139, 140. ↑
603 Buchholz, p. 178; Lenz, pp. 21, 218; Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195; Winwood Reade, p. 259. ↑
604 Lenz, pp. 39, 40. ↑
605 Duloup, p. 222. ↑
606 Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 93, 95, 96. ↑
607 Buchholz, pp. 96, 97, 190, 200, 201, 85; see also Kohler, Negerrecht, pp. 10, 24, 25, 34. ↑
608 Coquilhat, pp. 500–502. ↑
609 Coquilhat, pp. 85, 86, 122; Ward, Cannibals, pp. 105, 106, 302; Dupont, pp. 210, 231–233; Johnston, The river Congo, p. 396; Torday and Joyce, Congo Free State, p. 139. ↑
610 Coquilhat, pp. 232, 296, 297, 365, 366; Ward, Cannibals, p. 132. ↑
611 Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, pp. 82, 158. ↑
612 Livingstone, Last Journ., II pp. 131, 132, 29, 62, 63. ↑
613 Wolff, pp. 206, 207. ↑
614 Lenz, pp. 53, 218; Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 62, 65. ↑
615 Coquilhat, pp. 149, 157, 169. ↑
616 Schütt, pp. 38, 41. ↑
617 Compiègne, Gabonais, pp. 114, 130, 141. ↑
618 On the Bakundu, Banyang, Batom and Mabum, see Hutter, pp. 259 sqq. ↑
619 Hutter, pp. 341 sqq. ↑
620 Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411. ↑
621 Torday and Joyce, Ba-Yaka, p. 46. ↑
622 Torday and Joyce, Ba-Huana, p. 286. ↑
623 Torday and Joyce, Congo Free State, p. 150. ↑
624 Zenker, pp. 48, 49, 67. ↑
625 Hoesemann, pp. 176,177. ↑
626 Leuschner, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 21; Schwarz as quoted ibidem. ↑
627 Magyar; Serpa Pinto; Capello and Ivens. ↑
628 Serpa Pinto; Capello and Ivens. ↑
629 Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 5, 7. ↑
630 Schütt, pp. 79, 90, 113; Livingstone, Miss. Trav., p. 435; Capello and Ivens, pp. 314, 325, etc. ↑
631 Pogge, Muata Jamwo, pp. 35, 36, 39, 40. ↑
632 Buchholz, p. 178; Lenz, p. 256; Compiègne, Gabonais, p. 159. Bennett, in his article on the Fans, makes no mention of slavery. ↑
633 Steinmetz, Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 42, 43; see also pp. 41, 51, 54 ibidem. ↑
634 Winwood Reade, p. 259. ↑
635 Buchholz, p. 178. ↑
636 Compiègne, Okanda, p. 84; Lenz, p. 240. ↑
637 Coquilhat; Ward, Cannibals; Dupont; Wissmann, im Inneren Afrikas; Guiral, p. 150. ↑
638 Coquilhat, p. 424. ↑
639 Cameron, II pp. 110, 111. ↑
640 Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, pp. 240, 241. ↑
641 Wissmann, Zweite Durchquerung, p. 115. ↑
642 Wissmann, Unter deutscher Flagge, I p. 93; l.c. note; Pogge’s Aufenthalt, pp. 381, 382. ↑
643 Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, pp. 141, 145, 146. ↑
644 Lenz, pp. 281–283. ↑
645 Wissmann, Im Inneren Afrikas, p. 36. ↑
646 Wissmann, Unter deutscher Flagge, I p. 147; Pogge’s Aufenthalt, p. 309. ↑
647 Wilson and Felkin, I pp. 161, 186, 193; Baskerville, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 193, 194. ↑
648 Chaillé Long; Junker; Wilson and Felkin. ↑
649 Roscoe, p. 100. ↑
650 Richter, Der Bezirk Bukoba, p. 87. ↑
651 Bastian, Geogr. und Ethn. Bilder, p. 143; Hutchinson, pp. 133, 141–145; Compiègne, Gabonais, p. 87; Lander, III p. 321; Walker, pp. 120–123. ↑
652 Bastian, l.c. p. 166; Köler, pp. 84, 153–155, 164; Compiègne, l.c. p. 78; De Cardi, in Kingsley, West African studies, pp. 516, 517, 522–526. ↑
653 Hutchinson, p. 99; De Cardi, ibid., pp. 471–476. ↑
654 Bosman, II p. 228; Bastian, l.c. p. 175; De Cardi, ibid., pp. 452–454. ↑
655 Zündel, pp. 387, 407, 408; Herold, pp. 168–170. On the slave system of the Ewe-speaking peoples in general, see Ellis, Ewe-speaking peoples, pp. 218–221. ↑
656 Burton, II pp. 74, 248. ↑
657 Hagen, Porto-Novo, p. 97. ↑
658 Lander, I p. 37; Staudinger, p. 16. On the slave system of the Yoruba-speaking peoples in general, see Ellis, Yoruba-speaking peoples, pp. 178, 182. ↑
659 Bowdich, pp. 151, 157, 159, 205, 209. The natives of Ashanti belong to the Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast. On slavery among these peoples in general, see Ellis, Tshi-speaking peoples, pp. 289–295, and Bosman, I pp. 126, 187. ↑
660 Finsch, Goldküste, pp. 359–361. ↑
661 Harris, pp. 27–30. ↑
