Note 1428 — Chapter VII · THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF ROME AND THE INCORPORATION OF ITALY

The language of Livy makes it doubtful whether he conceives the foedus to have continued after the civitas had been conferred. They are different stages of rights, but he may mean them to be cumulative. In xxxi. 31 we read “cum ... ipsos (Campanos) foedere primum, deinde conubio atque cognationibus, postremo civitate nobis conjunxissemus” (cf. xxiii. 5). The civitas here is probably the full citizenship conferred on individual Capuans. They are spoken of as socii in 216 B.C. (xxiii. 5), and though the word is sometimes loosely used, it harmonises in its literal sense with the great constitutional privileges of the town.