Note 229-3 — Chapter II

Ch. Smith, Tracts on the Corn Trade, 1758, 182. Eden, State of the Poor, I, 563, seq. In McCulloch, Statist, I, 316, 466 ff., 548. Moreover, Rogers says that English workmen in the middle ages, for the most part, consumed wheat bread. (Statist. Journal, 1864, 73.) About the middle of the 13th century, only from 11 to 12 malters of wheat were produced on the estates of the bishop of Osnabrück; about 470 of oats, 300 of rye, and 120 of barley. (J. Möser, Osnabrück, Gesch., Werke, VII, 2. 166.) Even beer was brewed from oats in the earlier part of the middle ages. (Guérard, Polyptiques, I, 710 ff.) The ancients, also, in their lower stages of civilization, lived on barley bread by way of preference, and went over to wheat only at a later period; compare Plin., H. N. XVIII, 14. Heracl., Pont, fr. 2. Athen., IV., 137, 141. Plutarch, Alcib., 23. As to how, in Rome, the transition from far to the much more costly triticum, was connected with the extension of the hide of land from 2 to 7 jugera, see M. Voigt in the Rhein. Museum f. Philol., 1868.