Note 609 — A Wakea Creation Chant.

1 The first canto depicts as already past, the state of the district and the people of Kau, on Hawaii, though the opening lines refer to all the districts.

Haui ka lani, fallen is the chief; that is, Keoua, chief of Kau. This prophecy was uttered eight years before Keoua was conquered. Haui is the ancient and poetical word for haule. ↑

2 Ka mauli, the weakness, the overthrow, is the ancient pronunciation of maule, and is here in apposition with haui. ↑

3 Au, a kingdom, a region; honua here merely strengthens au; the meaning of the line is: fallen is the chief—overthrown is the whole kingdom. ↑

4 Hau lani, hau to breathe hard from fright or fatigue, lani an intensive, a grievous overthrow. ↑

5 Malolo, a flight as of a conquered foe, a rout, the state of a country where the people are all cut off, intensified by auhee, a flight; that is, a grievous overthrow [of those] forsaken in flight. ↑

6 Hulimoku, through the islands. The expression may mean all the islands or only the island of Hawaii. The poet was living at Napoopoo in Kona when composing this mele. ↑

7 He ana hanui, ana, a panting as from severe exertion, strengthened by hanui, a hard breathing struggle, no ke auhee, on account of the flight. ↑

8 He manomano, numerous, very great, in all directions, was the flight. ↑

9 Ke hai mai nei ka po, the night declares, tells; that is, the dreams, the common talk, the priests converse about these overturnings. ↑

10 Ua ka ilaila, the language of Kamehameha; ka often signifies to dash, to strike against; here the poet speaks in the name of Kamehameha. ↑

11 Kuu po, my night of death or slaughter; meaning, there, at that time spread out [extended] my night of defeat, i.e., in the night when I defeated the enemy. ↑

12 Kuu po maoli, my real night, everything dark and doubtful; makole, dimsighted. ↑

13 Hina wale, i.e., Keoua fell in confusion with his forces. ↑

14 He au, the kingdom, royal authority; honua, land, soil. ↑

15 Ua lilo, is transferred to another, passed away. ↑

16 Eia la ia ka lani, here it is [the kingdom] belongs to the chief, Kamehameha. ↑

17 Ua hele, synonymous with lilo in the line above; that is, all is lost. Keoua and his people. ↑

18 O ke kino hoi, those in high places about the chiefs. ↑

19 Kahi haahaa, in low places, conquered, poor. ↑

20 Ua luia, lu, to shake out, to throw away as useless; a graphic description of a conquered people. ↑

21 Kana wahine, singular for plural. ↑

22 Ke ku la na kii elua, literally, there stand these two images; kii signifies not only an image but a sign, a representation; ku, to show, to stand, to appear; paupau, make a great slaughter. The meaning of the poet, is, there exist two evidences of great slaughter. ↑

23 Ka hale make, etc., their miserable condition as conquered, called hale make, house of death for them, i.e., Keoua’s party, that is one sign or evidence; the other is, ka hale ola ia ia nei, the house of safety for him here; that is, on the side of Kamehameha where the poet appears to be, there is safety and quietness, in opposition to the other side; both imply that there had been a great slaughter. ↑

24 Ka lanakila, the triumph for him here, i.e., Kamehameha; and auhee, flight, slaughter for them, i.e., Keoua ma. This line expresses the same idea as the preceding. ↑

25 Kela aina, i.e., Kau. He alii make, conquered, subjugated, politically. Keoua was slain ten years after at Kawaihae. ↑

26 He malama aina. Hoku has now the care of the land as head man or konohiki. Hoku was the name of the fifteenth day of the month and considered an unfortunate day, in which no one would begin business. It was to the Hawaiians what the dies nefastus was to the Romans. This will account for the following dreary appearance of the country upon which the poet now enters. ↑

27 Omea, bare, destitute of verdure, also like malolo, no people. ↑

28 Kamaehu, burnt red or brown, literally, the child of redness, the dry tops of the mountains as blown upon by winds, whirlwinds and storms; so the mountains stand. ↑

29 Owela, a hot sun in a dry place; uluwela, used to intensify owela. ↑

30 Kamae, withered; ku, to rise, to float off as miasma; maea, a bad odor, unpleasant smell; lani, towards heaven; or perhaps lani is to be taken here for an intensive, i.e., a very bad smell. This must be from the dead bodies of the fallen, as there could be no vegetable miasma on the mountains blown over by the winds. ↑

31 Hakoko, to struggle, to wrestle with. This is a bold figure, the stench of dead bodies at night contending with the heat of the sun by day, which shall be the most troublesome. ↑

32 Maea, to be strong scented, to cause a stench; see above; lani, excessive, very like the mountains of God, i.e., very high, wela inoino loa. ↑

33 Ua kaiopua, kai to lead along, opua, standing clouds, that is, clouds that appear to stand erect. ↑

34 Kaiawe, to lead straight forward; the meaning is, that vertical standing clouds were driven over the mountains, they were conducted on bearing showers, storms, etc. ↑

35 Ua lele ka hoaka; hoaka signifies the spirit, the soul; here it means figuratively, the valuable part, the glory; the glory of the land is fled. ↑

36 Ka uhane, the soul; this is generally applied to the energizing principle of men in distinction from animals. The soul of the island, here it is going upward—the idea is parallel with the preceding line. ↑

37 Ua ikea, for ikeia; iliili, small pebbles that have been washed by water. This line is somewhat obscure. ↑

38 Palila was a man who lived in ancient times, when he died, he was buried among the pebbles, or far down in the earth. What was far down in the earth has been brought to light. So great is this overthrow. The whole line might be thrown into a parenthesis. ↑

39 Ua hoolei, i.e., the beauty, excellency, and understood; is thrown into a place of death, i.e., those noble qualities are gone; Kaù make la, Kaù is there dead! ↑

40 Make Kaù, Kaù is subdued by those persons, i.e., the soldiers of Kamehameha. ↑

41 Ke newa mai nei; newa, to stagger, to move reeling through weakness; the souls approach the land, weak and staggering. ↑

42 Ka uhane kino wailua is the visible ghost of a person supposed to be seen while the person was still living. The kino wailua as a ghost was supposed to be much larger than the body of the living person. ↑

43 Ke kino wailua, of the three, i.e., of the three districts or kingdoms, that is, Kaù, Puna and Hilo. ↑

44 E oe kala, a poetic contraction of aole kala, not lately, long ago; meaning, not lately did he flee, i.e., Keoua, but in the time past he fled; luaha, overcome, conquered. ↑

45 Ua noa i ka haiia, the sacrifice was completed by being offered by Ku, one of the names of Kamehameha. The whole name was Kunuiakea. It was a custom of Kamehameha, perhaps other chieftains, to offer a sacrifice to the gods on gaining a victory. The inference from the poet’s language is that Keoua had been conquered before. ↑

46 Ua laumilo, laumilo signifies (1) to rub in one’s hands till ground fine; (2) to collect together as prisoners for slaughter. The souls of the captives are collected together; ua make; that is, the souls of those slain in a former war. ↑

47 Ua lele, etc., lua pa’u, a pit or place where dead bodies were thrown when slain. Afterwards they were taken up and offered to the god of the conqueror. Lua pa’u was also a pit outside of the luakini or temple. ↑

48 Aia i ka lua mihi ole, lua mihi ole is synonymous with lua pa’u, there they are where there is no repentance. ↑

49 Nani, wonderful, very great. ↑

50 Mimimihi, a poetic form expressing sadness, dejection, referring to Keoua and his party. ↑

51 Ua mihi, etc., same as above, universal sadness. ↑

52 Haakulou, haa for hoo, kulou, to bow down, to bend forward; they sit bowed over as in sorrow. ↑

53 Kalele, to lean the head on the hand. ↑

54 Ua ai, etc., they eat, i.e., enjoy grief and sadness; like the expression “the joy of grief.” Kena is similar in meaning to ana. ↑

55 I nai i ka ai, this is a difficult verse to get into English; I nai signifies to eat delicate food, i.e., to feed leisurely, ai is vegetable food in distinction to ia animal food further on in the verse; the meaning then may be, the conquered ones are eating the food of men, i.e., suffering their calamities, undergoing their miseries, partaking of their errors; and parallel with this it is poetical, added, they eat also understood, the ia, the animal food of flight, i.e., they feed upon the food of misfortune, they eat also the stronger food [animal food] of overthrow. ↑

56 Ua hoaa, ho for hoo; the fire of death, i.e., a deadly fire is kindled, O thou Kalanimakua, i.e., Kamehameha. The expression implies a call upon the conqueror to show mercy to the miserable; see the pathetic lamentation in the next line. ↑

57 Puna make, etc., supposed to be the expression of exultation of Kamehameha people. The reader will notice the repetition of make to so strengthen and intensify the idea of the total overthrow of Puna. In other places the word make applied on a person, army or nation, does not mean absolute death, i.e., the cessation of life, but a helpless state or condition, as the following line will show. ↑

58 Ua na, etc., na, to be just alive, having a little breath left, they live just breathing; ke kaili nei, they gasp for breath, nae, the breath of one faint. ↑

59 Ua kaahili, to struggle to obtain something, here it means to struggle for breath, to catch for breath; mauliawa, the hiccough, in many diseases the last stage of life; ua kona, to rush out as the breath in coughing. ↑

60 Ua lilo, etc., ea, hanu, and aho are here used as synonymous. ↑

61 Haalele lakou, i.e., the dead were assigned to the place of warmth, but in the next line they are lost in cold night. ↑

62 Kaa, to go away, to depart, they have gone to the resting place of night where chill dampness prevails. ↑

63 Ia mehameha, this is undoubted a play upon the name of the conqueror, the light is gone, literally to desolate places, the idea being that the comforts of life have forsaken the conquered and gone to Kamehameha. ↑

64 Lilo, the light of day is gone to the father chief. ↑

65 Noho hookahi, one parent, i.e., Kamehameha, over all Hawaii. ↑

66 Kau i ka puaneane, puaneane is here put for very long life. As the saying: “Let the king live forever.” Note the figurative description of those lands ended at l. 54. The poet now speaks of Kamehameha and the subjection of Hilo. ↑

67 Ola, etc., let the chief live; e haili make, a sign or symptom of his death, synonymous with the preceding verse—a prayer of the poet for the long life of Kamehameha. ↑

68 I ka haili, etc., these lines express the blessings of the poet upon the conqueror. ↑

69 He ano make, Hilo is under sentence of death, i.e., already as dead. Waiakea is the representative place of Hilo. ↑

70 Lumia for lumiia, to be pressed together, to be thrown down or into confusion. ↑

71 Lele, etc., Hilo means to twist as a rope or string. ↑

72 Hilo paliku, the north or largest part of Hilo is cut up with palis or ravines; she cries or wails in death. Hilo paliku was the north part; Hilo nei, where the poet or the conqueror was, i.e., the south part wails also. ↑

73 Aia make a, the a is emphatic, even now dead; i ka poli oia, in a distant place of suffering, a place of darkness. ↑

74 Na moku, the six divisions or districts, the dead divisions of the island gone to the chief; lilo understood, they have become the property of the chief, i.e., Kamehameha. In this place, as in many others, the word make does not mean dead absolute, but bereft of power, political life. ↑

