Note 1 — I A CENTURY AND A HALF OF FOREIGN RULE

CHAPTER I

Carver's Travels through the Interior Parts of North-America, pp. vii, viii. 1

To the region lying on the upper waters of three great river systems--the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, and the Red River of the North--the writer has applied the name Upper Northwest to distinguish it from the Old Northwest and the Pacific Northwest. 2

For a summary of the French explorations see Folwell's Minnesota, pp. 1–29. Thwaites's France in America, p. 74, contains an excellent map of the French operations in the West. 3

The report of Louis Antoine Bougainville, written in 1757 and based on the reports of Canadian officials, shows the extent of French commerce at the close of the period of French control. At Green Bay (La Baye) trade was carried on with the Folles-Avoines, Sacs, Foxes, Sioux, and other tribes, the annual output being from five to six hundred packages of furs. In the North, extending westward along what is now the international boundary to the Lake of the Woods and then along the lakes and rivers of the Lake Winnipeg system, was the territory of the post known as The Sea of the West. This included seven forts and produced a yearly supply of from three to four hundred packages. These regions are everywhere vast prairies; this is the route to take for the upper Missouri.--Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XVIII, pp. 167–195. A picturesque account of the life of the French traders is given in Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), pp. 115–119. 4

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XVIII, p. 251; Turner's The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Vol. IX, pp. 584, 585. 5

Thwaites's Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Vol. VII, p. 373. In 1792, Peter Grant built a trading house on the site of St. Vincent, Minnesota, on the east bank of the Red River, and in 1800–1801 the fort of Pembina was erected by the great traveller, Alexander Henry, the younger.--South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 138. 6

American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Vol. I, p. 684. 7

Thwaites's Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Vol. I, pp. 227, 228. Traders of the Hudson's Bay Company also frequented the spot. Sergeant John Ordway records in his journal for December 1, 1804, that a Scotsman who is tradeing at the Mandens came to visit us. he belonged to the hudson bay company.… he brought over Tobacco Beeds & other kinds of Goods. & traded with the Mandens for their furs & buffalow Robes. they bring Some Guns to trade for horses &C. this hudsons bay comp^y lay Garrisoned near the N. W. Comp^y.… Eight or 10 days travel by land a North course from this.--Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XXII, p. 169. 8

Chittenden's The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. II, p. 556. 9

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, pp. 279, 280. 10

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 286. 11

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 280. 12

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 156. 13

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 171. 14

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 252. 15

Wilkinson's instructions to Pike are printed in Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. II, pp. 842–844. Before the founding of Fort Snelling the Minnesota River was called by the French voyageurs the St. Pierre. When the Americans were established on its banks they anglicized this name into St. Peter's. The fort, the agency, and the fur traders' establishment are commonly referred to in early literature as St. Peter's. By a joint resolution of Congress on June 19, 1852, the name Minnesota was ordered to be used in all public documents in which the river was mentioned. This was the Indian name for the river.--United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 147. In mentioning this river use is made in this volume of the modern name, except when quoting. 16

The account of the treaty is given in Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, pp. 83, 84. The treaty itself is printed on page 231 and Pike's speech on pages 226–230. Article I contains the land cession: That the Sioux nation grant unto the United States, for the purpose of establishment of military posts, nine miles square at the mouth of the St. Croix, also from below the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peters up the Mississippi to include the falls of St. Anthony, extending nine miles on each side of the river, that the Sioux nation grants to the United States the full sovereignty and power over said district forever. The meaning of all this is extremely vague. 17

American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Vol. I, p. 798. 18

Publications of the Canadian Archives, No. 7, Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812, pp. 11, 13. 19

A petition of the London merchants to the English government stated that before the war the annual export of furs from Canada amounted to £250,000. Updyke's The Diplomacy of the War of 1812, p. 204. 20

Publications of the Canadian Archives, No. 7, Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812, pp. 72, 73. 21

Publications of the Canadian Archives, No. 7, Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812, pp. 66–69. The figures are given on page 69. 22

Publications of the Canadian Archives, No. 7, Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812, p. 184. 23

The best account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn is given in Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835, pp. 211–231. 24

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XIX, p. 323. 25

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, pp. 120, 194. 26

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, Vol. XV, p. 219. It must be stated that the British in no way sought intentionally to use the Indians for the purpose of massacreing the whites. The instructions to Dickson declared that he should restrain them by all the means in your power from acts of Cruelty and inhumanity. On March 16, 1813, Dickson reported to the military secretary at Quebec that he had taken steps to redeem the soldiers, women, and children of the ill-fated Fort Dearborn garrison, who were still captives.--Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, Vol. XV, pp. 258, 259. 27

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, Vol. XV, pp. 321, 322. 28

There is a summary of Dickson's activities in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 133–153. 29

Niles' Register, Vol. VI, p. 176. 30

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XIII, p. 10; Niles' Register, Vol. VI, p. 242. 31

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XI, pp. 254–270. 32

Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of America and other powers since July 4, 1776, pp. 404, 405. 33

American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 10, 11; Chittenden's The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. II, p. 561. 34

These treaties were concluded: on July 18th with the Pottawattomies and Piankashaws; on July 19th with the Tetons and Sioux of the Lakes, Sioux of St. Peter's River, and Yankton Sioux; September 2nd with the Kickapoos; September 8th with the Wyandots; September 12th with the Osages; September 13th with the Sacs of the Missouri; September 14th with the Foxes; September 16th with the Iowas. The treaties are published in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 110–123. The reports of the commissioners and also the treaties are printed in the American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 1–11. 35

American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Vol. II, p. 9. 36

For these migrations see the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, Vol. XXIII, pp. 97, 443; Kingsford's The History of Canada, Vol. IX, p. 69; Report on Canadian Archives, 1896, p. 157. During the negotiations at Ghent the British commissioners had sought to have established a permanent Indian territory to be a barrier state between the two powers.--Updyke's The Diplomacy of the War of 1812, p. 204. The Indians felt they had been abandoned by the English. Hence the liberality in gift distribution was an attempt to appease them. 37

See the reports of W. H. Puthuff in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XIX, pp. 430–433, 472–474. 38

Schoolcraft's Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes, p. 19. 39

Irving's The Sketch-Book (Hudson Edition), p. 489. 40

Carr's Missouri, p. 121. 41

Niles' Register, Vol. VIII, p. 436, August 19, 1815. 42

American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Vol. II, p. 86. 43

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. III, p. 332. John Jacob Astor of the American Fur Company has received the credit for the passage of this law.--Folwell's Minnesota, p. 54; Coman's Economic Beginnings of the Far West, Vol. I, pp. 344, 345. This is neglecting the fact that there was a unanimous outcry against foreign traders--one of the signs that the War of 1812 marks the rise of American nationality. The legislation of April 29, 1816, was not wholly satisfactory to Astor. I have seen a letter, wrote William H. Puthuff, Indian agent at Mackinac, addressed by J. J. Astor to a Mr. Franks a British trader now at this place in which Mr. Astor expresses surprise and regret at the passage of a law forbidding British subjects from trading with Indians, within the American limits etc.--Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XIX, p. 423. What Mr. Astor wanted was the prohibition of trade by American private citizens as well as by British private citizens. If his American Fur Company were given a monopoly as he desired, he also wanted to be free to employ such persons--American or British--as he needed. 44

