Note 2 — Section 184. REBECCA DESCRIBES THE SIEGE OF TORQUILSTONE TO THE WOUNDED IVANHOE. II.

‘barrier’ may here be rendered by Befestigungen, Schanzpfähle, or Verschanzungen. Every Gothic castle and city had, beyond the outer walls, a fortification composed of palisades, called the barriers, which were often the scene of severe skirmishes, as these had necessarily to be carried before the walls themselves could be approached. The ‘barbacan’ or ‘barbican’ was the outer wall of an ancient castle or town, and may be rendered by ‘Zwingmauer, f.’