75 Uuku, etc., Hawaii is of small consequence; lomia for lomiia, grasped or compressed in the hand of Kamehameha. ↑

76 Kapauu, to hold firmly as one holds a slippery fish; akau, lima understood, right hand. ↑

77 E ike, etc., thou shalt soon see, the poet addresses the enemies of Kamehameha; the singular for the plural, Ye shall. ↑

78 Akamahaoaina, an epithet of Kamehameha; the literal meaning is, ye shall see the shadow of one seizing land. ↑

79 I ke kama, even the child of Kupuapa; a contraction of Kalanikupuapaikalani, i.e., the father of Kamehameha; another name was Keoua, the younger brother, kaikaina of Kalaniopuu. ↑

80 I ke keiki, to the child; hana a ka lani, according to the chief, i.e., doing the work, managing the business of a child; i kahukoko, this is connected with i ke keiki, the child, the struggler for the island. ↑

81 I ke kaina, by the marching or stepping of a soldier, with boldness and resolution, over the kapu ground; the luahine, name of a rope fixed around a place within which was the wrestling ground. It was kapu to break over such places, but Kamehameha fearlessly did so. ↑

82 Komo Papa. i.e., Kamehameha, kui, etc., Papa entered and fought left-handedly. The old people say that all Kamehameha’s military tactics were new to his adversaries, they did not understand his maneuvers. In this he resembled the Great Napoleon. ↑

83 Ke kipu, to restrain, to draw up as one reins up a horse; the land; the people of the land. ↑

84 Ka lima aiwaiwa, a strong enough arm. ↑

85 O ka lani, even the Chief Aneheaulaweaina, i.e., Kamehameha. ↑

86 Ka lima akau, the right hand of Alapauilamoku, the sweeper of the island, Kamehameha. ↑

87 Ilaila ka oikepa, there, with him are double tusks; oikepa, the tusk, especially of a large hog. ↑

88 Hinamoe, an ancient chief famed for his strength and for his dashing way among his enemies; so is Kamehameha. ↑

89 O kahi ia, where was Hinamoe, there death lay. ↑

90 Ainewanewaole, see newanewa with ole, without faltering, i.e., Hinamoe. ↑

91 Lalau ke lani, Kamehameha lays hold; moa, literally, it is cooked, it is done, finished. Caesar is represented as saying after a conquest, “veni, vidi, vici,” I came, I saw, I conquered; but the Hawaiian poet says of Kamehameha, the chief lays hold, moa, they [the enemy] are cooked, subdued. ↑

92 Opaha kua, opaha, to cast or throw away, here to throw over the back; i olomehani, a place of darkness, a place of filth. ↑

93 Hookui, to thrust, to push; haihai, broken, bones understood; hahai, to chase, pursue; moloku, moloalo, behind and before. ↑

94 Haka iwi, the bones of the land are broken; manunu, to creak as broken bones, the bones of the plain creak. ↑

95 Uina, to crack, creaking, breaking. ↑

96 Ua hano, he wheezes, etc.; kekee, to be crooked, to double up; kaka, to be hot as in a hot room, kiikii, wela; ka lani, the air, atmosphere. ↑

97 Kaha, to fall irregularly; walawala, irregularly in movement; kaha, the action of a kite, in its motion downwards, that is bowing. Kaha ka lewa, the atmosphere falls; lele walawala, uncertain, uneven over and over as a kite, so are the enemies of Kamehameha. ↑

98 Ke aupio, aupuni, all round the country. ↑

99 Ka manea, a toe-nail, not a finger nail, meaning, he, the enemy, is the toe-nail of the island, i.e., underneath all. ↑

100 Ka auae, there is the chin above; o ke poo aia ilalo, the top of the head is below. The poet would say an utter subversion of the kingdom. ↑

101 Swinging back and forth, unstable. ↑

102 Ka koali, a swing such as children play on. Hawaii is a swing, it is like a rope of a pinao. The pinao is a swing; koali, a small rope used to work the swing backwards and forwards, practiced by men and children. Ka koali and ka pinao are possessives, and signify their characters. ↑

103 I ke kaiewe, followers or adherents to a chief, meaning, by thy adherents O chief, and by this chief is the overthrow. ↑

104 Ua makaio, to look this way as in fear in the jungle like wild cattle or other animals, applied also to people pursued by an enemy. ↑

105 Ke makawi, to make a great slaughter not sparing any. ↑

106 Ua mio, to flow swiftly, as water through a constrained place, applied to the flight of Kamehameha’s enemies. ↑

107 Me he umu puhi, like the smoking oven, or Pele, the volcano. ↑

108 Ke ku o ke ehu, like the rising of the red dirt towards heaven in a whirlwind. ↑

109 Me he lumanawahua, the colic, internal distress. Kaikoo, the constant restlessness of the surf, another figure strengthening lumanawahua. E—a— here the reciter or chanter of the mele extends his voice ad libitum. ↑

110 Ku ka puna, the soft coral such as is burnt into lime is thrown together on the beach. So the enemy are thrown promiscuously together. ↑

111 Ua limua, to collect many things in one place. Opala, these things, the property of chiefs have become opala, worthless, things for Kamehameha. ↑

112 No ka lani, belonging to the chief is the island and the land. ↑

113 Ka uka, what belongs to the upland and inland, and all that is in the ocean, i.e., full and entire possession by conquest. ↑

114 A nona ke kau hooilo, the six months of winter, the same as kau makalii, the six summer months. ↑

115 Ka malama, the month, the seven stars now in sight. ↑

116 Ke kapola pilau, 1st, the property of a chief of all kinds and everywhere; 2d, the steward or person who had the charge of such property. ↑

117 No ke alii ka ukana, property that may be transferred or carried from place to place, but ukana kikoolà, property not able to be carried on account of its weight or quantity, as we say, fixed property. ↑

118 O ka haopae, property that floats ashore from the sea, as it was called in former times because the most valuable property from the sea was the iron, hao, from wreckage; ka manu pae, birds driven here by the winds perhaps; i ka honua, upon the land. ↑

119 O ka ea ka honu, the sea turtle; makaulii, broad-backed, thick-shelled; mo ka palaoa, mo for moku, ka palaoa, the ivory of dead whales. For Kamehameha is the broad-backed turtle, and the whale ivory. ↑

120 Ka uhu kai, uhu, name of a fish that made its appearance and came ashore once a year. ↑

121 Niaupio ka lani, epithet of the only, the highest chief, hence in blessing him they said, “e niau pio ka lani,” let the king live forever, as in the Eastern countries. ↑

122 Ke kupa ai au, ai au, constantly, continually, forever may Kamehameha live a chief. ↑

123 Ka niau, to wrap in the leaves of the niau, kaa, to swathe, to bind up, to go around as a piece of land; kaaniau signifies to bind up as a dead body and carry about a country. Ka lana, this applies to uprightness and excellence of Kamehameha; let him be celebrated along with the short god and the long god. Their gods accompanied the high chief wherever they went. (See Antiquities.) ↑

124 Holo kapapa, to go quietly, in peace; kuapapa, all quiet, no enemies; a he alii, and is a chief in possession of the island—the chief, i.e., Kamehameha. O ka lani synonymous with alii aimoku. ↑

125 Ku ka hula, hoala ia hua, to get up a dance, they dance; ka papa he hahuu, a pleasant, even, smooth ground for dancing. This practice of getting up a dance in honor of a celebrated man is not unknown in Christian countries. ↑

126 Ulu papa, ulu, to rise up and down as in some dances; ulu papa mahimahi, the rise and fall in classes like the mahimahi (name of a fish), which moves in shoals, so the people follow Kamehameha throughout the islands. ↑

127 I ka pii, in leaping, jumping in the dance; i kanapii, of this and that one; pii ke ala, so goes up and down the path; o ana, suffering to get to Hilo, dancing up and down is like going in the fatiguing road to Hilo from Hamakua. By this it appears that the heathen dance was an up and down movement. ↑

128 I kana lapa, from one ridge to another. ↑

129 Io, meat, flesh; alaulau, bad meat, hurt, spoiled. Kaù and Puna are putrid meat. ↑

130 Ai koke no, they quickly eat, that is, peck each other as a brood of chickens; Keawemauhili at Hilo quarreled with Keoua at Kaù, pecked each other. ↑

131 Nani wale lakou, that is Hilo people and Kaù people, wonderful how shamefully they behave, how disappointed. ↑

132 Lea ka hoka, their disappointment, shame was their pleasure for the greatness of the ahuawa, disappointment, shame, grief. ↑

133 Aloha ino, a phrase of great contempt; also of great affection, according as it is spoken; great contempt for their present disappointment. ↑

134 E hapa ka hoka, much less shame to the crown, if he, Keawemauhili had fled to Kailua. ↑

135 Eia na hokahoka iho, here is the great shame, another ground of shame; alaela—alaila, these at that transaction; he kela, to exceed, to be more, to excel, this exceeds all other deeds of shame. ↑

136 He aiwaiwa nei, he aa, dumb, acting like deaf persons with one mind, Keawemauhili and Keoua. Language of the poet. ↑

137 Aia ke aa, there was nothing but deafness, stubbornness, windy Kaù was deaf at Keaa, a place in Kaù. ↑

138 Apiki Puna, false was Puna, deceitful; Leleapiki, name of a land in Puna; ke nana la, if one looks at Nanawale (name of a place in Puna). ↑

139 Lalau wale ana Hilo one, sandy Hilo is mischievous. Hilo at Waiakea was called Hilo one for the flat surface and much sand; i Kalalau, a place north of Waiakea. ↑

140 Ua oki i opeana Hilo, the chief and people are destroyed, rendered powerless by having their hands tied behind their back; Opea, name of a small land in Hilo. ↑

141 Hilo paliku, north part of Hilo; Hilo pali, thus all parts of Hilo were like a person with hands bound behind his back. ↑

142 Ku wale Hilo (alii) stands ashamed, in shame Kueo goes as a poor man to the mountains; Kueo applies to one who has had property, but has been stripped of everything and goes about in poverty. ↑

143 I ka uka o Laa, on the upper side of Laa, name of a land in Puna, on the road to the volcano from Hilo; i Paoole, name of a land in Laa. To these lands the people of Hilo had fled when conquered. ↑

144 Aole kohukohu, not certain, not fixed; ka moe wale, the people of the land simply live, stay; makau wale, liable to be driven off at any time. ↑

145 Kaina kino, i.e., kaina kino, kai to carry off, to seize, kaina bodily. Hilo is full of ridges (olapa’s) rendered useless for cultivation. ↑

146 Ka hoomoku. the people of Hilo, Puna and Kau having lost their lands now stay on lands not their own. Hoomoku, to place a person over a moku, district of country. ↑

147 He ulu alanamoku, ulu to grow like a tree, alanamoku, a sacrifice for a district. Keia, these lands have all grown up into a sacrifice by the chief, i.e., Kamehameha. ↑

148 E Malele kuala. Pokikaina, Kahuaole, Naka, names of ancient chiefs to whom Kamehameha is likened. ↑

149 E Kakae, the son of Kahekili, names still applied to Kamehameha; ke kani mai nei ka alana, to sing, to pray, i.e., the offering. ↑

150 Ke oho, proclaim aloud, as many voices in praise proclaim the sacrifice to the one father, “live forever.” (See l. 109.) ↑

151 Ka hulu kupu, the new feathers, new hair, hence the fresh or growing glories of Kamehameha, i.e., of his honor, his army, his wealth; o kona au, of his kingdom. ↑