Or, more correctly from the point where a north and south line drawn through the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods would intersect this parallel.--Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of America and other powers since July 4, 1776, p. 416. 45

Treaties and Conventions concluded between the United States of America and other powers since July 4, 1776, p. 377. 46

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 279. 47

Niles' Register, Vol. XIV, pp. 387–389. 48

There is an excellent account of the United States trading house system in Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835, pp. 289–309. 49

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 228. 50

American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Vol. II, p. 6. 51

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 39. 52

CHAPTER II

For the erection of these posts see Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835, p. 265; Thwaites's Wisconsin, pp. 180–182; Gue's History of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 137, 138. 53

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. I, p. 669. 54

Major Long's journal is printed in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 9–88. 55

Niles' Register, Vol. XIV, p. 192. 56

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. I, p. 779. 57

Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 319. 58

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 32. 59

The story of the Yellowstone Expedition is narrated in detail in Chittenden's The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. II, pp. 562–587. See also the preface to James's Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains in Thwaites's Early Western Travels, Vol. XIV, pp. 9–26. For the site of this fort see Thwaites's Early Western Travels, Vol. XXII, p. 275, note 231. 60

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 34th Congress, Vol. I, Pt. 2, Document No. 1, p. 21. 61

Leavenworth's A Genealogy of the Leavenworth Family in the United States, p. 152. 62

Van Cleve's Three Score Years and Ten, Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 7. 63

In the Detroit Gazette, February 18, 1820, Vol. III, No. 135, there is reprinted from the National Intelligencer an Extract of a letter from a gentleman of the expedition to the Falls of St. Anthony, to his friend in Washington, dated Cantonment of the 5th regt. U. S. Infantry, St. Peter's River, Nov. 10, 1819. It is from this letter that the dates of arriving at and leaving the various places are taken. The Adjutant General in an order praised the garrison at Fort Howard for the economy and expedition with which the command constructed transport boats for the accommodation of the 5th regiment in its passage to the Mississippi.--Detroit Gazette, September 10, 1819. 64

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V, p. 96, note. Mrs. Van Cleve gives another version of this affair: When all was in order, Colonel Leavenworth stepped forth, and, through an interpreter, formally requested of the Chief permission to pass peaceably through their country. The Chief, a very handsome young brave, advanced, and, with his right arm uncovered, said, with most expressive gestures: 'My brother, do you see the calm, blue sky above us? Do you see the lake that lies so peacefully at our feet? So calm, so peaceful are our hearts towards you. Pass on!'--Van Cleve's Three Score Years and Ten, Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 11. That these Indians were not so friendly as this account would indicate is apparent from the statement in Major Forsyth's narrative that Captain Whistler of Fort Howard had been fired at, at different times during the summer of 1819 by these Winnebagoes.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 167. 65

Major Forsyth's narrative, covering the time from his departure from St. Louis on June 7th until his arrival there again on September 17th, is published in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 139–167; also in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 188–219. It is from this narrative that the facts regarding the progress of the expedition were obtained. 66

Major Forsyth's narrative in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 147, 148, 149. 67

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 149; Van Cleve's Three Score Years and Ten, Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 15. 68

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 149–153, 159. Mrs. Van Cleve says that a few days were spent on the shores of Lake Pepin.--Van Cleve's Three Score Years and Ten, Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 16. Mrs. Ellet in her sketch of Mrs. Clark says a week was spent at this place.--Ellet's Pioneer Women of the West, p. 350. 69

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 153, 154. Neill records that the troops did not reach the Minnesota River until September.--Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 320. But in Appendix L., p. 891, he gives the same dates as Forsyth. In Folwell's Minnesota, p. 55, the statement is made that the command arrived at Mendota August 23. As the main body of soldiers did not arrive until August 24th, this latter date should be taken as the birthday of Fort Snelling. 70

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 154–157; Detroit Gazette, October 22, 1819, February 18, 1820. 71

Detroit Gazette, February 18, 1820. 72

Van Cleve's Three Score Years and Ten, Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, pp. 18, 19. The baby was Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark who married General Horatio P. Van Cleve. In 1888 she published a book of reminiscences. It possesses all the merits and defects of a book of reminiscences--vividness of pictures--inaccuracy in regard to specific facts. 73

Ellet's Pioneer Women of the West, p. 351; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 48. 74

Mrs. Van Cleve, who received her information from her father, gives the number as forty.--Van Cleve's Three Score Years and Ten, Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 19. James Doty, who kept the official journal of the Cass Expedition of 1820, and who received his information from the officers at Camp Cold Water, gives the number as forty.--Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XIII, p. 214. Philander Prescott in his reminiscences states that Some fifty or sixty had died, and some ten men died after I arrived.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 478. L. Grignon wrote on April 3, 1820, that They tell me that fifty Soldiers of the river St. Pierre have died of Scurvy.--Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 161. In writing of the attack of scurvy Mr. H. H. Sibley remarks: It was doubtless caused by the bad quality of the provisions, especially of the pork, which was spoiled by the villany of the contractors, or their agents, in drawing the brine from the barrels that contained it, after leaving St. Louis, in order to lighten the load, and causing the barrels to be refilled with river water, before their delivery at the post, to avoid detection. The troops were compelled to live on this unwholesome fare for two successive seasons, before the fraud was discovered.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 473, 474. Nowhere else is this explanation given. Sickness could easily come at a frontier post without such villainy. During the same winter at Camp Missouri over half of the garrison of seven hundred men were sick, and nearly one hundred of them died. At Council Bluff there was also a great deal of sickness.--Detroit Gazette, July 21, September 1, 1820. 75

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 473. 76

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 103. 77

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 478, 479. 78

Reports of Committees, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, p. 136. 79

These facts are from the reminiscences of Philander Prescott in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 478, 479. 80

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 105. 81

Snelling to Taliaferro, November 7, 1821.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 30. 82

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 107. Mrs. Van Cleve states that the fort was occupied in the fall of 1821.--Van Cleve's Three Score Years and Ten, Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, p. 32. 83

Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 153. 84

Schoolcraft's Narrative Journal of Travels from Detroit Northwest through the Great Chain of American Lakes to the sources of the Mississippi River, pp. 292–315. The official journal was kept by James Doty. The time spent with Leavenworth's troops is described in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XIII, pp. 212–216. 85

Captain Kearny's journal is printed in the Missouri Historical Society Collections, Vol. III, pp. 8–29, 99–131. Pages 104–110 are devoted to the time spent at Camp Cold Water. 86

These facts regarding the change of the name are taken from Upham's The Women and Children of Fort St. Anthony, Later named Fort Snelling in the Magazine of History, Vol. XXI, pp. 38, 39. Dr. Upham received his information from a letter from the Adjutant General of the United States. 87

CHAPTER III

See Miss Gallaher's article on The Military-Indian Frontier 1830–1835 in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XV, pp. 393–428. 88

Langham to Taliaferro, August 19, 1820.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 62. 89

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 117. 90

Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 901. 91

Marsh to Taliaferro, June 26, 1827.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 76. 92

This was the opening of the Winnebago War, often called the Red Bird War. Accounts of it are given in William Joseph Snelling's Early Days at Prairie du Chien in the Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V, pp. 144–153; and State Papers, 1st Session, 20th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 150–163. 93

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 118. 94

For the movement of troops see State Papers, 1st Session, 20th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 150–163. 95

