Note 174-4 — Chapter III

Adam Smith, loc. cit., on this point describes China as a stationary country (according to R. Fortune, Wanderings in China, 1847, 9, a decided decline has been noticeable there for a long time), and Bengal as a declining one. On the condition of wages among the Romans, Juvenal, III, 21 ff., is one of the principal sources. Hence the desire to emigrate because honest labor had no longer any foothold (23 ff.). Poor dwellings of the laboring class, dark, exposed to danger from fire (166, 190 ff., 225), and yet comparatively dear (223 seq.). Numerous crowds of robbers and beggars (302 ff.; IV, 116 ff.; V, 8; XIV, 134). On beggary, see Seneca, Controv., V, 33. De Element., II, 6. De Vita beata, 25 ff. Martial, V, 81, XIV, 1, complains of the absence of outlook among the poorer classes. Horace, too, is rich in passages which might be appropriately cited in this connection. Characteristic question of the nabobs, in Petron., 48, 5: What on earth is that thing called a pauper?