152 Ke kokoia, to lead on, to be drawn or dragged backward and forward as a dead body of one slain in battle; this applies to the districts, lands and people taken by Kamehameha. ↑

153 Ke kauo ia mai nei, they are dragged hither, the districts, lands, people; ke koloa, to draw as with a rope the moku, i.e., Hilo, Puna, Kau. ↑

154 Owai ke kanaka, who is the person to be sacrificed by Kamehameha. This is the language of the poet. ↑

155 O hooleia, the o is the answer to the question owai; hooleia is for hoohohoolei, to shout aloud, to cry out as many. O maua, the poet and his assistant, we two, we two here, Kukapalani o Kamehameha. ↑

156 No luna ke kanaka, from above is the man to offer the sacrifice. ↑

157 He hulu alii, the dress, the ornament, the external appearance of the chief is what belongs to him; he liko, the bud, first shoot of a chief is his child; ke a, syllable used in cantillating. ↑

158 Ke haipo me ka haiao, haipo, the prayer offered by the priest in the temple (heiau) by night; haiao, the same offered by day. ↑

159 Ko ke kahuna hai kupua, it belongs to the priest to declare ancient transactions. (See Antiquities.) ↑

160 Ko ke akua haiamio, haiamia, to reveal what is long past, or beyond the research of man; meaning it belongs to the god to reveal or show the priest to declare to men what they do not know; ko ka aina, what belongs to the land, holding fast the land; a huli honua, everywhere, all about the island. ↑

161 Hai ka lani, hai to offer a sacrifice, the chief Kamehameha had conquered the three districts, he was offering a sacrifice; when this was finished, noa ka moku, freedom from war, followed. ↑

162 Hai ka lani, the chief Kamehameha offered Puna in sacrifice, Puna and all belonging; ka, possessive; kolii, a diminished part, a small part of a thing. ↑

163 Kapueokahi, a small land in Puna. The name also of the harbor of Hana, Maui. ↑

164 Maloo ka lani, the heavens are dry. the land is dried, the pits have no dew, no rain, nor moisture. This line is descriptive of a long season of drought in the southern and eastern parts of Hawaii. The air (lani) becomes dry, the rocks and earth become heated, all moisture seems to be gone, the ravines down which the water runs impetuously during the rainy season forms in many places, deep pools (lua), the poet here asserts that even these are now dry. ↑

165 Ka po, the under world, the place of darkness, meaning, in the dark world, no clouds float there. ↑

166 Ku ka laulama, the signals of joy are set up; laulama, a bonfire as a sign of rejoicing for victory around the island. ↑

167 Ku pono ka limu, the sea moss stands erect for the chief Kamehameha, to honor him. This limu was highly regarded as food by the chiefs. ↑

168 I ka hoanoho, one who dwells on a land, keeps possession. Kamehameha held possession under Ku, an ancient god; e ka lani, the chief, synonymous with me hoanoho, Kamehameha, the chief, is in possession under Ku; he hiwahiwa, he is greatly beloved by Lono. ↑

169 He hikuhiku, the name of a thing greatly esteemed as a plaything by a child, like hiwahiwa, he is dear to the poe kiniakua, the 40,000 gods. Kamehameha was the favorite of all the gods. ↑

170 He kupu na Maliu, kupu, to sprout, to grow, but here a descendant, same as kupuna na Maliu, a man celebrated in ancient times for his piety and goodness; na laua me Kaekae, another devotedly pious man. These pious men and others were renowned not only for their piety while living but the gods watched over them and kept them alive to extreme old age. Kamehameha was defended as though he was a child of these pious persons. ↑

171 Hanau mai, and when born, e ake no e haipule, when young he wished to be pious. ↑

172 Wahi ka niu, he broke the fresh coconut, i.e., offered to the god of night while young, an evidence of his piety. ↑

173 Niu maka, fresh young coconuts; o nolaelae, it was by the water of young coconuts that the poe kilo made out their divinations; nolaelae, clear, distinct. ↑

174 Waiho wale kahiko, things that have been secret, unknown from ancient times, time of Akea, are now known. ↑

175 Ikea kahua Waiali, appears the base, foundation, place for the king when he speaks, rostrum for speakers. ↑

176 Ikea hipahipa, wonder, strange thing, there has appeared the wonder of the island in the overthrow, the new state of things. ↑

177 Ka pae kii, the images of the gods stand in rows. This is said in distinction from the former times of confusion during the war. ↑

178 Ka hale hau, a place within the heiau (temple) where the people heard the voice of what was done. ↑

179 Ka kakou, for us, common people, to see the wailing, pihe, wawa, the noise then made. ↑

180 He wa hee paha, it was the time perhaps of the flight of the people of the island. ↑

181 A o no, ao should be understood as aole, as it sometimes is in poetry. The place where the enemies of Kamehameha were: Ka! astonishment indeed, some time ago the lands have yielded, been conquered. ↑

182 I ke kulu, kulu the setting of the sun, same as napoo. Hilo, the people of Hilo fled in the evening. ↑

183 Hee Puna, Puna fled in the morning; i ka aluna awakea, when the sun was a little turned at noon Kaù fled. ↑

184 Puni koke, pau koke, it was done quickly even in one day. ↑

185 Kaele, quickly, the districts were quickly conquered by strength, i.e., the invincible power of Kamehameha; poniuniu, dizzy. ↑

186 Laka Hawaii, the island conquered by the chief and warriors became tame and lived quietly. ↑

187 Wa iho la, Kamehameha’s people converse over what they have gained, liked the butterflies around the flowers of the koali (convolvulus); ninia, a medicine; the capture of the island was the medicine that gave comfort to the eyeball (center) of the island, i.e., all the island. Kamehameha poured on the oil and the island was comforted. ↑

188 I pau ka pohihi, pohihi applies to the condition of the people, their vision was obscured in regard to their civil rights. ↑

189 Kahe ai ka walekea, wale, soft matter, matter that issues from a sore, kea, white, the white matter flows from the eyes. ↑

190 E hihiu, the island was wild, untamed, badly governed by the former chiefs; ua ike pono ia ka lani, it was well known to the chief, Kamehameha. ↑

191 I kona kahu, Kamehameha becoming kahu, guardian, that was what tamed it, the island. ↑

192 Ua hei akula, they are caught as with a rope, i.e., those lands with their chiefs and people; hei represents the action of throwing the lasso. I ka upena, by a net, with the voice of flattery. ↑

193 I kupalu ia i ka muhee, Kamehameha fattened them with the bait, puua; they were choked with the muhee (a fish), the bait sticking in their throats. ↑

194 Ua hanai i ka iao, they were fed with the iao, a species of small fish, i.e., Kamehameha fed them. Hoo-lulu—Hooalualu, to collect, to gather; they were gathered like the aku, a species of fish which swim in shoals and can be baited by feeding them and afterwards caught in great quantities. ↑

195 I kimokimo, dogs were fed by throwing them on their back and as they opened their mouths a person would drop a fish into their open mouth, that was kimokimo, the fish was called hauna. ↑

196 Hahai, being thus fed the dog would follow his master. Wini auka, a great multitude, ka moku, the people, as Kamehameha fed and fattened the people, they followed him in long trains. ↑

197 Eia ke ka mai nei, the expression of the poet. Ka, to sweep, to brush around like the tail of a horse, hielo—huelo, tail; here by the coming of Kamehameha sweeps around the red tail of the land. ↑

198 Me he ilio welu, welu well fed; moe poli la, like a well fed dog that lies in the bosom, i.e., a favorite. ↑

199 E pakele ia aina, these lands, i.e., Hilo, Puna, Kau; e pakele ia aina, an affirmative form, but the meaning is negative, i.e., they shall not escape. Kaiole na kamau, name of Kamehameha. ↑

200 I ka kumu, the first, the chief, the alihikaua, the greatest leader of soldiers, i puka mai ai, that has ever risen. ↑

201 He kino pahaohao, the soldier has a person unlike any other, invulnerable; he ouli e, not like any other, strange to look at. ↑

202 E wanahina, to stand erect like the hair on the shoulders of an angry dog, or the scales of certain fish, bristling, fearless. ↑

203 E okalakala, rough on top of his head. Keohohiwa, name of Kamehameha. ↑

204 He moano hiwa, a dark red all over is the chief, that is a comparison of the chief to this red fish. ↑

205 He kea-puaa, boar; makai olelepa, fierce, fearless, a puaa strong at rooting. The wild boar of the islands was the most powerful, energetic and fierce of any animal that the people knew of; these names applied to Kamehameha. ↑

206 E haulani ana. overthrowing, upturning the islands; e a, to give attention. ↑

207 Puipui ka moku, the island is enlarged by the triumph of the chief. Kamehameha has enlarged himself, he loaa, etc., he obtained it in the day of his strength. ↑

208 He ikaika hili au, an action like the sword exercise; ikaika, strong; hiliau, brandishing as one does a sword, or a boxer his arms; o ka neiku, nei, the wail, cry of many voices; ka, a strengthening of the idea; neiku, like the sliding down of a high pali; nei used in poetry for nee, to move off. ↑

209 O ka malio, 1st, the sensation to the eyes of looking at the sun, at first a dazzling brightness, afterwards different shades of darkness; 2nd, such shades of light as are seen early in the morning or at the setting of the sun; aka, a shadow, an appearance. ↑

210 O akaleimalio, the sudden entrance of light, like lightning, a flash of light; this is said in praise of Kamehameha for the sudden coming upon his enemies; o Leimanoano, very sacred, applied to Kamehameha as a sacred chief. ↑

211 O haili, name of a large bird known or spoken of by the ancients; kaununalau, strong and able to carry off a man, such a bird was Haili, i.e., Kamehameha. ↑

212 Ka manu iolana, the bird that sings when flying high in the air, i.e., haili i ana, speaking like io ana, singing. Kiwaa, a large bird in ancient times; o lele i ana, singing in its flight; these were resemblances to Kamehameha. ↑

213 O ka io lele, name of a bird like an owl in its hovering, or standing still in the air, it is a black bird; lele mapumapu, a hovering as a bird floating in the air, flapping with the wings, but making no progress. O na pua a ka lani, na pua, the ancestors of Kamehameha, the descendants of chiefs down to Kamehameha’s time. ↑

214 O Halulu, o Hiapo, two fabled birds which Kamehameha worshiped, and Kamehameha’s feathered god, Kaili, when the feather sprung up in the forehead of the god, the people thought it a sign of ability to conquer; o ka makia, that which fastens together, as with a pin or nail; o ka makia o Kamehameha, he held together the islands; lele huna, falling, as drops of rain; i ka apana, falling to pieces. ↑

215 O ka pukoa kani aina, the coral reef is a strong land; kani, strong, applied to Kamehameha, he is a strong barrier, i.e., a conquering warrior; o ke koae, a bird that flies with a motion like that of a person swimming; manu, a bird descended from kuala, a large bird of ancient times. ↑

216 He a, this has no meaning, it is simply the lengthening of the voice in cantillating, here used to call attention to the foregoing, often used at the end of a line, in some poetry at the beginning like this. ↑

217 He haihai pua, a breaker of blossoms, as these birds; he naulu, a shower with wind; kaupua, falling on buds and blossoms; likomoku, the bud, the growing of the islands. ↑