Taliaferro to Cass, October 4, 1832.--Indian Office Files, 1832, No. 226. 96

Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 439, 440, 459; Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), pp. 483–487. 97

For an account of the Winnebagoes and their many migrations see Jackson's A Century of Dishonor, pp. 218–256. 98

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. 2, Document No. 5, pp. 1028, 1029; The Minnesota Pioneer, September 13, 1849. 99

The Minnesota Pioneer, November 28, December 12, 1849. 100

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol. II, Pt. 3, Document No. 2, p. 421. The recent arrival at Fort Snelling of a company of dragoons, so long wanted, will greatly assist in intercepting the migration southward of this discontented people.--Report of Alexander Ramsey, October 21, 1850, in Senate Documents, 2nd Session, 31st Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 81. 101

This reservation was agreed upon by the treaty concluded at Washington, D. C., on February 27, 1855; Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 690–693. 102

Senate Documents, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 316, 423. 103

Bryce's The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company, pp. 365–372. A description of a hunt, written in French by Rev. M. Belcourt, is given in Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. VIII, Document No. 51, pp. 44–52. 104

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. VIII, Document No. 51, p. 4. 105

This was during the period that Professor William A. Dunning describes as The Roaring Forties. And the far flung interests of the British Empire need no more striking illustration than the fact that in whatever direction the Americans sought to expand their bounds, whether on the Atlantic or on the Pacific, in the Gulf of the tropics or under the Arctic circle, they found subjects of the Queen, with vested rights, opposing the movement.--Dunning's The British Empire and the United States, pp. 96, 97. 106

Captain Sumner's report is printed in the Executive Documents, 1st Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 2, pp. 217–220. It is reprinted with explanatory notes in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XI, pp. 258–267. 107

The report of Major Woods is printed in Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. VIII, Document No. 51. It contains fifty-five pages. Accompanying the expedition was John Pope, Brevet Captain of the Topographical Engineers. His report is published in Senate Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. X, Document No. 42. There is an excellent map attached to the report. 108

Colonel Smith's report is printed in the Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. II, Document No. 1, pp. 426–454. 109

Ansel Briggs to the Secretary of War.--Indian Office Files, 1849, No. 206. The petition was dated Washington, Iowa, July 31, 1849.--Indian Office Files, 1849, No. 208. 110

Major Woods's report is found in the Indian Office Files, 1849, No. 174. 111

The Minnesota Pioneer, April 3, 1850. 112

The Minnesota Pioneer, May 16, 1850. 113

See the letter of William Hutchinson, who was one of the party. It is published in The Minnesota Pioneer, June 13, 1850. Iowa City looks as it did five years ago, he wrote. A few houses were built since that time; but evidently were not the capitol located at this place, it would be no great shakes, though in time it is bound to come out. Some years since, Uncle Sam erected expensive bridges for the good citizens of Iowa, betwixt Dubuque and Iowa City; and strange to say the people are suffering them to rot down without covering them. Iowa City has grown in ten years as large as Saint Paul, which is not 2 years old. Steamboats often get up to this place, but all will not suffice. 114

Report of Major Woods.--Indian Office Files, 1850, No. 363. 115

The Iowa Star (Fort Des Moines), July 18, 1850. 116

The Annals of Iowa (First Series), Vol. VII, pp. 284, 285. Part of Company D. 1st regiment of U. S. Dragoons under command of Lieut. Gardner passed through here on their way to the Missouri river. We understand they intend to pay a visit to the Indian tribes on the upper Missouri and from thence across Minnesota Territory to their quarters at Ft. Snelling.--Quoted from the Fort Des Moines Gazette in the Miners' Express (Dubuque), September 4, 1850. The return of the troops to Fort Snelling is noted in The Minnesota Pioneer, October 3, 1850. 117

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol. II, Pt. 3, Document No. 2, p. 284. An account of the journey is printed in The Minnesota Pioneer, February 12, 1852. 118

Asa Whitney, a New York merchant, petitioned Congress in January, 1845, for a franchise and a grant of land to make this dream a reality.--Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, pp. 218, 219. 119

Act of March 3, 1853.--United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 219. 120

Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, Document No. 91, pp. 1, 13, 74. 121

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 36th Congress, Document No. 56, p. 36; Post Returns, May, 1853, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 122

A brief account of the expedition is given in Paxson's The Last American Frontier, pp. 197–203. The reports of all the surveys were published by the government. That of Governor Stevens consists of 651 pages, added to the report of the Secretary of War, published in Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, Document No. 91. In 1859 Governor Stevens submitted a Narrative and Final Report, published in two parts in the Executive Documents, 1st Session, 36th Congress, Document No. 56. The various reports of all the explorers are bound in a set of twelve volumes, in which Governor Stevens's first account may be found in Vol. I, and the later narrative in Vol. XII, Pts. I and II. 123

Order No. 7 stated: It is considered of great consequence that the several trains should not be intermingled; and the dragoons attached to the several parties will continue with them, camping and working with them, receiving their orders only from their particular chiefs, even when the whole force is brought together.--Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, Document No. 91, p. 46. 124

Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 2, p. 112. 125

Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, p. 566. 126

Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 567–570. 127

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. X, Pt. I, p. 181. 128

Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 161. 129

Senate Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 180–183. 130

The Minnesota Pioneer, July 19, 1849. 131

The Minnesota Pioneer, September 6, 1849, July 11, November 21, 1850. 132

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. X, Pt. I, pp. 193, 199. 133

Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 588–593. 134

Holcombe's Minnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. II, pp. 327, 328; Annals of Iowa (First Series), Vol. VII, p. 290; Post Returns, March, April, 1853, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 135

For Colonel Smith's expedition see above, Note 109. For the building of Fort Abercrombie see the Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, Vol. II, Pt. II, p. 7. 136

Reports of Committees, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, pp. 10–12. 137

Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Pt. III, p. 2595. 138

For the sale of Fort Snelling see Dr. Folwell's paper on The Sale of Fort Snelling, 1857, in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XV, pp. 393–410. 139

The report of the committee may be found in Reports of Committees, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351. 140

Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Pt. III, p. 2614. 141

Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Pt. III, p. 2618. 142

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, p. 431. 143

For papers relating to the readjustment see Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9. 144

CHAPTER IV

Quoted in Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 58, 59. 145

In the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, pp. 430, 431, there is a list of the commanding officers from September, 1819 to May, 1858. 146

For the life of Henry Leavenworth see the Kansas Historical Collections, Vol. VII, pp. 577, 578, Vol. IX, p. 569, Vol. XI, p. xxi; Powell's List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from 1779 to 1900, p. 428; Chittenden's The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. II, pp. 630–632; Leavenworth's A Genealogy of the Leavenworth Family in the United States, pp. 150–154. 147

American State Papers, Indian Affairs, Vol. I, p. 777. 148

Ellet's Pioneer Women of the West, pp. 310–323, contains a sketch of the activities of Captain Snelling during the war. 149

Ellet's Pioneer Women of the West, pp. 313, 314. 150

Ellet's Pioneer Women of the West, p. 316. 151

From the reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 96, 97. Mrs. Adams, as a child, lived several years in the Snelling household. 152

Powell's List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from 1779 to 1900, p. 599; Ellet's Pioneer Women of the West, p. 334. 153

