Note 65 — Chapter V · MORE OF CENTRAL JAVA

Ngoko is spoken among the common people, among children, by adults to children and by those of superior to those of inferior rank; kromo by those of inferior to those of superior rank and by people of high rank amongst themselves unless differences in social degree or grades of relationship require another mode of address; dagellan or gendaloongan (in Surakarta) and madya (in Jogjakarta), a mixture of ngoko and kromo, by people of equal rank conversing in an unofficial capacity, politely but without constraint, by those of superior to those of inferior rank, their seniors in years whom they wish to honour, by merchants of equal rank and the higher servants of the nobility to one another; kromo-inggil comprises a group of words used when referring to whatever is divine or very exalted on earth; basa kedaton is the language of the Court, spoken by all males in the presence of the reigning prince or in his kraton whether he be present or not, but in addressing him or his heir presumptive, kromo is used; the reigning prince employs ngoko interspersed with kromo-inggil words when referring to himself; the women in the kraton speak kromo or kromo-madya among themselves, basa kedaton to such men-folk as they are allowed to see and kromo to the reigning prince or his heir presumptive; ngoko andap is a coarse sort of speech which descends to the use of words, in relation to man, ordinarily applied only to animals; kromo-dessa means rustic speech in general.