218 Ke kaapeha, 1st, to fold up as a long bundle; 2nd, to manage as a bird does its tail feathers in steering its course, or like the steering of a boat with a long oar; analio, the tail feathers of a bird. Ke koo, the long tail feathers of a bird; leina pawa, the bird that flies very early in the morning, expressions assimilated and in praise of Kamehameha. ↑

219 Ka ao, a bird about the size of a hen, black feathers, very long wings, sings loudly; i kani ka poa, poa the sound of the wings of a cock before he crows; i ke kuahiwi, on the mountains. These actions are all likened to those of Kamehameha. ↑

220 Nana poa, who flaps his wings upon the mountain; hikilele, wakes up the inland dwellers; haili, the forest upland from Hilo. ↑

221 Puiwa, suddenly frightened, applied to the people at the boasting, bragging; paha, to boast, to brag of a place, country, or person; a ka lani, Kamehameha. ↑

222 Paha ka lani, Kamehameha boasts at Kukuipahu, name of the place where Kamehameha encamped above Hilo. ↑

223 Kani ka ikuwa, to sound with a loud stentorian voice, to call aloud; a miha, 1st, to float off silently, calmly; 2nd, the calmer silence after a great noise, applied to Kamehameha commanding his soldiers, for he had a very strong voice. ↑

224 Kani ka laka, of loud voice, Kamehameha cried aloud. His voice frightened his enemies, they fled quickly. ↑

225 Nakolokolo, all Hilo ran inland, rushed inland of Makaholo up above Waiakea. ↑

226 Wahia ka manawa, wahia for wehi ia, to break, ka manawa, the top of the head, literally, the open place in children’s heads where the pulse beats, the head of the upland is broken. ↑

227 Nakaka, broken up, full of cracks as wet ground suddenly dried up cracks open. Ka, astonishing, wonderful; i ka ai, an expression often used, as ka i ka ai ka aihue, wonderful the theft, a ka haiwale, astonishing their cowardice and fear. ↑

228 A li, to tremble with fear; the hulu, hair, the hair of the hohe, coward, trembles; wiwo a kolo, fearful he crawls away and acts the hen in secret, or sits like a frightened hen in a secret place. A vivid description of a coward in battle. ↑

229 Weliweli, the enemies of Kamehameha tremble at the sound of the voice of the soldiers. ↑

230 Ke heu, to sound as the voice of the owl or other bird while flying, here it signifies sound as a loud voice. ↑

231 A o ka lani, the chief is a fowl perched on its sleeping place. ↑

232 I ka i ka ai, astonishing, wonderful is the transfer of Hawaii. ↑

233 O Hawaii kahua, a place of business, Hawaii is a cock-pit, or arena, otherwise a battle ground. ↑

234 Haka for hakaka; ka moa mahi, a cock kept as a pet, trained to fight; mahi a favorite; punahele, greatly cared for. ↑

235 Hakau, to fight, contend. ↑

236 Haka, to fight; koeleele ikaika, strongly, valiantly; ui, the young man, Kamehameha son of Keoua. ↑

237 Walu, to scratch, to sharpen; kakala, the spur of a cock, he whets his spurs; pikawai, pick up something as if eating, as cocks when fighting. ↑

238 Huai, to scratch as a fowl, like helu, scratches in the cock-pit of this Hilo. ↑

239 Hoonoho ka uli, uli koa, a signal of an army; he ouli, a sign, the standard of the army is set up; hoahoaka, to stir up as dirt in a whirlwind, the dust was stirred up by the movement of the soldiers. ↑

240 Iho, to flow as perspiration, to sweat, the perspiration flows freely from the forehead of Laniulimahiia, i.e., Kamehameha. ↑

241 I ko ai, to verify, to make true, to insure the place—the battlefield Mokuohai, where Kamehameha first conquered Kiwalaò near Keei in Kona; i hao, taken by violence, robbery; Kamehameha had taken that place formerly but to secure it he must conquer Hilo. ↑

242 I ohi, to take, as one’s own; kapili, name of the property staked on each side when a game is about to be played; mau, the property gained or lost, that he might take the property staked for he had conquered, i.e., Kamehameha; i kahi one, at the sand beach, i.e., the country at Hauiki at Keei. ↑

243 O ka lani kela, his first antagonist Kiwalaò; o ka lani keia, this is Kamehameha; they were about to play a game for the island, Hawaii was the stake. ↑

244 Koi kaakumu, koi to stake property in gambling; kaakumu was the ancient name of property staked; there at Keei the property was staked. Koi pa i ke poho, the game was played to the loss of Kiwalaò. ↑

245 Pa i ke kumu, pa to strike, kumu was a large stone set up to stop the rolling maika and where the object was to be hit. (See Antiquities.) Kamehameha had hit the kumu, he had gained; helu palua, he now counts double having gained; helu koke, quickly counts, i.e., receives; puni eo, the reward at the appointed time. ↑

246 Eia koi aina, this is the person who staked land, Kamehameha; può ka lima, to clap together as the hands, as a signal of having gained, or done something; oia kòi moku, o Kamehameha, this is the person who staked the island of Kamehameha. ↑

247 O ka lani Kauikeaouli, that is Kiwalaò, Kamehameha’s adversary. Kalaninui was Kamehameha. ↑

248 O ka mea, he is the person by whom is the flight, the nana serves for the hoo to auhee; he, Kamehameha, caused the flight. ↑

249 O loaa auanei, anei question; hunahuna, a secret hiding place. See huna. Did he gain or find a hiding place? No. ↑

250 I hee, flee, run away, i.e., Kiwalaò. ↑

251 All classes of men saw him flee, the little man, the great man, etc. ↑

252 Akahipapa, name of the place where Kamehameha and Kiwalaò met and conversed together. ↑

253 The following lines describe the conversation of Kamehameha and Kiwalaò. Haawi oe i kou ea, thou gavest the breath, o kou make, and death, i.e., to give one’s life and death. Kiwalaò did not wish to fight, but Keoua did. ↑

254 Ala, for aiala, ano, now it is lost; welawela, to be stingy, to hold back one’s giving; mai eaea, do not quarrel; mai puniu, be not close, stingy. ↑

255 Waihoa, for e waihoia, let go, leave; ko ia, his, for kona; ko, what he has gained by war; me koia nei olioli, with his satisfaction. This is the advice of the poet to Kiwalaò. ↑

256 Na pilikamau, followers, those attached to Kamehameha; na kahu lauaua, makaulii, the officers, those standing high with Kamehameha. ↑

257 O ka moa i hanai ia, the fattened fowl, Kamehameha; oki o ka lani, the chief is a finished man, nothing wanting, i.e., the poet meant to say, “he is a gentleman.” ↑

258 I lania, to lay before a fire to dry. Those who practiced keeping and training game cocks, kept them just before the fight on roosts over a low fire of coals to strengthen them and make them fierce; hale uahi was the smoke house where these cocks were set in training. Kani, to sound, kani eena, to sound roughly, as starched paper, rattled as starched cloth; so the feathers of these trained cocks sounded. ↑

259 Ohiohi, variegated, many colored, as the feathers of a cock; me he hoe panoa, a kind of paddle found on Kauai, the wood was variegated with many colors; me he puu kauila, name of a heavy, hard red-wood. Where a heap of war instruments lay piled together there was a singular appearance; ka io, the mass, the heap. So Kamehameha appeared. ↑

260 E hulili, a rising tremor, the tremulous motion of the feathers of a cock when fighting, the feathers tremble and napa, slightly rise and fall. Ka paku, when spurring, paku keehi (kicking). ↑

261 Hookahi, once the striking, pakuna, i.e., pakuana, as if one stroke of the spur was enough. ↑

262 Ku no i ka ihu, the conquering cock strikes his adversary in the head, the conquered one flees, hai liilii, broken to pieces, i.e., entirely conquered; ia na, he emphatically, such was the fight between Kamehameha and Kiwalaò. ↑

263 Kahili, to sweep, to brush away as light substances; hao lele, to carry away, synonymous with hao ikaika; wili, to twist, the action of a whirlwind; o kai, great numbers of whirlwinds, with great strength the dust is raised in frequent whirls toward heaven. ↑

264 O kai ke ea, okai huakai, the dust goes in great bands, or companies, as seen coming from the mountains; puoko, to ascend as flames of fire; ula, red, applied to the ascent of red dirt as at Lahainaluna; i kai, towards the sea. ↑

265 Me he ku na ku ua, as the rising, coming on of a red shower as at Kaanapali seen from Lahainaluna, so is the soldier’s person, Kamehameha. ↑

266 O ka lani ia, ia emphatic, he; a ka lani, son of a chief. ↑

267 O ka lani anei, is the chief a soldier, and will he take pleasure with the holua? A pastime among the ancients. ↑

268 Kapehe, to converse deceitfully, when a person’s real meaning is different from his apparent, hoomahua, to deceive, will he talk deceitfully to please the deceived. ↑

269 Ke kaiena, those occupying the house boast, are proud, i.e., the followers of Kamehameha; noho hale, the resident of a house or land under a chief. ↑

270 E uaua, to waste, to spend needlessly; ka lau, four thousand, here, for the many, the many parents under Kamehameha will waste the property and rights they have gained; hoano, to take in possession another’s property; keha, proudly, without regard to another’s right; ka umauma, the breast, i.e., the mind. ↑

271 Ua ai kahela ka uha, kahela, satisfied, having enough, they eat at leisure sitting upon their hams, haunches; ku ka hale iki, this is done in small houses and large ones. This language applies to the followers of Kamehameha as though they had conquered and the conduct is reprobated by the poet. ↑

272 Ka pa wiwi, the tall high fence around the house; ka pa laau, the stick, or strong fence, this applied as before to Kamehameha’s men after the conquest. ↑

273 Ka aleo hale, a high house, i.e., a house with rafters made into a very sharp roof; moe, these were sleeping houses; me ka amana, boards or sticks put up for shelves for laying kapas or other property on. ↑

274 Ka halau aina, the long house where the women might eat, aina for ai ana; the halau was often used for a canoe house, but generally as an eating house for women; halau was a long and large house with the door in the end, a common house had its door in front. ↑

275 Lulu kohekohe, kohe name of the grass that springs up and grows in kalo patches, the kohe is spread down, hohola ka moena, the mat is spread on top. ↑

276 Kau ka pakakeha, to lie on the back with the head raised on a pillow, i.e., to lie like a chief in great dignity, so the followers of Kamehameha who ape his dignity. ↑

277 Lele kahili, the fly brushes swing at the door as the masters would lie near the door; holo ka uhai, the door shut; uhai, the shutter of the door; kapa eleele the sleeping kapa: The fly brush waved, the door was shut, the black kapa drawn up and the chief went to sleep. ↑

278 Holo pee iki, literally, run, hide a little, i.e., when one is weary to go to kuono, place of enjoyment, kuu ka luhi, dismiss fatigue and care. ↑

279 Ina mahana Kanaloa, etc., relates to the affection and tranquility of Kanaloa and wife. ↑

280 Lea ka ai, joyful the person who has much land, hence much food, many enjoyments. ↑

281 I ka pale ihe ui, in parrying the spear, ui, strong, energetic, o ka lani, Kamehameha; hahaki, to break as a stick or spear, to break the points of spears is sweet, gives him an appetite; it was pleasure for him to play with war instruments. ↑