From a manuscript entitled Remarks on General Wm. Hull's Memoirs of the Campaign of the Northwestern Army, 1812, by Josiah Snelling.--Draper Collection, 8 U. 114, pp. 42, 43. 154

The Works of Daniel Webster, Vol. V, p. 410. 155

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, pp. 440, 441. 156

See the sketch of Captain Scott in Van Cleve's Three Score Years and Ten, Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, pp. 28, 29. 157

Senate Documents, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 367. 158

There is a sketch of Martin Scott in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 180–187, from which this story is taken. 159

Powell's List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from 1779 to 1900, p. 577. 160

Niles' Register, Vol. 73, p. 130. 161

The frontispiece of Mrs. Eastman's Dahcotah; or, Life and Legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling was painted by Captain Eastman. 162

Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II, p. 292. 163

In his notes to Hiawatha Longfellow quotes from the introduction of Mrs. Eastman's book, p. ii.--Longfellow's Complete Poetical Works (Cambridge Edition), p. 666. 164

Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II, p. 292. 165

Powell's List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from 1779 to 1900, p. 449; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, p. 441. 166

The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. VIII, pp. 89, 90. 167

Rhodes's History of the United States, Vol. IV, p. 328. 168

The American Annual Cyclopaedia, 1863, p. 816. 169

Bancroft's History of Oregon, Vol. II, pp. 611, 612. For the career of General Canby see Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. I, pp. 517, 518. 170

This incident is taken from Folsom's Fifty Years in the Northwest, pp. 755, 756. Mr. Folsom says he took it from a St. Paul paper of 1887. 171

For the Dred Scott case see McMaster's A History of the People of the United States, Vol. VIII, pp. 278, 279. 172

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 50. 173

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 564. 174

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, pp. 729–739. 175

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 395. 176

Quoted from the complaint of the agent, Nathaniel McLean, September 25, 1850, in Senate Documents, 2nd Session, 31st Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 106. 177

Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 249. 178

Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 253, 254. 179

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 353. 180

Taliaferro to Crawford, July 15, 1839.--Indian Office Files, 1839, No. 512. 181

These papers are in the possession of the Minnesota Historical Society. The dates covered in these diaries are from December, 1830, to June, 1831; May 25 to September 21, 1833; May 23 to August 28, 1834. 182

These letters are in the possession of the Minnesota Historical Society. In Volume I of these letters is the following notice: These 326 letters, are part of the great mass of correspondence received by Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro, Indian Agent at Fort Snelling, 1819–1840. They constitute but a small part of his accumulations in twenty years. The rest were burned in his house at Bedford, Pa., in 18__. It was a great loss to us, as, had they been spared, we would have received all of them. But even these 326 contain a large amount of valuable material for Minnesota history. Even as autographs they are valuable, [see autobiography of Taliaferro, Vol. 6, Coll.] These letters were given by Maj. T. in March, 1868. Arranged, bound and indexed (by J. F. W.) 1891. 183

Photostatic copies of many of these letters were taken and are to be found in the library of the Wisconsin Historical Society, where they were consulted. 184

These letter books are now in the possession of the Kansas State Historical Society at Topeka, where they were consulted. The only volume containing letters from Major Taliaferro is referred to as the William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832. 185

Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 253. 186

Powell's List of Officers of the Army of the United States, from 1779 to 1900, p. 620. In the Taliaferro Letters are many letters from William Clark and Elbert Herring in which they address Mr. Taliaferro as major. 187

Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 11. A note on this letter gives these dates. 188

Nowhere is the date of his arrival at Fort Snelling given. In his autobiography he writes of his journey: Jean Baptiste Faribault and family, had gone through by land, in charge of Colonel Leavenworth's horses and cows.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 198. It was in the spring of 1820 that Faribault performed this service.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 103. 189

Clark to the Secretary of War, August 20, 1832.--Indian Office Files, 1832, No. 285. For his resignation see Indian Office Files, 1824, No. 39. 190

Taliaferro's Diary, March 24, 1831. 191

Taliaferro to Crawford, December 12, 1839.--Indian Office Files, 1839, No. 516. 192

Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), pp. 337–339. 193

In the report for 1850 the agency at St. Peter's is designated a Sub-Agency.--Senate Documents, 2nd Session, 31st Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 103. 194

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 339, 340. 195

Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 213, 1827, No. 54, 1843, No. 222. 196

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, p. 341. 197

CHAPTER V

See Notes on Canada and the North-West States of America in Blackwood's Magazine, Vol. LXXVIII, p. 323, September, 1855. These articles by Laurence Oliphant were later published in book form under the title of Minnesota and the Far West. 198

This is the height given in Nicollet's Report intended to illustrate a Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River, p. 69. 199

Seymour's Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West, p. 103. 200

This sketch of the fort is obtained from the map of Fort Snelling in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, p. 431; and from a Report of the capacity and condition of the barracks, quarters, hospital, storehouses, &c., at Fort Snelling, Minnesota Territory, made to the Quartermaster General. This report was made on August 23, 1856. It is printed in Reports of Committees, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, pp. 407–409. 201

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. IV, p. 122. 202

Latrobe's The Rambler in North America, Vol. II, p. 295. 203

A statement of the equipment at the various posts during the fourth quarter of 1834 is printed in the American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V, p. 853–900. 204

Taliaferro to Lucas, September 30, 1839.--Indian Office Files, 1839, No. 492. 205

Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 153. 206

Taliaferro to William Clark, August 17, 1830.--Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 139. 207

Taliaferro's Diary, April 7, 1831. 208

Taliaferro's Diary, March 8, 1831. 209

Taliaferro to Lucas, September 30, 1839.--Indian Office Files, 1839, No. 492; Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, p. 19. 210

Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 153. 211

Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 207. 212

Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 153. In the Sibley House at Mendota is hung an oil painting of Fort Snelling made by Sergeant Thomas who was stationed at Fort Snelling sometime between 1836 and 1842. This painting, which was made from the hill behind Sibley House, shows the location of these various buildings. 213

For Baker's house see Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 19, 33, 34; also Reports of Committees, 1st session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, p. 400. 214

Latrobe's The Rambler in North America, Vol. II, pp. 295, 296. Charles Joseph Latrobe visited the post in the fall of 1833. 215

These buildings are shown in the picture mentioned in note 213, above. 216

There is a description of Mendota given in Seymour's Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West, pp. 101, 102. 217

Seymour's Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West, p. 117; Bishop's Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota, pp. 156, 157. 218

These figures are taken from Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 309. 219

Latrobe's The Rambler in North America, Vol. II, p. 302. 220

Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 37, 38; Reports of Committees, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, p. 148. 221

Upham's The Women and Children of Fort St. Anthony, later named Fort Snelling in The Magazine of History, Vol. XXI, p. 37. 222

See below, the chapter entitled Soldiers of the Cross. 223

This enumeration of the Indian villages is from Pond's The Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as they were in 1834 in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 320–330. The spelling of the names follows that used by Pond, although they were all written in many ways. The population figures are from Taliaferro's report in 1834, found in Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 203. 224

See the description of an Indian village in Latrobe's The Rambler in North America, Vol. II, pp. 288, 289; also, Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, pp. 342, 343. 225