662 Bérenger-Féraud, p. 211; Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 347–350. On slavery among the tribes of Liberia in general, see also Büttikofer in T. A. G. pp. 72, 73; Büttikofer in I. A. E., pp. 81–83. ↑
663 Bérenger-Féraud, pp. 44, 58–60; Tautain, Sénégal, p. 67. ↑
664 Bérenger-Féraud, p. 365. See also Fama Mademba’s general description of the Sansanding States, inhabited, among others, by the Saracolays and Bambaras, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 83; Nicole’s notes on the Diakité, a subdivision of the Saracolays, ibidem, pp. 118–120; Arcin, pp. 269–276. ↑
665 Tellier, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 168–172; Tellier, Autour de Kita, pp. 98 sqq. ↑
666 Bérenger-Féraud, p. 236; Fama Mademba (see above, p. 155, note 14); Tellier (see note 1). ↑
667 Bérenger-Féraud, p. 269; Tellier, Autour de Kita, pp. 98 sqq. ↑
668 Granville and Roth, pp. 117, 118. ↑
669 Tellier (see note 1); Arcin, pp. 269–276. ↑
670 On the Susu, Landuma and Limba, see Madrolle, pp. 91–93. ↑
671 De Cardi, Ju-Ju Laws etc., p. 52. ↑
672 Lenz, pp. 233, 234; Köler, pp. 57, 58; Hutchinson, p. 48; Staudinger, p. 9; Kingsley in J. A. I. p. 62. ↑
673 Tautain, Bobo, pp. 230, 233. ↑
674 Corre, pp. 15, 16. ↑
675 In the first edition of this book we had counted such peoples as the Fulbe, the Haussa and the Tuareg among the savages. Dr. Vierkandt, in his article on “Die Verbreitung der Sklaverei und ihre Ursachen”, rightly remarks that they are rather to be regarded as semi-civilized peoples. ↑
676 Chaillé Long, p. 29. ↑
677 Wilson and Felkin, II pp. 163, 162. ↑
678 Schweinfurth, I p. 164. ↑
679 Schweinfurth; Junker. ↑
680 Junker, I p. 531; Wilson and Felkin, II p. 96. ↑
681 Stuhlmann, pp. 774 sqq. (by Emin Pascha). ↑
682 Stuhlmann, pp. 492–529. ↑
683 Ibid., pp. 530 sqq. ↑
684 Junker, II pp. 477, 462. ↑
685 Junker, I pp. 331, 411, 428. ↑
686 Schweinfurth, II pp. 164, 190; Junker, III pp. 4, 292. ↑
687 Schweinfurth, II, pp. 45, 82; Junker, II pp. 265, 266, 317; III p. 129. ↑
688 Burrows, p. 45. ↑
689 Junker, III p. 507. ↑
690 Baumann, p. 224. ↑
691 Baumann, p. 179. ↑
692 Ibid., p. 173. Kannenberg’s statement, that captives are made slaves, does not seem to prove anything. These slaves may be sold abroad (see Kannenberg, p. 167, and below p. 164). ↑
693 Baumann, p. 187. ↑
694 Schweinfurth; Junker; Wilson and Felkin. ↑
695 Compiègne, Gabonais, p. 92; Hutchinson, p. 191. ↑
696 Sibree, p. 227. ↑
697 Hildebrandt, West-Madagascar, p. 113 ↑
698 Walter, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, pp. 381, 387. ↑
699 Fritsch, p. 261. ↑
700 Fritsch, p. 364. ↑
701 See above, p. 139. ↑
702 Galton, p. 142. ↑
703 Wandrer, in Steinmetz’s Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 323. ↑
704 Holub, Süd-Afrika, I, p. 112. ↑
705 Livingstone, Miss. Trav.; Fritsch; Theal; Passarge, Die Buschmänner. ↑
706 Fritsch, p. 444. ↑
707 Schweinfurth, II pp. 107–126; Emin Bey; Burrows. ↑
708 Burrows, pp. 39, 38. ↑
709 Lenz has some notes on the Abongos. ↑
710 Serpa Pinto, I p. 322. ↑
711 Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155. ↑
712 Ibid., p. 207. ↑
713 Ibid., pp. 231, 239, 244, 245. ↑
714 Ibid., pp. 279, 308–311 etc.; see also Junker I p. 180; von Müller, p. 428. ↑
715 Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 483, 484, 497. ↑
716 Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 42, 43, 48–56. ↑
717 Paulitschke, I pp. 261, 262; II pp. 139–141. ↑
718 Paulitschke, I pp. 260, 263; II pp. 138, 139. Concerning the Somal see also Bottego, pp. 422–425; Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4. ↑
719 Baumann, p. 165; Kallenberg, p. 93; Merker, pp. 96, 97, 118, 208. ↑
720 Kannenberg, p. 155; Baumstark. ↑
721 Kandt, p. 254. ↑
722 Thomson, Through Massailand; Johnston; Baumann; Kallenberg; von Höhnel. ↑
723 Thomson, l.c. p. 448; Johnston, p. 402. ↑
724 On Kannenberg’s statement that the Wandorobo enslave captives the same may be remarked as above with regard to the Warangi (See Kannenberg p. 170). ↑
725 Thomson, l. c; Johnston; von Höhnel. ↑
726 See above, p. 157, note 1. ↑
727 In this paragraph we speak of “positive” and “negative cases”, meaning only the clear cases. ↑