282 Lea ke kau ai, pleasurable, at ease, at peace, no enemies, season of fish, food; he maona, when he was fully supplied, those below him supplied all his wants. ↑

283 He maona ai kou, thine is the fullness of food, even ye the poor people, noanoa, common people. ↑

284 He maona moku, it is of the chief to be satisfied with districts of country, kingdoms. ↑

285 Ke i aku nei, he, Kamehameha, says I will eat, I will finish; moku, an end, the remaining sweetness of eating. ↑

286 I na hai ai, collections of hogs, fowls, dogs; these are called hai ai, here connected with au honua, it means the districts, lands, and all that belongs to them. ↑

287 I ka hoolua pikao, hoolua, to do twice, to do over again, as to bake hogs, dogs, fish twice over, baked until dry; no moisture, but not burnt. The islands were to Kamehameha as dry meat, thoroughly baked. ↑

288 Ai kalani, the king enjoys Hawaii, i.e., Kaù, Puna and Hilo; pakaeaea, wrinkles on the skin, when one is just able to crawl from extreme old age. ↑

289 Limu kohu, limu, sea moss, considered an extremely fine dish; kohu, fitting as a fine garment (kapa) does a chief, hence, the chief is noble and grand in his appearance; ke hele, when he goes abroad, i kohu no, fitted out, consistent as a noble chief. ↑

290 He alii pono, a supremely excellent chief, an excellent country. ↑

291 Hawaii the former possession of Keawe. ↑

292 O ka lani, Kamehameha is the Malela, the superior. Malela, an ancient king of excellent character, formerly lived on Oahu. Kamehameha is likened to him. ↑

293 Ea Malela, ka moaeku, Malela arose, came as the strong east wind; moae, the soft east wind; Moaeku, is the strong east wind. ↑

294 Ka moae kukuku, the strong east wind, stronger than moaeku, which is the commencement of a strong wind. Moae kukuku is when the wind rages, pakuku ahi when it rages furiously as fire. ↑

295 Ka makani, a strong east wind. Akaleiohua, name of an ancient chief. Kamehameha is Akaleiohua, the poet will not admit any are stronger than he. ↑

296 O Kalaninui was a kapu chief of the highest grade, a high chief of Maui, the brother of Kahekili who was the father of Kamehameha. ↑

297 O ke kapu no, he was a real kapu chief; hoano, separated, sacred. Pau no, pili no, nona no, he belongs, is connected with this chief, i.e., Kamehameha. ↑

298 O ka moe, the obeisance, the bowing down, the prostration of the people on the approach of a chief; o ke puhi, the burning of a person who does not prostrate himself before a chief, i.e., a chief of the highest class: o ka wohi, epithet of a chief below that of an alii puhi ahi, they are all below Kamehameha. ↑

299 O ke alii, Kamehameha was a high chief, his natural chieftainship was one; o ke koa, his being a successful soldier was the second part [of his greatness]. ↑

300 O ka lani, he, Kamehameha, was a chief, he was a man, a common man. Iolaniku, io, name of a bird that soars high in the air, lani very high. Ku, name of one of the great gods. ↑

301 He kanaka no kaulu hanae, a man from on high, kaulu, what is very high, on top of a cliff; no kaulu makani, from the high place of winds of Laa; the god of the winds. Name of the man who regulated the wind, lived at the extreme west end of Molokai. ↑

302 O Kameeliko, the name of one of the ancestors of Kamehameha; o ka lani nui, of the high chief; na pua, descendant; mamo a Hoomilialau, an ancient chiefess, the goddess of storms, hurricanes, thunder, and all wonderful events; meaning Kameeliko, i.e., Kamehameha, is the descendant of the wonder-working goddess Hoomilialau. ↑

303 A ke kumu, the author of the winds that came forth (are born) waikanaka and become men, i.e., though born of the wind, they become reasonable, rational men. ↑

304 Puka mai, the chief came forth a man, but in mind, thought, plan, a god. ↑

305 Na maka o ka makani, the origin of the winds which come from the clouds. ↑

306 Ka muo, the bud; ka liko, the swelling; ka ao, the opening; ka lau, the leaf of the wind; the reference to the winds represents the rise and progress of Kamehameha. ↑

307 O ka makani kuhonua, a wind very strong when one does not see whence it comes or any cause for it; hili lau moku, a wind that blows all about the island. ↑

308 Hilia for hiliia, twisted are banana leaves of Humuula, a place in Hamakua, Hawaii, near the boundaries of Hilo; paumaele, defiled is the air, kalani, atmosphere. ↑

309 Ka hakiana, a maia, a garden spot, the banana gardens of Palila, the person famous for planting bananas upland of Humuula, who (Palila) eats and leaves the small ones at the bottom of the bunch. Koe ma ka pola, remains at the bottom, pola, the small bananas at the bottom of the bunch. Palila was the son of a celebrated warrior remarkable for swiftness in running. ↑

310 Ua hoopau ia, they are all destroyed by the wind, every one. ↑

311 Kaholoiki and Kaholonui, names of places. ↑

312 Na ea kapu, ea, a field, a large tract of bananas sacred to Niheu, a man of ancient times famous for his fighting qualities, he was a small man but very powerful, a younger brother of Kana. Ku awili, they stand bent over, awili, the stem as it bends over and forms an arch; ka okai, the bananas as they hang on the stem one row under another. ↑

313 I ka uka, upland of Wilikulamanu, above Humuula in Hilo. ↑

314 I Laumaiakenahae, name of a place above Hilo. ↑

315 Kahikolani, Puukahonua, names of ancient chiefs; o kanaka iki e ka moku, when there were but few men on the island, i.e., these two were chiefs when there were few people. ↑

316 O ka uuina, strong exercising at work, at fishing, etc. Wawau, at a land unknown, this is spoken of the very ancient chiefs just mentioned, who were from some foreign country. Oia na keiki e eu nei, those from the children of the present mischievous race. ↑

317 Ka oiwi, the body, strength of wind; ona, belonging to it. ↑

318 O Kona nui a niho, the great Kona gnashing with six teeth; o ke Konahiki, the month of October when the wind comes off Heapuku, tearing up and disturbing qualities belongs to Konahiki. ↑

319 O ka kikiao kahiu, the wind when it strikes suddenly, then suddenly lulls. Kahi oia no, that is it. Hanaia, name of the third month (November) of Hoilo, ke hiki mai, when it comes. ↑

320 O ke kiki, the strength, o leleuli, a great falling rain with a high wind, sweeping away everything. Lelekuila a singular blowing striking wind; o ka hooilo, of the winter, i.e., such is the character of winter. ↑

321 Lele ua, rain falling straight down, not driven by the wind. Leleleaka, a fine rain without wind; leleaka, fine rain with wind; mea i Kona as it is often seen at Kona, Hawaii. Kona u. Kona is so called at Kailua. ↑

322 Eia ka lani, this is the chief (Kamehameha), so is his character, ke kikiao, the hard striking wind is his, i.e., no common wind. ↑

323 Kona ku, a strong rushing wind. ↑

324 E inoino, desolating the land; i ke kamaniheunonea, name of a very destructive wind. ↑

325 Kamaniheu o Kamehameha, a Kalanikuakaa, name of Kamehameha’s father. ↑

326 Nana, o Kamehameha, e kau e hoopau, to overthrow; ke kualono, like something descended in rolling down hill with force; ka hilikia, same as kahiliia, swept over, made silent by the chief Kamehameha. ↑

327 Oi pono ka lemu, while he sits comfortably, the chief, Kamehameha. ↑

328 Kumoho, up the hill from Laa. ↑

329 Ku e ae ana, he moves his foot slightly against the top of the high Kumoho. ↑

330 Kiekie ka lani, Kamehameha; kaulu kahi kiekie loa, halona, places below where one can stand and look off and around. ↑

331 Nana, to look at the land, country below. Kilohana, beautiful below. Kilohana is the colored and most beautiful of a set of kapas. ↑

332 Imiimihia, looked after, sought after; lanalanahia, a thing hoped for, wished for; lana, it floats, is seen; makai, to seek for as a constable for a felon—to look at the island. ↑

333 Kulia, to stand erect, for kuia l inserted. Kamehameha stands erect, kilokilohia, to look at the situation, circumstances of the island. ↑

334 Papa, to see, to look at, to examine, as if one was on top of Punchbowl and looking down on Honolulu and sees each house, tree, looks on top of Maunaloa. ↑

335 Kumoena, spread out as a mat, like a mat; kumoena lau, the spots, the squares of a mat; the mountains of Papai, i.e., name of a mountain of Kaù. ↑

336 Haalulu, the top of Kaiholena trembles as in an earthquake, figuratively of Kamehameha through fear of him; ke poo o Kaù, a mountain still higher than Kaiholena. ↑

337 Ua monea, to smooth, to polish, to brush off dust, the upland of Pakua, he kuahiwi ma Kaù, is swept clean, no people, thus lie the places just mentioned. ↑

338 I ka hele ia, by the soldiers of Kamehameha; ke ku, because they ate standing, to be always in readiness for battle; the places above mentioned were so desolated by Kamehameha’s armies by the poe huikahi, i.e. Kamehameha’s soldiers had short malos which were fastened only in one place, hence the name of his soldiers, synonymous with ka poe ku, above; the short malos were in distinction from the poe huilua, long malos, tied twice. ↑

339 Here begins a reproachful speech against Keoua and the people of Kaù: E ka apo wale, ye robbers; apo, to seize, to carry off, applied to the people of Kaù; Keoua ilihune, poor outcast; e ka makia hele la, wandering away to escape the officers. ↑

340 Kulolia, friendless, destitute, without clothing except a malo; o ke alanui, belonging to the highway, having no home elsewhere; Kaipuu, land in Kapapala. ↑

341 Ua wawahia for wawahiia, these lands, places above mentioned, were broken up by the soldiery; ua kahiau ia, are swept clean of wood, brush, etc. ↑

342 Ua kahiauia; ua nao ka wale, the spittle is corrupted; nao, the contents of a boil, as pressed out after being opened. ↑

343 Ua wali, to mix, to pound as in pounding poi, the people of Kaù are all pounded or mixed up; aole nao. paumaele, defiled greatly; kuai, to rub off dirt from the feet, on the grass, or wash in the water; i ke kuai ina ia, in the cleansing off of pollution. ↑

344 O ke kini nana i kuai, the multitude of those who anai, labor, under Kamehameha. Keoua is reproached as one of them, he was used as he had used others, the people of Kaùnuikuamakani, the people of Kaù. ↑

345 O ka hu, the common low people, the dregs; o ka makaainana, the lowest of the common people, hu, the froth of water. ↑

346 Kuakea, white-headed, no hair on their heads. ↑

347 Ke kini mahiai o Kau, kini here refers to the subjects of Keoua, mostly farmers. ↑

348 Haawe pili, bundles of grass for covering the road of Kapaukua, a place in Kaù. Keoua was one put to this service as he had formerly caused the people to lay grass in the road for him. ↑

349 O ka lani anei, the poet asks, is the chief Kamehameha your companion; i aa mai ai, that you should dare challenge or provoke him? E kipikipi, rebel against Kamehameha? ↑

350 I lou mai ai, lou to pull with the fingers, a game in ancient times; me he moa la, moa a plant that grows in the mountains with crooked roots very strong. Two parties take hold of the roots and stake, he wins whose end or root does not break, something as persons play with the wish-bone of a fowl. He mea e keia, he alii, the poet says, this is another thing, it is a chief you have to deal with. ↑