CHAPTER VI

On December 22, 1819, the House of Representatives passed a resolution directing the Secretary of War, J. C. Calhoun, to prepare a system of martial law and field service. His report was communicated to the House on December 26, 1820, and was entitled Systems of Martial Law, and Field Service, and Police. It is composed of two parts, namely, General Regulations for the Army, and A System of Martial Law. It is from these regulations that the following sketch of the routine life at a military post is built up. The report is published in the American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 201–274. 226

Ingersoll's A History of the War Department of the United States, pp. 205, 206. 227

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 119. 228

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 210. 229

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 95. 230

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 210. 231

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 217, 218. 232

These account books are in the possession of the Minnesota Historical Society. 233

Bishop's Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota, p. 161. 234

Taliaferro's Diary, March 22, 1831; Post Returns, March, 1840, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 235

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 97. 236

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 345. 237

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 336, 344. 238

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, pp. 341, 342; Post Returns, September, 1828, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 239

Taliaferro's Diary, February 3, 1831. 240

This report is published in the American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, pp. 273–277. 241

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 558, 706, Vol. III, p. 115. 242

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 345. 243

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 476. 244

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, pp. 341, 342. 245

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, p. 277. 246

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 205; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 101. 247

Eastman's Dahcotah; or, Life and Legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling, pp. 144, 145. 248

American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 265. 249

Detroit Gazette, February 18, 1820. 250

Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 305. 251

The Minnesota Pioneer, July 15, 1852. 252

Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, p. 26; Post Returns, July, 1827, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 253

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 340. 254

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, p. 432. 255

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 115. 256

Joseph M. Street to Postmaster General Barry, April 27, 1831.--Street Papers, No. 15, Historical Department, Des Moines, Iowa. 257

Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 44. 258

Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1913, pp. 116, 117. 259

Taliaferro's Diary, April 2, 5, 10, February 27, 1831. 260

Street to Clark, March 10, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 132; Post Returns, March, 1830. See also Post Returns, December, 1829, December, 1830, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 261

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 342. 262

Reports of Committees, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, p. 131. 263

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 342. 264

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 130. Monsieur Tonson was a very popular farce written by W. T. Moncrief in 1821. The French barber, Morbleu, is greatly troubled by a steady stream of visitors who come to make inquiries regarding a certain fictitious Mr. Thompson, hoping thereby to gain information regarding Adolphine de Courcy who has been traced to his door.--Walsh's Heroes and Heroines of Fiction, p. 360. 265

Taliaferro's Diary, January 20, February 22, 1831. 266

Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, July 25, 1824.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, Nos. 50, 56. 267

The Minnesota Pioneer, November 28, 1849. 268

Taliaferro's Diary, February 10, 11, 24, 1831. 269

George F. Turner to H. H. Sibley, February 11, 1842.--Sibley Papers, 1840–1850. 270

Taliaferro to Street, March 30, 1831.--Street Papers, No. 12. 271

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 100. 272

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 112. 273

Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 920. General Edmund P. Gaines inspected the post shortly afterwards and reported: From a conversation with the colonel, I can have no doubt that he has erred in the course pursued by him in reference to some of those controversies, inasmuch as he has intimated to his officers his willingness to sanction, in certain cases, and even to participate in personal conflicts, contrary to the twenty-fifth article of war.--American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. IV, p. 123. 274

Taliaferro's Diary, March 27, 1831. 275

CHAPTER VII

Morse's A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs, pp. 78, 79. 276

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 321, 322. 277

Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 203. 278

Taliaferro to Clark, August 5, 1830.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 2. 279

This description of Indian life is based on Pond's The Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as they were in 1834 in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 319–501. 280

The quotations are taken from Beltrami's description of an Indian council which he attended at Fort Snelling in 1823.--Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, pp. 217–219. 281

These are taken from a list which is typical of the character of the presents, among the papers of Thomas Forsyth.--Draper Manuscripts, 2T2. 282

Annals of Congress, 1st session, 17th Congress, Vol. I, pp. 319, 320. 283

Taliaferro's Diary, February 19, 1831. The speech of the chief closes thus: We know you have nothing on hand for your children, but we hope you will give us some Pork & Bread & a little Tobacco--as our pipes are out & have been for some time our old men will be pleased. The village of the Red Head was St. Louis, the Red Head being General William Clark, the superintendent of Indian affairs. 284

The Crane and the Hole in the Day--and other Chippeways at the Agency this day--Several Sissiton Sioux also at the Agency. Issued 24 Rats Bread 20 pounds of Pork--15 lbs. of tobacco.--Taliaferro's Diary, January 23, 1831. See also the diary under the dates of December 24, 1830, January 13, 17, 1831. 285

Cass to Taliaferro, July 28, 1825.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 57. 286

Taliaferro's Diary, July 19, 1834. 287

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 738. 288

Taliaferro's Diary, March 4, 1831. 289

Taliaferro to Harris, February 21, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 631. 290

For the suffering during the winter of 1842–1843 and the steps taken to relieve it see the letter from Dr. Williamson in the Missionary Herald, Vol. 39, p. 355, September, 1843; and Bruce to Chambers, April 3, 1843, in Indian Office Files, 1843, No. 222. 291

Taliaferro to Dodge, June 30, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 690. 292

Taliaferro to Clark, March 3, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 129. 293

Taliaferro to Clark, September 14, 1834.--Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 206. 294

Taliaferro's Diary, July 7, 1834. 295

Taliaferro's Diary, December 25, 1830. 296

Taliaferro's Diary, June 28, 30, 1834. On January 17, 1831, he gave a blanket in which to bury a woman. 297

Indian Office Files, 1832, Nos. 287, 294, 295, 296. 298

Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 236. 299

Snelling to Taliaferro, November 13, 1820.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 21. 300

Found among the Sibley Papers, 1830–1840. 301

Taliaferro to Cass, March 3, 1832.--Indian Office Files, 1832, No. 289. 302

Taliaferro to Clark, July 15, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 235. 303

Post Returns, April, May, 1834, July, 1835, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 304

These warriors of Mr. Rainville's were constantly with me, for they knew that I was an English warrior, as they called me, and they are very partial to the English.--Marryat's A Diary in America, Vol. II, p. 91. Captain Marryat, the English novelist, visited the upper Mississippi region in 1837. Many and strong are the recollections of the Sioux and other tribes, of their alliance with the British in the last and revolutionary wars, of which I have met many curious instances.--Catlin's Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 657, footnote. 305

Niles' Register, Vol. XXVI, p. 363, July 31, 1824; Vol. LIII, p. 33, September 16, 1837. 306

Marryat'a A Diary in America, Vol. III, pp. 221, 222. 307

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, p. 320. 308

Niles' Register, Vol. LIII, p. 82, October 7, 1837. 309

Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 50. 310

Taliaferro's Diary, March 18, 1831. 311

Taliaferro's Diary, March 11, 1831. 312

Taliaferro to Clark, April 3, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 161. 313

Renville to Sibley, August 21, 1840.--Sibley Papers, 1830–1840. 314

Quoted in Neill's The History of Minnesota, pp. 338, 339. The two men murdered on the Missouri River in 1820 were Isadore Poupon, a French half-breed, and Joseph F. Andrews, a Canadian. 315

Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835, p. 283. 316

Snelling to Taliaferro, March 19, 1822.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 32. The quotation is taken from this letter. See also Calhoun to Snelling, September 18, 1822.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 40. 317

Letter of George Johnson, November 2, 1825.--Indian Office Files, 1825–1826, No. 4. 318

