Note 1 — Chapter IV · WARRIORS

Herrlee G. Creel, The Birth of China, p. 141, London, 1936.

2. Ibid., pp. 142-154.

3. Marcel Granet, Chinese Civilization, p. 270, New York, 1930. Quoted by permission of the American publishers, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.

4. Henri Maspero, La Chine antique, p. 131, Paris, 1927. This is one of the most valuable surveys of ancient China.

5. An elementary discussion of this period is to be found in Paul M. A. Linebarger, The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen, pp. 25-29, "Nation and State in Chinese Antiquity," Baltimore, 1937.

6. Pan Ku (H. H. Dubs, translator), The History of the Former Han Dynasty, passim, Baltimore, 1938.

7. In a memorandum prepared in response to a request by the present writer.

8. Ibid.

9. Thomas Taylor Meadows, The Chinese and Their Rebellions, p. 24, London, 1856. His accounts of the T'ai-p'ing rebellion even today possess great liveliness and interest and illuminate twentieth century Chinese problems.

10. Ibid., p. 25.

11. E. H. Parker, China ..., pp. 259-260, New York, 1917.

12. A. N. Holcombe, The Chinese Revolution, pp. 70-81, Cambridge, 1930.

13. See Luther Carrington Goodrich, The Literary Inquisition of Ch'ien-lung, Baltimore, 1935.

14. The most extensive source of information on Manchu military organization in China is T. F. Wade, "The Army of the Chinese Empire: Its Two Great Divisions, the Bannermen or National Guard, and the Green Standard or Provincial Troops; Their Organization, Pay, Condition &c.," The Chinese Repository (Canton), vol. 20, pp. 250-280, 300-340, 363-422, 1851, which is now unfortunately rare. William James Hail, Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion, New Haven, 1927, presents an accessible and informative digest of this and other material in its opening pages. Two French works based on Wade are Jules Picard, État générale des forces maritimes et militaires de la Chine ..., Paris, 1860, and P. Dabry, Organisation militaire des Chinois, ou la Chine et ses armées, Paris, 1859. William Frederick Mayers, The Chinese Government, Shanghai, 1897, is one of the most valuable references for the structure of the last imperial government of China; designed as a manual of titles, it presents a concise outline of all major civil and military offices. A more elaborate treatise is P. C. Hsieh, The Chinese Government, 1644-1911, Baltimore, 1925. See also Anatol M. Kotenev, The Chinese Soldier, Shanghai, 1937. The text refers to Wade, p. 391, and Hsieh, p. 260.

15. United States War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, no. 30, Notes on China, pp. 57-69, "The Chinese Army," Washington, 1900. Except for cursory references, this pamphlet is of no great value.

16. See above, pp. 32 ff.

17. See Hail, op. cit. in note 57.

18. See Meribeth E. Cameron, The Reform Movement in China, 1898-1912, p. 59, Stanford, 1931.

19. H. G. W. Woodhead (ed.), The China Year Book, 1921-2, Tientsin, 1921; chap. XIX, "Defense," by Rodney Gilbert, pp. 511-512. Gilbert's is a competent contemporary account of tuchünism, sketching the background very clearly.

20. George H. Blakeslee (ed.), China and the Far East, New York, 1910, Chapter X, "The Chinese Army—Its Development and Present Strength," by Major Eben Swift, p. 181. See also General H. Frey, L'Armée chinoise: l'armée ancienne, l'armée nouvelle, l'armée chinoise dans l'avenir, Paris, 1904.

21. For a discussion of the governmental changes of the period see below, p. 145 ff. See also H. F. MacNair, China in Revolution, Chicago, 1931; A. N. Holcombe, The Spirit of the Chinese Revolution, New York, 1931. For a contemporary censure of Yüan Shih-k'ai see Paul Myron [Paul M. W. Linebarger], Our Chinese Chances, Chicago, 1915.