351 Noa, common people. ↑

352 He lepo no, the common people fight together; lepo, epithet given to the common people. Olelo, as the saying is, he mahiai, one who cultivates the soil, here applied by the poet to Keoua, that he was not only a rustic but a servant of servants. ↑

353 Aloha ia oe, said in derision, contempt, pity for you; e aloha hokahoka, be ashamed, see yourself foolish, words of the poet. ↑

354 E kena for kela ilio lepo iki, O thou little dog, e na emphatic, see kena, this servant low, grovelling, makawela, applied to the lowest grade of servants: this is all applied to Keoua. ↑

355 Kupa kahiko, kamaaina, an ancient son of the land, Keoua o Naalehu, where Keoua lived. Kiina aku a umiia, sent for to be hanged (not as we hang), but strangled, which was done by putting a rope about the criminal’s neck and two or more persons pulling at each end of the rope. ↑

356 Na manu ala kahiko, the owls hovered around in the evening to catch mice. Hawaiians made a low shelter under which one would crawl and make a noise like a mouse, the owls would pounce upon the place and be caught; i koe, i.e., the remnant of Keoua’s soldiers. ↑

357 Ke kulolia, applied to Keoua, represented as a beggar in miserable circumstances; a alo, dodging, whiffling, inconstant as the wind; noho lae, like a person living on a cape of land; Kunounou, name of a cape at Kaù. ↑

358 Lukulukua for lukuluku ia, a great slaughter. Lukua for luku ia, slaughter upon slaughter; i kamaa, so many were killed that they were trodden upon in Koolau, a part of Hamakua, Hawaii. Thus evils came upon Keoua being conquered by Kamehameha. ↑

359 Ko pale wawae, ko for kou, thy feet, defenders, kamaa, shoes, sandals, o Kohala. Kena send and tread down o Kona, i.e., trample down Keoua. ↑

360 I ka waha hewa, the reproaching mouth; ia kalani, i.e., Keoua had vilified Kamehameha. ↑

361 Ia Kahaulu, the sorcerer; pupuka olelo, with deceitful words; kaanema, deceitful language of double meaning. Such was the character of Kahaulu as a prophet of Keoua. ↑

362 Halaiwi, a person guilty of great offences, such a person shall die; he lukuna, poetical for lukuia anei, a question shall any one be destroyed for well doing? ponopono. ↑

363 O hoolei ia i ke kuikui? O for e hoolei, to beat, to pound, to strike with the fists; kuikui, a boxing, striking with the fist. ↑

364 He hehi ia, a treading only belongs to him, i.e. he deserves to be kicked. ↑

365 He lukuna alii auanei, lukuna for e luku ia, shall the chiefs be destroyed by you, Keoua? (words of the poet: O wae, to choose out, select; e hookaawale ia, shall he [Keoua] be set apart for koaie, name of a species of spear like the pololu, he is set apart for death by koaie.) ↑

366 I koa laukani, a soldier armed with a very long spear, laukani; a Lono, i.e., Kamehameha: e i ae i ka hoano, speak to the sharpening stone, Kamehameha, for he is a grindstone for the hatchets. ↑

367 Na pahi lepe lua, double edged knife or sword; lepe the comb of a cock, the edge of any cutting instrument; na ene, an offensive weapon in war, about two feet long, a foot and a half was handle with a ball shaped head some four or five inches in diameter, full of creases for inflicting pain and death on the enemy; ene pahi, it was called a knife; niho wanawana, the projection on the ene. Kamehameha was likened in his fighting to the effect of the above instrument. ↑

368 Ka ulae nui, a species of fish with many and very sharp teeth in both jaws; niho wakawaka, one tooth acting against another, so was Kamehameha. ↑

369 O kou laau no ia, language of the poet to Keoua; e luku ia o ke ino, to destroy what was mean, corrupt, defiled. ↑

370 He ino ahona auanei? ahona, swelling, increasing; he ino, it is an evil to be shunned, i.e., Keoua (language of the poet). ↑

371 I ahona, a small offense, his name may be found in the list of chiefs; i ka hoopuka maka ana ae, he came from or showed his face, i.e., was born of the line of chiefs. ↑

372 He moopuna, etc., though he was born from chiefs, he is the grandchild of a servant, an expression of great contempt, the most degrading epithet that could be used. ↑

373 Na Hana kahiko, the grandchild of ancient Hana of Kahuku, a land in Kaù. ↑

374 Na kamalii, of the children; na kama lele, an orphan child; he nounou, thrown back and forth as boys at play with balls of mud, na gives force to the sarcasm against Keoua. ↑

375 He moe kai no Kaaawa, in the reign of Kualii of Oahu, he punished criminals by placing them on a piece of wicker work on the sea of Kaaawa, such was the law and readiness of Kualii who was celebrated for his long life and other qualities. Keoua is likened to one of those persons placed on the sea, he kupono, etc., this was according to the law called kaihehee. ↑

376 He limu lana, the sea-moss floating ashore at Kauwahine, name of the shore where the sea-moss was driven, the land was called Kauawapela. ↑

377 He lipuupuu, also the sea-moss; he halua, the place where the moss collected; kiai awa, guarding the harbor or place where canoes might land, so Keoua. ↑

378 I halihali ia mai oukou, ye are brought hither Keoua ma; maka koa was any fixed placed upland at some distance from the sea as a beacon to guide those at sea who are taking fish. No Unulau, a place off south of Kaù, applied to Keoua as a beacon for others to look at. ↑

379 I kiai no Halaea, to become a watchman at Halaea, name of a long dangerous cape south of Kailiki, on Hawaii; hookolo ka make, death crawls from Oahu from the place spoken before. ↑

380 Kanukawowo, a spreading vine was planted at Oahu, it spread even to Kaù. ↑

381 Ku a lau, it shoots up, leaves out and branches out there at Kaù. ↑

382 Ho mai no (words of the poet) give here, addressed to Keoua ma, i nokea, i lukuia, that they may be slain. ↑

383 Nokea ia paumaele, destroyed in filthiness, in blood, meea ia; luku a luku a pau loa, utterly destroyed; meea, to root up, overturn, destroyed utterly. ↑

384 Kahi paa i ka po, a place fast in darkness; kuakini, an intensive of po, a terrible dark night. ↑

385 Kahi paa, like the above; kuamano, numberless. ↑

386 He niuhi, name of a species of very large shark; lawa ikaika, very strong to devour all on land, i.e., Kamehameha. ↑

387 He pihapiha ulaula, the red gills of a fish, as the gills of a fish serve for breathing and sustaining life, so Kamehameha is the means of life to the people. ↑

388 He puu kalea ole, to choke, to gargle, to be troubled to swallow when drinking; kalea, to choke. ↑

389 He moku aleuleu, a dress to work in, one that if dirty will be no injury, Kaù and Puna are working clothes. ↑

390 He moku hele wale, the above districts are places where Kamehameha may go at pleasure as there will be no enemy; i ike oe, thou O Keoua knowest (words of the poet to Keoua). ↑

391 He moku ai malu, Puna is a land where Kamehameha may eat in secret, unseen, alone. ↑

392 He moku pakaua ole, a district where there are no munitions of war; pakaua, war fence; no kuu lani, for my chief; i ike oe, thou Keoua knowest. ↑

393 He moku uhai aholo, Hilo is not certainly captured; uhaiaholo, as in a race sometimes one is before then falls behind, then the others, etc., so it is not certain which will win, so was Hilo. ↑

394 Keaau o Waiakea, Keaau was a large land in Puna; Waiakea, a large land in Hilo, these two lands are the calabash; he poi, the cover of that calabash is Olaa, a land of upper Puna. ↑

395 Noloko ia o na ipu e, the above mentioned places, Keaau, Waiakea and Olaa, were in the calabash, i.e., in the power of Kamehameha; e is added to ipu as an ornament in recitation; no lawalawa i honua malawa, bound, tied up tight, an epithet of Kamehameha. ↑

396 Lawalawaihonua, name of a large wooden calabash, Hilo is meant by this. ↑

397 Moku, cut up, cut short, as land divided into small tracts, as fish cut in small pieces. ↑

398 Ipukai, a small dish for gravy; pokea, to cut up short and mix together. ↑

399 Hoae, to give, to transfer to another place. ↑

400 Halo, to polish, to garnish, to make bright. Imoku, name of a chief of Hilo. ↑

401 Kulukulua, name of a chief of Hilo; Kalaau, a wooden vessel, wooden calabash. ↑

402 Ohe hanaoi, cutting instruments were formerly made of bambu. ↑

403 Lele pakalani, the name of a certain sharp bambu used for cutting by Kamehameha. ↑

404 Okia for oki ia. ↑

405 Kuhikuhi, sweet to the taste, as sweet fresh meat. ↑

406 Piko, the navel; io piko, the flesh of the belly. ↑

407 Hakualo, haku, hard bunch, and alo, in front, the lower part of the abdomen. ↑

408 Hiu, the hinder part of a fish if it be cut in the middle, but not the tail, that is pewa; pewa, the tail of a fish but not hiu. ↑

409 Lawalu, to wrap up meat or fish in ki leaves preparatory for roasting; maka. the meat wrapped up in leaves for baking; maka mua, the first fruits; kau, the warm season, summer. ↑

410 Kao, to put into the oven for baking without being wrapped up. ↑

411 No muli, for afterwards, for future use; Lanipae, name of a place inland from Hilo. ↑

412 Ma for make, makalo iki, the little kalo says. ↑

413 Mamama for make, we two are dead, as said by the large kalo. ↑

414 Makuakapule, pious, religious, devoted to the gods. ↑

415 Kukoae, an epithet of Kamehameha in his character as a god or victor. ↑

416 Kulimaaihala, epithet of one who has broken kapu by eating contrary to kapu. ↑

417 Kaa, to roll, to give up, to offer in sacrifice. ↑

418 Popoki, to die in the sea, to drown, the dead body of one drowned. Ainaholo, aina, eating, eaten swimming, one that has died in the ocean and been partly eaten by fish or otherwise mutilated. ↑

419 Hainalua, name of a chief at Hilo slain by Kamehameha. ↑

420 Ma for make, ma ka moku, the district is slain. Ku, one of the original gods. ↑

421 Lelelua, lele to fly, and lua double, accompanying; miolani, to fly like a god, alternately sinking and rising. ↑

422 Hahomea, an ancient warlike chief. Kamehameha is said to be his tail, i.e., follower, imitator. ↑

423 Paoa, to break through, as a large fish inclosed in a net makes a dash and breaks through. ↑

424 Leia pass of le, to leap, jump. ↑

425 Waihoa pass for waihoia. ↑

426 Ko na aumoku, all the lands around; ka, to come, to approach. ↑

427 Nehenuu, the effect, the striking of thunder upon the ground; nehelani, the sound of thunder in the clouds. Note: Hawaiians seem not to have understood the connection between lightning and thunder as they attribute to thunder what belongs to lightning. ↑

428 Punaluu, name of a place in Kaù; Papakiikii, a place near Punaluu; hoae, to move along. See ae to pass. ↑

429 Lekaleka, to offer a sacrifice, to worship a god. ↑

430 Haona, see hao to cram, and haona to cram into one’s mouth when one is hungry; applied to the liberal feeding of the gods by their worshipers. Hainukulani, name of Kamehameha’s god while fighting at Kaù. ↑