Taliaferro to Harris, September 10, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 663. 319

CHAPTER VIII

Morse's A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs, p. 28. 320

Kellogg's Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634–1699, p. 50. 321

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 209. 322

Baker to Taliaferro, May 19, 1829.--Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 64. 323

Speech of Flat Mouth, May 27, 1827.--Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 14. 324

Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 9. 325

From Mrs. Van Cleve's reminiscences in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 80. 326

The information upon which the entire incident is built is contained in the letter of Snelling to Atkinson, May 31, 1827, in Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 10; the letter of Taliaferro to Clark, May 31, 1827, in Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 12; Neill's The History of Minnesota, pp. 391–394; Reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 107–110; A Reminiscence of Ft. Snelling, by Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve, in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 76–81; Running the Gantlet by William J. Snelling (the son of Colonel Snelling) in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 439–456. The last mentioned account was originally published as a magazine article, and much of it is undoubtedly the product of the author's imagination. It is from this that the writer drew the story of Toopunkah Zeze. The article by Mrs. Van Cleve is full of errors and there are some mistakes in Mrs. Adams's reminiscences. For the facts of the attack the writer depended upon the two reports in the Indian Office Files. In a letter written from Prairie du Chien the next winter Joseph Street says that a hostage, an innocent man, was among the Sioux who were executed.--Street to Dr. Alexander Posey, December 11, 1827, in the Street Papers, No. 7. Of those who were shot, says Sibley in his reminiscences, all recovered.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 475. On the other hand Flat Mouth complained to Schoolcraft in 1832 that four of the number died.--Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 85. 327

Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 63. 328

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 135. As here given the mother's speech is partly direct, and partly indirect discourse. The writer has changed it all to the direct discourse. 329

The attack on Hole-in-the-Day's band is narrated in the letter of Plympton to General Jones, August 13, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 618. See also Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 134–136; Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 136, 137. 330

The particulars of the encounter in 1839 are given in a letter written by the Right Reverend Mathias Loras in July 1839, and published in Acta et Dicta: A Collection of historical data regarding the origin and growth of the Catholic Church in the Northwest, Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 18–21; and Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 139–147. 331

Instead of lessening the disasters of Indian warfare, the building of Fort Snelling in the heart of the Indian country and upon the line dividing the ranges of the Dakotas and the Chippewas, had the direct effect of vastly increasing the horrors of that warfare. Depending upon the protection of the military, both tribes brought their women and children into the disputed territory, where before the coming of the soldiers they would never have dared to expose them, and it soon developed that the fort afforded no protection to the children of the forest against the savagery of their hereditary enemies, who made treaties of peace only to thereby gain better opportunity for butchery.--Robinson's A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians, p. 154. This is Part II of the South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II. 332

At the forks of the Chippewa River in 1838, eleven Sioux were killed while asleep, by Chippewas whom they were entertaining. The mission at Lake Pokegama was attacked in 1840. In 1842, a battle was fought at Pine Coulie near the Indian village of Kaposia. In 1850, on Apple River in Wisconsin, fourteen Chippewas were scalped. See the article by Rev. S. W. Pond on Indian Warfare in Minnesota in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 129–138. As late as 1854, D. B. Herriman, the Chippewa agent, reported that during the preceding year nearly one hundred Chippewas had been killed and scalped by the Sioux. But none of these massacres took place at the fort.--Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, Vol. I, Pt. 1, Document No. 1, p. 260. 333

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. VIII, Document No. 51, p. 31. 334

Taliaferro's Diary, January 23, 1831. 335

Taliaferro's Diary, June 4, 1831. For other occasions during the winter and spring of 1831 when the agent records the presence of both Sioux and Chippewas see the diary under date of January 31, March 5, May 2, June 15. 336

Taliaferro to Clark, July 6, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 231. 337

Speech of Taliaferro to the Sioux.--Taliaferro's Diary, February 19, 1831. 338

Report of J. N. Nicollet in Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. II, Document No. 52, p. 66. 339

Taliaferro's Diary, January 10, 18, 26, 1831. 340

Taliaferro to Clark, February 8, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 121. 341

The text of the treaty is printed in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 250–255. The treaty was signed on August 19, 1825. 342

Missionary Herald, Vol. XXX, p. 223, June, 1834. Reverend W. T. Boutwell accompanied Mr. Schoolcraft on this journey, and his account of it is published in the religious paper. 343

Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 265. 344

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 684. 345

Taliaferro to William Clark, May 31, 1835.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. III, No. 234. 346

Taliaferro to Herring, July 16, 1835.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. III, No. 238. 347

Taliaferro to William Clark, September 2, 1835; Taliaferro to E. Herring, September 20, 1835.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. III, Nos. 251, 252. 348

Taliaferro to William Clark, May 26, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 195. 349

Taliaferro's Diary, January 25, 1831. 350

Senate Documents, 1st Session, 28th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 269. 351

Senate Documents, 1st Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 490. 352

The Minnesota Pioneer, January 2, 1851. 353

Snelling to Atkinson, May 31, 1827.--Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 10. 354

The Minnesota Pioneer, May 16, 1850. Other occasions when Indians were imprisoned for similar causes are mentioned in The Minnesota Pioneer, September 23, 1852, April 20, 1854. 355

The Minnesota Pioneer, October 14, 1852. 356

Report of Agent A. J. Bruce, September 1, 1846.--Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 4, p. 246. 357

Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, pp. 233, 234. 358

Taliaferro's Diary, January 31, 1831; Taliaferro to Captain W. R. Lovett, June 30, 1831, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. II, No. 150. 359

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 138. 360

Taliaferro to Clark, October 4, 1830.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 68. 361

Taliaferro's Diary, June 29, 1834. 362

CHAPTER IX

For an account of the attack on the trading house system see Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835, pp. 301–309; also Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, pp. xiii-xviii. 363

This account of the fur trade is based upon the reminiscences of Mr. H. H. Sibley in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 245–247; and Turner's The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Vol. IX, pp. 601–607. 364

If an Indian failed continually in paying up his credits, the trader would refuse him any more goods. This would bring on the enmity of the hunter and his whole family. Such was the case of Joseph R. Brown mentioned in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 247. 365

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. II, pp. 139–146, Vol. III, pp. 332, 333, Vol. IV, pp. 729–735. 366

A copy of an American trading license is published in the Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 282. 367

Indian Office Files, 1831, No. 70. 368

Indian Office Files, 1831, No. 82. 369

Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 200. 370

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 43 371

Sibley to Featherstonhaugh.--Sibley Papers. This letter is printed in Holcombe's Minnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. II, p. 57. 372

Chittenden's The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. I, p. 323. 373

A list of the posts in the agency in 1826 is given in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 113, 114. The Secretary of War directs that the traders in the St Peters Agency, who have been directed by you to build their houses in a particular form, as designated by you, be informed that they are at liberty to adapt the shape of their building to their own convenience. He moreover directs that the term of Forts, by which they are designated, be changed into Posts.--William Clark to Taliaferro, March 26, 1827, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 72. 374

Taliaferro to Herring, September 15, 1834, in Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 210; Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 74. 375

See Sibley's story of a tea party given to a number of traders at Fort Snelling.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 248, 249. 376

Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 230. 377

Taliaferro's Diary, February 22, 1831. 378

Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 44. 379

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, pp. 306, 307. 380

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 564. 381

Norman W. Kittson to Sibley, March 2, 1846.--Sibley Papers, 1840–1850. Mr. Kittson was the manager of the American Fur Company's business along the international boundary, with his headquarters at Pembina. He, with the late James J. Hill, was one of the promoters of the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railroad Company. 382

Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 370. 383

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 383. 384

Taliaferro's Diary, January 30, 1831. 385

Kittson to Sibley, August 7, 1846.--Sibley Papers, 1840–1850. Mr. Kittson was the organizer of the picturesque caravans of Red River carts (at one time called Kittson's carts) which carried on the extensive commerce between the Canadian and American settlements. At an early date this trade assumed large proportions. The van of the Red River train numbering from an hundred to two hundred carts made entirely of wood and green hides and drawn by oxen and ponies in harness, reached St. Paul on Sunday with furs, hides, buffalo robes, dried buffalo tongues, pemmican, etc. They have been forty days on the route.--The Minnesota Pioneer, July 26, 1849. 386

Missionary Herald, Vol. 38, p. 58, February, 1842. 387

Indian Office Files, 1839, No. 62. 388

Missionary Herald, Vol. 40, p. 281, August, 1844. 389

Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 563. 390

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 383. 391

Taliaferro's Diary, July 23, 1834. 392

Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 74. 393

Marsh to Street, April 28, 1832.--Street Papers, No. 20. 394

Indian Office Files, 1835, No. 326. 395

Bailly to Street, August 3, 1832.--Street Papers, No. 28. 396

Street to Cass, October 3, 1832.--Street Papers, No. 69. 397

Several persons have been arrested near Crow Wing for selling whiskey to the Winnebago Indians; and twelve or fifteen barrels of whiskey have been overtaken and knocked in the head, by Capt. Monroe's troops.--The Minnesota Pioneer, August 9, 1849. 398

Senate Documents, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 922. 399

Taliaferro to Clark, August 17, 1830.--Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 143. 400

Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 140. 401

Taliaferro to Clark, August 2, 1829.--Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 65. 402

Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 444. 403

Senate Documents, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 919. 404

The Minnesota Pioneer, May 12, 1849. 405

CHAPTER X

Taliaferro writes: It was some length of time before he could induce the Indians to respect the Sabbath-day--all days being alike to them. It so happened that hundreds of important peace conventions were made and confirmed by the hostile tribes on the Lord's day. But time and patience brought them to reason, and for many years they respected the white man's great medicine day. The sign given for the day of rest was the agency flag floating from the flagstaff, at the agency council house.--Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 236. 406

Missionary Herald, Vol. 45, p. 429, December, 1849. 407

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 326, 327; Taliaferro's Diary, August 14, 1833. 408

Street to Taliaferro, August 12, 1829.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. II, No. 108. 409

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 119–121. 410

Taliaferro to Eaton.--Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 151. 411

Taliaferro's Diary, April 18, May 1, June 8, 1831. 412

Taliaferro's Diary, August 14, 1833. 413

Taliaferro's Diary, April 18, 1831. 414

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. iv. 415

Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 255. 416

Senate Documents, 3rd Session, 25th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 523. 417

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 12–30. This volume, written by the son of Samuel Pond, tells of the work of his father and uncle. 418

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 30. Among the Kemper Papers (Vol. XX, No. 34) the writer found the following permit to enter the Indian country: The Right Reverend, Jackson Kemper, Missionary Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, having signified to this Department, his desire to visit and remain sometime in the Indian country, and requested the permission required by law to enable him to do so, such permission is hereby granted; and he is commended to the friendly attention of civil and military officers and agents, and of citizens, and if at any time it shall be necessary to their protection. Given under my hand and the Seal of the War Department this 1st day of October 1838. S. Cooper. Acting Secretary of War. 419

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 31, 32; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 324, 325. 420

Taliaferro's Diary, July 7, 1834. 421

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 38–42. 422

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 47. 423

Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. II, p. 11. 424

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 43. 425

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 127–146. 426

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 127, 133. 427

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. II, Document No. 5, pp. 1054, 1055. 428

Riggs's Mary and I, Forty Years with the Sioux, pp. 41, 42. 429

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 49–59. 430

Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 4, p. 315. 431

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol II, Pt. III, p. 439. 432

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 343. 433

Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 63, 64. 434

Missionary Herald, Vol. 41, p. 281, August, 1845; Vol. 32, pp. 188, 189, May, 1836. 435

The Spirit of Missions, Vol. IV, p. 61, February, 1839; Tanner's History of the Diocese of Minnesota, p. 24; Post Returns, April, 1839, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 436

Gear to Kemper, Nov. 29, 1841.--Kemper Letters, Vol. 25, No. 103. See also The Spirit of Missions, Vol. 5, p. 68, March, 1840. 437

Acta et Dicta, Vol. I, No. 1, July, 1907, pp. 14–21; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 222–230. 438

CHAPTER XI

Catlin's Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 592. 439

Merrick's Old Times on the Upper Mississippi, p. 187. The following description was given by Philander Prescott, a fur trader: The Indians say they had dreamed of seeing some monster of the deep the night before, which frightened them very much. It appears they did not discover the boat until it had got into the mouth of the St. Peter's, below Mr. Sibley's. They stood and gazed with astonishment at what they saw approaching, taking the boat to be some angry god of the water, coughing and spouting water upwards, sideways and forward. They had not courage enough to stand until the boat came near them. The women and children took to the woods, with their hair floating behind them in the breeze, from the speed they were going, in running from supposed danger. Some of the men had a little more courage, and only moved off to a short distance from the shore, and the boat passed along and landed. Everything being quiet for a moment, the Indians came up to the boat again, and stood looking at the monster of the deep. All at once the boat began to blow off steam, and the bravest warriors could not stand this awful roaring, but took to the woods, men, women and children, with their blankets flying in the wind; some tumbling in the brush which entangled their feet as they ran away--some hallooing, some crying, to the great amusement of the people on board the steamboat.--Quoted in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 104, note 1. 440

Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 199. 441

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 191–193. 442

Beltrami published an account of his travels in French in New Orleans in 1824. The English version is entitled A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, leading to the Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi and Bloody River, and was published in London in two volumes in 1828. It is composed of twenty-two letters addressed to My Dear Countess and dedicated to the Fair Sex. 443

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 101. 444

The story of this exploration was published under the title of Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, Etc. performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Stephen H. Long, U. S. T. E. It was written by Professor Keating from the notes of the party. An English edition appeared in London in 1825. The references given are to this publication. 445

J. C. Calhoun to Major Long.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 41. 446

Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 324, Vol. II, p. 112. 447

Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, pp. 306–310. 448

Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 356. 449

Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 241. 450

Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 414. 451

My head was covered with the bark of a tree, formed into the shape of a hat and sewed with threads of bark; and shoes, a coat, and pantaloons, such as are used by Canadians in the Indian territories, and formed of original skins sewed together by thread made of the muscles of that animal, completed the grotesque appearance of my person.--Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 481. For a short summary of Beltrami's work see the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 183–196. 452

Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. II, p. 200. 453

Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, pp. 599–602. 454

Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, pp. 602–607. This quotation is from page 607. 455

Senate Documents, 1st Session, 24th Congress, Vol. IV, Document No. 333. 456

Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. I, p. 262. 457

Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 246. 458

Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. I, pp. 261, 266, 288. 459

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 187, 188. 460

Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. II, Document No. 52, p. 53. 461

