Note 1 — Chapter VII · THE REVOLUTION

Sun Yat-sen, How China Was Made a Republic (unpublished manuscript written in Shanghai in 1919, now in possession of the present author), p. 40.

2. See above, p. 43 ff.

3. Wu Chih-fang, Chinese Government and Politics, p. 361, Shanghai, 1934. Wu's work, and Kalfred Dip Lum, Chinese Government, Shanghai, 1934, are the two surveys in a Western language of modern Chinese government. Wu's work, while carefully done and containing a great deal of useful material, is patterned rather closely after Western works on Western government and makes no attempt to transpose Chinese politics into Chinese terms, nor does it give adequate documentation of Chinese sources; Lum's outline is based in great part on first-hand contact with Chinese politics and, while brief, is helpful, especially on Kuomintang organization and problems. M. T. Z. Tyau, Two Years of Nationalist China, Shanghai, 1930, is a statistical and official commemoration volume and useful within its obvious limitations; anonymous, Twenty-five Years of the Chinese Republic, Nanking, 1937, contains short essays and monographs, some excellent, some undistinguished, on the Nanking regime and its predecessors. See also Sih-gung Cheng, Modern China: A Political Study, Oxford, 1919, and the "China" issue of The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 152, Philadelphia, 1930.

4. Jermyn Chi-hung Lynn, Political Parties in China, Peking, 1930, gives the most detailed outline of political parties yet available. Bitterly anti-Kuomintang, the author became pro-Japanese in the autumn of 1937.

5. Harold M. Vinacke, Modern Constitutional Development in China, pp. 145-146, 150, Princeton, 1920.

6. See Wu, op. cit. in note 3, pp. 50-51, for the problem of constitutional succession.

7. Bertram Lennox-Simpson, who wrote under the pseudonym Putnam Weale, was an Englishman native to North China who spent his life editing newspapers, writing books, and playing the game of North Chinese politics. He was murdered in 1931. His books cover the period from the Boxer incident to the triumph of the Nationalists of Nanking, and—while not always reliable in detail—are stimulating contemporary documents. The Fight for the Republic in China, London, 1918, and The Vanished Empire, London, 1926, are very readable. His novels, which suffer from neglect, present some aspects of Chinese and foreign life in the North which are not dealt with by any other writer with the same qualifications.

8. A. N. Holcombe, The Chinese Revolution, pp. 96-101, Cambridge, 1930, discusses this point with clarity and vigor.

9. Jean Escarra, Le droit chinois, p. 133, Peiping and Paris, 1936.

10. W. W. Willoughby, the very competent and sympathetic adviser to the Chinese delegation at the Washington Conference, has written China at the Conference, Baltimore, 1922, and Foreign Rights and Interests in China, 2 vols., Baltimore, 1927. For further treatment of recent Chinese foreign relations see, among others, R. T. Pollard, China's Foreign Relations, 1917-1931, New York, 1933.

11. For the origin of this system see John K. Fairbank, "The Creation of the Foreign Inspectorate of Customs at Shanghai," The Chinese Social and Political Science Review (Peiping), vol. 19, pp. 469 ff., 1935-1936.

12. Paul M. W. Linebarger, Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Republic, New York, 1924.

13. See above, p. 51 ff.

14. This program is very pithily put by Sun in his Fundamentals of National Reconstruction, issued the following year (to be found in M. T. Z. Tyau, op. cit. in note 3, pp. 439 ff., and L. S. Hsü, Sun Yat-sen, His Political and Social Ideals, pp. 85 ff., Los Angeles, 1933). The point is elaborated by Tsui Shu-chin, "The Influence of the Canton-Moscow Entente upon Sun Yat-sen's Political Philosophy," The Chinese Social and Political Science Review (Peiping), vol. 18, pp. 177 ff., 1934; and Paul M. A. Linebarger, The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen, pp. 209-214, "The Three Stages of Revolution," Baltimore, 1937. See also Hou Yong-ling, La vie politique et constitutionelle en Chine, Peiping, 1935; Tsêng Yü-hao, Modern Chinese Legal and Political Philosophy, Shanghai, 1930.