431 Ohiohia, to gather up, to collect little things; ukai, up inland; akoakoa, to assemble, to collect. ↑

432 Luakaimoana, name of one who gathered things for Kamehameha. ↑

433 Kukailimoku, the war god of Kamehameha. ↑

434 Ai puku, a state of freedom among the gods in regard to eating, when there was no kapu. ↑

435 Ulunae, name of a place in Kaù. ↑

436 Lealea, name of a kapu; kahea lealea, to proclaim a kapu. ↑

437 Koi hauhaua, striking adze; ka, to strike at, to affect; ka manawa, the internal thought. ↑

438 Kinaukolo, name of an ancient chief on Hawaii; kinaukolo, kinaunau, to revolve in the mind, especially evil; kolo, to come in judgment, to condemn for some wrong. ↑

439 Hainuu,—haianuu, the raised steps on which the idol stood. Kalana for kala ana, pardoning as of an offense, this was done by the gods through the priest having offered an acceptable sacrifice. ↑

440 Hainana, an assembly, a multitude assembled for worship; Kihawahine, the lizard goddess. ↑

441 Hia ai, greatly desiring to eat, to consume. ↑

442 Lau, many; lehulehu, kino lau, many bodied, applied to Kihawahine above. ↑

443 Aau, to swim or float as a fish with head above water; milo, the branch of a tree on the bank of a fish pond, the branch reaching below the surface of the water; applied to the people of Puna conquered by Kamehameha. ↑

444 Waiwela, name of a pond in Puna from the fact that the water is always warm from the volcano. ↑

445 Holowai, literally, to sail by water, to pass from one place to another; Waiakea, name of a stream at Hilo. ↑

446 Kula, Kapoho, Puehu, Kumukukui, names of places in Puna. ↑

447 Kamauliola, comfortably residing, i.e., a house to live comfortably in. ↑

448 Kiha, an ancient chief. ↑

449 Keia wahi lani, this kind of chief, i.e., one of his character. ↑

450 Na lani liilii, applies to the children of Kamehameha. ↑

451 Makualii, the chiefs under Kamehameha, especially the older ones. ↑

452 Opi, opina, 1st, the place on the side of a person between the ribs and the hip bone; 2nd, the place of affection, to live in the opina of a person is to enjoy his favor and protection. ↑

453 Haka, to fight; huna, before, time past. ↑

454 Hu, applied to all the people, the multitude; ka hu poe nui, all the people everywhere. ↑

455 Luaa, 1st, to pound poi till soft; 2nd, to make poi and make ready food and conveniences for a feast. ↑

456 Lolo o Ku, on the train of Ku, i.e., in his presence, before him. ↑

457 Apiapi, to be full, to overflow as a calabash filled too full, applies to clouds so full of water that they shed rain. Kahuilalani, name of a god giving food in abundance. ↑

458 Kanalani, in great numbers, in abundance, like apiapi. ↑

459 Hakei, to lie still, to be hushed in silence; kaiamu a great multitude of people sitting in silence. ↑

460 Hoolua, to collect; hoolua kaha, to collect the multitude. ↑

461 Kio, heap, collection; kio honua, piles, heaps of food. ↑

462 Makaikai, to examine, to search out; Kama, to whom Maui anciently belonged. ↑

463 Kalakaua, na aina eha, these were Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kahoolawe. Kalakaua was the son of Kama. ↑

464 Kuihewa, an ancient king of Oahu; known also as Kakuhihewa. ↑

465 Au, region, country, literally, flat land; Lihue, the plain at the base of Kaala; Hoalani, an ancient chief of Oahu. ↑

466 Ainakea, literally, white land, i.e., Koolau so called because of the whiteness of the reef and sand. Laa he kupuna alii, a progenitor of chiefs; kamalii, the descendants of Laa, continued to reside at Koolau. ↑

467 Manokalani, chief of Kauai, grandson of Laa. ↑

468 Kealohikikaupea, king of all Kauai. ↑

469 Ahaula, red cord, the name of the line fencing off the common people from the chief, the line of kapu around a chief. Aha mai ka po mai, this kapu was established time out of mind. ↑

470 Pualei, a head-dress of flowers. ↑

471 Mahilipine and Mahilika, names of two cords used anciently as signs of kapu by chiefs. ↑

472 Manawaauea, name of another cord. ↑

473 Punaue, to sit in order, silently in rows as in ancient worship, or at a feast of the chief. ↑

474 E like kuli, the knees all bent alike, the hands held under the thighs, any failure was death to the delinquent. ↑

475 Aha, the service, the prayer, the ceremonies, etc. ↑

476 Kuene, to crowd along, to crowd in, applied to persons sitting in a row, and another wishes to push himself in. E oi ka noho, sit along, move a little. ↑

477 Hulaana, name of people living in valleys, ravines, etc. ↑

478 Wai, to enter, to pass through as a door. ↑

479 Hilo one, i.e., the people who live on the sandy spots of Hilo. Kolo kuli, to walk or crawl upon the knees, the manner of approaching a chief in former times. ↑

480 Hoahaaha, to sit upright; onahawalu, to sit quietly, to make no movement. ↑

481 Hoahaawa, smoothly, as water where there is no wind. ↑

482 Awa, the intoxicating drink. ↑

483 Paiea, one of the names of Kamehameha. ↑

484 Koae, a species of bird; koae kolo, another species. ↑

485 Hoanoano, solemn, sacred as a kapu. ↑

486 Ko, to fulfill, to decree, to determine on. ↑

487 Kani ku e, the sound of a cry or whistle from one to another when in the mountains; peapea, a thing forbidden. ↑

488 Kapulani, prohibited by the chief; peapea o ke alii, a kapu sign of the chief. ↑

489 Koolani, living to old age, living forever; makuakahi, a time of old age, when the hair is grey and falls off. ↑

490 Makualua, old age, when one walks with a staff. ↑

491 Awakoo, a kapu concerning awa, a kapu that was laid during the feast; makua kolokolo, old age, when one walks with tremor in his joints, tremblingly. ↑

492 Makuaha, a time of age when one creeps on hands and knees. ↑

493 Puhekeha, to sit as an old person doubled up with hands folded and leaning on the knees; lawalawa, bound up as with a rope or string; namu, a failure of the voice from old age, infirmity of the organs of speech. ↑

494 Amau, the awa of the chief causes men to sit still. ↑

495 Koolei, name of a kapu laid during an awa drinking course. ↑

496 Kahaluu, name of a place near Kailua, Hawaii. ↑

497 Waiakapo, name of a place the other side of Kailua. ↑

498 Puku, to destroy, to annihilate (Kamehameha). ↑

499 Ehukaipo, an ancient king of Kona. ↑

500 Koko, hot; la koko, a hot sun. ↑

501 Ahuena, name of a heiau at Kailua, Hawaii. ↑

502 Hoao, to taste, to eat, to enjoy; na iho, to the full, applied to eating; ana, to be satisfied with eating. ↑

503 Kuilena, the property, the fruits of a land. ↑

504 Aina for ai, to eat, to consume; naulia, see nau, to chew, l inserted, to chew as a ruminating animal; opala, the property, the substance of one. ↑

505 Iwi, literally, bones, the remains of eating, the remnants of property of a subdued people; manaku, a deep pit, a receptacle of filth and useless matter. ↑

506 Puaina, to spit, to show contempt by spitting toward or at a thing. ↑

507 Moka, to chew and spit out, the matter chewed and spit out. ↑

508 Kupu, epithet of Kamehameha; kaeo, the hair on top of the head gathered and tied up in a bunch so as to stand erect. ↑

509 Leina, flowing as light, spreading as the dawning of morn; Oulu, the flying god, the flight of Oulu was straight forward like light, but Kamehameha’s lying down was above his flight. ↑

510 Awe, companion, friend, relation. ↑

511 Kaukama, two words, thy kau kama, children. ↑

512 Kui, to strike with the fists; peku, a contest in fighting, boxing. ↑

513 Punana, to draw near to, to approach, especially with a view to box or fight, to come together as persons threatening and brandishing their fists; pekulani, see peku above, the royal contest. ↑

514 Momoe kapu, the kapu was to lie down and fight with the fist, and no other way. ↑

515 Hele lani, walks a chief, name given to Kamehameha; ohiako, the ohia cut down for sacred purposes when a person was sacrificed to give it power, an epithet of Kamehameha. ↑

516 Oneo, consecrated, devoted. ↑

517 Mahele, to divide, to separate, to point the proper thing for a place. ↑

518 Ka wao, the exclamation on ordering men to act simultaneously. ↑

519 Ulunu, name of a heiau; kalana, i.e., kala ana, offering a sacrifice that would procure or rescue life. ↑

520 Waihau, a heiau; Kanoa, the name of the heiau. ↑

521 Kai, to lead, direct the multitudes in their worship at the heiau’s so they need not go wrong, but obey the forms of service. ↑

522 Papahola, hola the article that puts fish to sleep, hence, a general swoop of ruin, papa an intensitive. ↑

523 Noiau, counselor, one who consults with the king on the interests of the government. ↑

524 Kunuiakea, the same as Ku. ↑

525 Laau hio, applied to a konohiki because he is under, or yields to a chief. ↑

526 Alualu, applied to people of changeable minds; malalaioa, poor people without lands, vagabonds. ↑

527 Kapii, hair standing erect; kaai, curly as the hair; lole, long, flowing smooth hair. ↑

528 Piko, lower part of the belly. ↑

529 Kuaii, to flatter, cajole; kai, close-fisted, selfish; olu, manao pahee, slippery in thought, not firm; e ke loa, be off, begone, go farther off. ↑

530 Kuleana, office, business; pehu, swollen, the office of swollen speech, i.e., flattery; hookaa, to fulfill an office, to pay a debt. ↑

531 Peue, pepeue, to flatter with inflated and false language, to appear pleased in speech and conduct, when the heart is wanting. ↑

532 Opa, see oopa, lameness. ↑

533 Kini, a kinsman, a relation; aiaina, an eater, i.e., an enjoyer, possessor of land. ↑

534 Hukia for huki, to draw, to pull. This is the taunt of the poet to the selfish flattering advisers of the king. ↑

535 Kuaana, an ancient chief of Hilo. ↑

536 Mole, the tap, or perpendicular root of a tree; paiaa, the side or horizontal roots of a tree; Kekuahiwi, an ancient chief of Hilo, son of Kuaana. ↑