Brower's The Mississippi River and its Source which comprises Vol. VII of the Minnesota Historical Collections. See p. 162. 462

Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 242–245; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 189. 463

In his reminiscences John C. Frémont has left a very interesting account of these two expeditions.--Frémont's Memoirs of My Life, Vol. I, pp. 30–54. 464

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 183. 465

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 129, 133, 134. 466

Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), pp. 914, 915. 467

North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, June 26, 1840. 468

North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, June 5, 1840. 469

Louisville Journal quoted in the North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, June 14, 1838. 470

Jackson Kemper was appointed missionary bishop of the Northwest in 1835 and held the position until 1859 when he accepted the bishopric of Wisconsin. His papers and diaries are in the archives of the Wisconsin Historical Society. For an account of his work see Tiffany's A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, pp. 448, 493. 471

Kemper Papers, Vol. XXVII, No. 113. 472

Kemper Papers, Vol. XXVII, No. 116. 473

CHAPTER XII

Journals of Congress, Vol. III, p. 589. 474

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 138. 475

United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, p. 566. 476

Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1890, p. xxix. 477

These figures are taken from an account of the proceedings of the council published in Niles' Register, Vol. XXIX, pp. 187–192. Taliaferro gives the number of his party as being 385 Sioux and Chippewas, including the interpreters and attendants.--Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 206. 478

The text of the treaty is printed in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 250–255. 479

These are the reasons given by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in his report on December 1, 1837.--Senate Documents, 2nd Session, 25th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 526, 527. 480

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 129. 481

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 131; Vol. VI, p. 214. 482

For an account of the life of Flat Mouth see Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 169, note 10. 483

Sketches of the life of Hole-in-the-Day are given in The Spirit of Missions, Vol. VIII, p. 461, December, 1843; North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, August 3, 1839; Prairie du Chien Patriot, June 8, 1847. 484

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. V, p. 353. 485

The names of the witnesses of the treaty are given in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, p. 493. 486

A contemporary account of the proceedings of the council published in the Iowa News (Dubuque), Vol. I, Nos. 11 and 14, is reprinted in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 408–433. 487

The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, p. 420. 488

Dodge to Harris, July 30, 1837.--Indian Office Files, 1837, No. 226. 489

Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. 2, Document No. 5, p. 985. The Indians desired whiskey at the councils. In order to prove that it was not refused because of stinginess, two barrels were opened at Prairie du Chien and the whiskey allowed to run on the ground. The old Indian Wakh-pa-koo-tay mourned the loss: It was a great pity, there was enough wasted to have kept me drunk all the days of my life.--Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V, p. 124. 490

The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 409, 410. 491

The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 424–426. 492

The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 416, 417. Taliaferro was violently opposed to granting any funds to the traders.--Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 215, 216. 493

The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 431, 432. 494

The text of the treaty is to be found in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 491–493. 495

Niles' Register, Vol. LIII, pp. 81, 82; Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 493, 494. 496

See an account of the payment in 1849 at Fort Snelling in The Minnesota Pioneer, September 27, 1849. 497

Post Returns, November, 1852, October, 1853, October, 1854, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 498

CHAPTER XIII

Turner's The Significance of the Frontier in American History in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1893, p. 211. 499

Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 202. 500

Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 453; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 468. 501

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 319. 502

Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. II, p. 60. 503

Much has been written on the founding of this colony and the romantic events connected with the struggle between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, in which many of the colonists were the innocent victims. Interesting accounts are given in Kingsford's The History of Canada, Vol. IX, pp. 108–150; Bryce's The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company, pp. 202–257; Bryce's Lord Selkirk in The Makers of Canada, Vol. V, pp. 115–206; Laut's The Conquest of the Great Northwest, pp. 113–202; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 75–89. 504

There is a summary of the early trading relations of the Red River Colony with the American settlements in the Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, Vol. IV, pp. 251, 252. The arrival of these people at Fort Snelling is noted in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 124, 127; VI, p. 350. 505

Two families of Swiss emigrants who arrived here yesterday were robbed of almost everything they possessed.--Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 50. See also the story of the Tully children in Van Cleve's Three Score Years and Ten, Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, pp. 49–61. 506

The facts concerning the migrations of these Red River refugees are taken from the reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams who was herself one of the travellers.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 75–95. See also Chetlain's The Red River Colony. This is a small pamphlet written by the son of one of the refugees. 507

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XIV, p. 84. 508

Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 70, 71. 509

Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, p. 16. 510

Renville to Sibley, February 22, 1835.--Sibley Papers, 1830–1840. A story is told of a certain Simple-hearted, honest fellow named Sinclair. One time he was sick, at Mendota, and Surgeon Emerson, at the fort, sent by some one, a box of pills, for him to take a dose from. N. W. Kittson called on him a little while after this, and found that Sinclair had not only swallowed all the pills, but was then chewing up the box!--Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 123. 511

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 127, 129. 512

Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 50. 513

Taliaferro's Diary, July 13, 14, 1834; Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 239. 514

Taliaferro's Diary, July 21, 1834. 515

Indian Office Files, 1837, Nos. 448, 447, 445. 516

The Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 231. 517

Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 14, 15. 518

Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 16, 17. 519

Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 18, 23. 520

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 136; Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 66, 67. 521

Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 23, 24. 522

Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 26, 27. 523

The Spirit of Missions, Vol. V, p. 335, November, 1840. A recent sketch of Fort Snelling states that there were no white neighbors except traders, agents of fur companies, refugees from civilization and disreputable hangers-on.--Hammond's Quaint and Historic Forts of North America, p. 272. Many of the evicted settlers can not be classed among these. 524

This order is published in Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 94. 525

For the expulsion of the settlers see Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 99, 100; also, Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 459. Williams (p. 100) says that in 1849 and 1852 memorials were presented to Congress by those who had been expelled, in which they stated that the soldiery fell upon them without warning, treated them with unjustifiable rudeness, broke and destroyed furniture wantonly, insulted the women, and, in one or two instances, fired at and killed cattle. Father Galtier, who was there at the time, wrote: Consequently a deputy marshall from Prairie du Chien was ordered to remove the houses. He went to work, assisted by some soldiers, and, one after another, unroofed the cottages, extending about five miles along the river. The settlers were forced to seek new homes. He makes no mention of personal violence.--Acta et Dicta, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 64. 526

Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 111. 527

See the description of St. Paul in 1849 in Seymour's Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West, pp. 94–100. 528

The Minnesota Pioneer, January 30, 1850. 529

The Minnesota Pioneer, January 23, February 27, June 27, 1850. 530

The Minnesota Pioneer, November 27, 1851. 531

The Minnesota Pioneer, April 17, 1851. 532

Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XV, p. 534; Post Returns, July, 1855, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C. 533

The Minnesota Pioneer, February 20, 27, 1850. 534

The Minnesota Pioneer, February 6, 13, 1850; Minnesota Chronicle and Register, February 10, 1851. 535

The Minnesota Pioneer, February 13, 1850. 536

Bishop's Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota, pp. 152–163. 537

The Minnesota Pioneer, August 23, 1849. 538

These two treaties were the treaty with the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of Sioux at Traverse des Sioux, July 23, 1851; and with the Mdewakanton and Wahpakoota bands of Sioux at Mendota on August 5, 1851.--Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 588–593. 539