537 Akaanuioleloloa, an ancient king of Hilo. ↑

538 Akoa, for akoia, to cut, clip off, to pick with the thumb and finger as a bud of a plant. ↑

539 Huli, kalo tops for planting. ↑

540 Ku, to assemble, to bring together; Kukii, place in Puna. ↑

541 Mehame, a kapu, name of a kapu of Lono. ↑

542 Haipule applies to the worship of the gods where the thought, words and actions are all engaged. ↑

543 Wahaula, name of Paao’s famous first heiau at Puna; kupu, exercise, work, engagement. ↑

544 Kauwelu, see kau and welu, the end, the finishing of a period of time. ↑

545 Makahiki, in years, i.e., in process of time. ↑

546 Haahui, together, the different districts, emphasizing the join, hui, of the islands. ↑

547 Pale lono, lono the rumors pervading the land, shown in next line. ↑

548 Ku kamahele, founding the beneficient law of Kamehameha for safety of old men and women on the highway. ↑

549 Unu kapu, according to the spirit of Lono temples. ↑

550 Kuku’i, publish, proclaim; holoi i ka poino, wash away the distress of the land and people. ↑

551 Haumia, all of shame and pollution to overcome the a’e. ↑

552 Distress shown in next line. ↑

553 Wa a ke kulolia, period of restless uncertainty, caused by war. ↑

554 Polulu, time of fearful forebodings. ↑

555 Hulialama, a turning over to peace throughout. ↑

556 Maemae, to cleanse, purify. ↑

557 Konalenale, ease and comfort, tranquility. ↑

558 Nihope, a following tranquil condition which pervades the masses (pinaea). ↑

559 He mu oia, repeated to give length of line for the chanter, expresses the stillness from the cessation of wars and strife. ↑

560 Kua’i ka lani, the chief changes or has changed, which leads to the question following. ↑

561 Kalani ma, frequently referred to, means the company or forces of the chief, which may or may not include him. The translated lines deal with the chief, the principal, his companions or forces being understood. ↑

562 Ahanana, poetic change on the question aha ana of preceding line, here more emphatic. ↑

563 Pehe for pehea, questioning before the gods. ↑

564 In the front (of preceding line), the custom of ancient times being to carry their war gods with them into the battlefield for the double purpose of encouraging its side and creating dread in the ranks of the opponents. ↑

565 To reward keepers for watchful night services and instruction. ↑

566 All questions of serious moment were the subject of night services and instruction. ↑

567 Kilihe’a, exhibited evidences of their calling. ↑

568 Prayer for the chief’s efficiency in warfare. ↑

569 Wa, sound of victories carried to Kauai, at Papaenaena. ↑

570 Papaenaena, name of the landing at Waimea. ↑

571 Names of Kauai lands at the shore. ↑

572 This seeks to make the locality famous as the place of residence of Wakea and his people; Wakea, the ancestor of the race. ↑

573 Lapakai, the waves that roll in, or dash on the shore, are likened to the teeth of Kuhaimoana (here abbreviated to Ku). ↑

574 Kuhaimoana, the famous shark-god of Hawaii. ↑

575 Maka o Ku, eyes of Ku, in like manner, are represented by the dark clouds. ↑

576 Kamauli, a cloud condition sought for omens. ↑

577 Hahi, used here as hehi; Kapilikea, not clearly understood but evidently a renovating process or movement to agree with the following: ↑

578 Punawelewele, spider-web for entanglement of the enemy. ↑

579 Akaka i kea, undisputably clear; open and above board. ↑

580 Pono, a word of many meanings having good as its root. ↑

581 The poet up to line 642 presents conditions of prosperity. ↑

582 Loloa, in its use here is virtually the length and breadth of the land. ↑

583 Au aha lua, time of companionship, not in rivalry and dispute. ↑

584 Conditions of Wakea’s time as sole, absolute ruler. ↑

585 Ka ha moku, etc., in Wakea was the breath, the life of the land, as ancestor of chiefs. ↑

586 Hawaii is claimed to have been born of Papa and Wakea, hence, part of his flesh. ↑

587 Honuna, as honua, the foundation for the growth, enlargement of the island. ↑

588 Ua ai, they, referring back to the people, ate bountifully. ↑

589 Lihaliha, nauseated with fatness. ↑

590 Kenakena, etc., pictures benefits following under Kamehameha’s rule. ↑

591 Ipu lonolau, a prolific bitter gourd of Kama as Kamapuaa, a god of cultivation, its vine covering trees and houses, as shown in the following lines, indicative of fruitfulness under the new regime. ↑

592 The poet here pictures conditions at Kamehameha’s assault upon Hanakahi (Hilo). ↑

593 Lolo poo, the brains of Hilo oozed out at the assault. ↑

594 Mahapuu o Halai, the Halai twin hills of Hilo. ↑

595 Paikaka, the sea of Hilo, shares in the misfortune of its overthrow. ↑

596 Wai alaea, the reddish water for temple service, o’erflowed, blood-like, for the sacrifice. ↑

597 Hoololia, a shifting from side to side. ↑

598 Oma, the preparations for war; also, the space for sacrifice between two armies. ↑

599 Awa (Piper methysticum) bore an important part in all priestly and sacrificial ceremonies, and the several kinds had their respective degrees of appropriateness as to the proper offering to the gods for the service in hand. ↑

600 Kini waha hewa, numerous slanderers, backbiters. ↑

601 These many composers, chanters, of the contending Hilo army, that they may be discomfited in their utterances and their prophecies come to naught. ↑

602 Their expressions have been heard even in Kona. ↑

603 Pohaku, stones for construction of the temple, the usual preparatory step in the outbreak of hostilities, for consulting the gods on the outcome, and dedication with sacrifice of the first victim. ↑

604 By evening they saw some fruit of their toil. ↑

605 The Hilo chiefs are likened to slippery mud-fish, and the people to offensive products of unsavory ponds. ↑

606 Hoomaloka, sluggish, stupid, disbelief of Kamehameha’s conquering power. ↑

607 Maua, we, the poet and his chief, became the victors and possessors of the land. ↑

608 The defeated were completely dispossessed, nothing left them to lord it over, save the floats, the air pods of the sea-moss, hua limukala (⁶⁵). ↑

609 ↑

610 Olewa, unfixed, restless are the people, hence their flight. ↑

611 Their demoralization is pictured as a disjointed tongue of mixed arrow-root substance. ↑

612 Hoe uli, another belittling reference to the tongue as a dark paddle. ↑

613 Hilipa, while boastful, is applied to one given to vaporings on various subjects or persons. ↑

614 Reply has been made, nothing more can be said. ↑

615 Punana, nest; weuweu, grass or herbage, hence, a grassy nest. ↑

616 Pupue is a shrugging or huddling of one’s self, it may be from fear, or from cold; it refers also to a crouching attitude. ↑

617 Oni pakaawili, a restless writhing as in pain, moving this way and that; kaawili, to twist or twine around as a vine. ↑

618 Me he koe, as a koe (an angle or earth worm) wriggles in the dirt, so does the people of Kaù at the rise of Kamehameha. ↑

619 Lepo, the general term for dirt, earth, dust or ground, is here particularized as dust by the appended e-a, which is represented as the warming garment of the people of the district. At first this was thought to imply a dusty section of country, in passing through which one would literally bathe in dust, as the saying is. Not having had such an experience in our travels through Kaù, it was evident that some characteristic of the district was used here by the poet to belittle his opponents. Research revealed the following:

At Paiehaa, not far distant from Kaalualu, in olden time was a dust-pit known by the name of Kaumaia, that was famous as a sport place for the youth of the district and even their elders, into which they would leap from the side cliff, some ten or twelve feet high, and flounder about in its dust as if splashing around in a bathing pool. Tradition hath it that its dust was credited with possessing remedial qualities and became in more recent years an asset to certain of the kahuna class. One such, on Kauai, directed a patient to go to Kaù and leap into the dust-pit of Kaumaia, which resulted in the poor dupe breaking both his legs in his jump. ↑

620 This canto opens with the poet’s call upon the supernatural deities Hina and Kiha, in flattering vein, invoking their aid in behalf of Kamehameha. ↑

621 Ia for oia, she, Kiha. ↑

622 Kiha, the acknowledged head (poo) of Kamehameha’s aumakuas, or ancestral gods. ↑

623 King Umi’s power is besought to descend upon Kamehameha. ↑

624 This and two following lines refer to Umi’s overthrow of Hakau; eating the eyes of the body being a per forma custom attending the sacrifice of a distinguished foe. ↑

625 Kekea kua aaka, as also aaka ili paka, are skin conditions of those addicted to awa. Hawaiians liken the skin of inveterate awa drinkers to the crackled bark of the kukui tree. ↑

626 The vanquished foe is likened to the scampering of rats into the brush. Following lines indicate the direction and completeness of the flight. ↑

627 Wai noni, noni juice (Morinda citifolia), said to itch or tickle the skin. This is what Punanui Kumakaha is likened to. ↑

628 Ohekoheko, probably the ohelo, sometimes called ohelohelo (Vaccinium sp.), the Hawaiian whortleberry. ↑

629 Wai moe, liquid sleep of death, death’s doings. ↑

630 Kanekapolei, a Hilo locality. ↑

631 Kopekope, a place above Hilo. ↑

632 Haui, title of a chief, in this case Kamehameha, to whom is the victory of the peopled hills. ↑

633 This opening line, a Hawaiian proverb, refers to the duped chiefs of Hilo. ↑

634 More sarcasm, the meaning of which is not clear. ↑

635 Kapa’i, to rub as ointment into the flesh. ↑

636 Ai kohana, stripping bare, the condition of a conquered district, the vanquished chiefs being dispossessed of all their holdings. ↑

637 The question who will be the ruling chief becomes the burning one, for the reapportionment of the lands. ↑

638 Iawai ka oio, thought here to refer to the true settlers, who will they be that can point clearly to his holding? ↑

639 He kena no, that can send the kini (40,000), the lehu (400,000), the mano (4000) adherents of the chief. ↑

640 Ulu lana, buoyant, prolific, as referring to people, hopeful as to land. ↑

641 Ka ulu, the increase or offspring. ↑

642 Mahuna aimoku, twin district chiefs. ↑

643 Hulu, line or branch of ancestry. ↑

644 Pau na hulu, the line ended in the elder brother Keawe, i.e., the degree of rank. ↑

645 Nana, the sister Kauleleiaiwi, hers was the red established high rank, commanding kapus. ↑

646 Kuhina, a commanding officer of former time, termed in recent years a cabinet minister. ↑

647 This, with the four lines following, are veiled epithets of certain chiefs. ↑

648 Mana-mana, confused by the many branches of chiefs of various ranks. ↑

649 O kani ma, many voices acclaim the excellence of the chief. ↑

650 Kau of dust eye is said to apply to that district where they literally bathe in it. See preceding Note 75. ↑

651 Puna’s characteristic is shown in the thorny-edged pandanus leaves. ↑

652 Hilo is termed small, of black edges, referring to her rocky coast line. ↑

653 Hanau apono, born of rightful chief ancestry. ↑

654 Ka mehameha, the lone or lonely one, definition of Kamehameha’s name. ↑

655 Poo kui, a joining head: uniting Hawaii, first the island, then the group. ↑

656 Even man, the common people, recognized his rightful high birth rank. ↑

657 Kanaka po, a man of ancient descent, in the sense of mai ka po mai, from the night forth. ↑

658 Io wale no, yet he was of the flesh, he was no graven image chief. ↑

659 Aohe aku, he had no sycophant followers for the food they would get. ↑

660 Lea wale, pleasure, satisfaction, without restrained feelings. ↑

661 Ha ka nuku, contention and strife was breathed upon, overcoming anger, etc. ↑

662 Kena, command; kenakena, intensitive of kena, sending frequently. ↑

663 Manao ka noonoo, literally, “think the thought;” reflection on the subject in hand. ↑

664 At this point the preparation of Kamehameha is likened to a fisherman and carries through to a successful issue. ↑

665 Hai-na, proclaiming, ia, he (Kamehameha), a’e, is raised. ↑