Note 1 — Chapter I
Reading edition
Tables A and B show that the "expectation of life" for adults of forty years and over is shorter in New York City now than it was thirty years ago (Table A), and that this increase in the death-rate in the higher-age groups is manifested in recent years in a wide area in this country (Table B). This increased mortality is due chiefly to diseases of the heart, arteries, and kidneys, and to cancer.
TABLE A[1a]
Approximate Life Table, Trienna 1879-81 and 1909-11, Based on New York City Statistics
Ages Expectation of Life, 1879-81 Expectation of Life, 1909-11 Gain (+) or Loss (-) in Years of Expectancy
Under 5 41.3 51.9 +10.6
5 46.3 51.1 + 4.8
10 43.8 46.9 + 3.1
15 39.7 42.5 + 2.8
20 35.8 38.3 + 2.5
25 32.6 34.3 + 1.7
30 29.6 30.5 + 0.9
35 26.7 26.9 + 0.2
40 23.0 23.4 - 0.5
45 21.1 20.0 - 1.1
50 18.3 16.8 - 1.5
55 15.4 13.9 - 1.5
60 13.0 11.3 - 1.7
65 10.5 9.1 - 1.4
70 8.9 7.2 - 1.7
75 7.3 5.5 - 1.8
80 6.4 4.3 - 2.1
85 5.5 2.2 - 3.3
Balance +26.6
-16.6
+10.0
TABLE B[1b]
Comparison of Mortality of Males and Females, by Age Groups. Death-Rates per 1,000 Population (Registration States as Constituted in 1900)
Ages Males Percentage Increase or Decrease Females Percentage Increase or Decrease
1900 1911 1900 1911
Under 5 54.2 39.8 -26.27 45.8 33.3 -27.29
5-9 4.7 3.4 -27.66 4.6 3.1 -32.61
10-14 2.9 2.4 -17.24 3.1 2.1 -32.26
15-19 4.9 3.7 -24.49 4.8 3.3 -31.25
20-24 7.0 5.3 -24.29 6.7 4.7 -29.85
25-34 8.3 6.7 -19.28 8.2 6.0 -26.83
35-44 10.8 10.4 -3.70 9.8 8.3 -15.31
45-54 15.8 16.1 +1.90 14.2 12.9 -9.15
55-64 28.9 30.9 +6.92 25.8 26.8 +0.78
65-74 59.6 61.6 +3.36 53.8 55.1 +2.42
75 and over 146.1 147.4 +0.89 139.5 139.2 +0.22
All ages 17.6 15.8 -10.23 16.5 14.0 -15.15
1a Monthly Bull., Dept. of Health, City of New York, III (1913), 113.
1b Dublin, Amer. Jour. Public Health, III (1915), 1262.
2 General agreement respecting the true physiological and chemical nature of anaphylactic phenomena has not yet been reached. For a discussion of the theories of anaphylaxis, see in Hans Zinsser, Infection and Resistance (New York, 1914), chaps. xv-xviii; also Doerr, "Allergie und Anaphylaxis," in Kolle and Wassermann, Handbuch, 2d edition, 1913, II, 947.
3 Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXVII (1912), 216.
4 Amer. Jour. Obstet. (New York), LXV (1912), 731.
5 F. B. Talbot, Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXV (1916), 409.
6 See, for example, Schloss, loc. cit.
7 Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., XXV (1914), 78.
8 See, for example, K. Koessler, Ill. Med. Jour., XXIII (1913), 66; Bronfenbrenner, Andrews, and Scott, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXIV (1915), 1306; F. B. Talbot, Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., CLXXI (1914), 708.
9 Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXV (1915), 1837.
10 Strickler and Goldberg, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXVI (1916), 249.
11 Jour. Cutaneous Dis., XXXIV (1916), 70.
12 Amer. Jour. Dis. of Children, XI (1916), 441.
13 Science, XV (1902), 1016.
14 U.S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Botany, Bull. 20, 1898.
15 Among the plants that seem to be most commonly implicated in the poisoning of stock are the larkspur (Delphinium. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 365, September 8, 1916), the water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) and others of the same genus, the lupines (U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 405, 1916), some of the laurels (Kalmia), and the Death Camas or Zygadenus (U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 125, 1915). The famous loco-weed of the western United States (U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 112, 1909) is less certainly to be held responsible for all the ills ascribed to it (H. T. Marshall, Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., XXV [1914], 234).
16 Chesnut, U.S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Botany, Bull. 20, 1898, p. 17.
17 Ibid., p. 28.
18 Ibid., p. 45. The seeds of the castor-oil bean, which contain a very powerful poison (ricin) allied to the bacterial toxins, have been known to cause the death of children who ate the seeds given them to play with.
19 Mayer, Deutsche Viertelj. f. öffentl. Ges., XLV (1913), 12.
20 Cf. an instance of palmolin poisoning, Centralbl. f. Bakt., I, Ref., LXII (1914), 210.
21 Weekly Bull., N.Y. Dept. of Health, September 16, 1916.
22 Seventy-three species of mushrooms known or suspected to be poisonous are enumerated in a bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture, Patterson and Charles ("Mushrooms and Other Common Fungi," Bull. 175, 1915). This bulletin contains descriptions and excellent illustrations of many edible and of the commoner poisonous species.
23 Used in some places as a fly poison.
24 Ford, Science, XXX (1909), 97.
25 Another species of mushroom occurring in this country and commonly regarded as edible (Panaeolus papilionaceus) has on occasion shown marked intoxicating properties (A. E. Verrill, Science, XL (1914), 408).
26 Jour. Infect. Dis., III (1906), 191.
27 Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXIV (1915), 1230.
28 W. W. Ford, "Plant Poisons and Their Antibodies," Centralbl. f. Bakt., I Abt., Ref., LVIII (1913), 129 and 193, with full bibliography.
29 A. H. Clark, Science, XLI (1915), 795.
30 See W. M. Kerr, U.S. Nav., Monthly Bull., VI (1912), 401.
31 Ibid.
32 E. S. Reynolds, Lancet, I (1901), 166.
33 The sulphuric acid used in making glucose in the United States is authoritatively declared to be absolutely free from arsenic (report of hearing before Illinois State Food Standard Commission, June 21-23, 1916; see Amer. Food Jour., July, 1916, p. 315).
34 E. W. Miller, Jour. Home Economics, VIII (1916), 361.
35 Phelps and Stevenson, Hyg. Lab., U.S. Public Health Service, Bull. 96, 1914, p. 55.
36 Harrington and Richardson, Manual of Practical Hygiene, 5th ed., p. 224.
37 See Alice Hamilton, "Hygiene of the Painters' Trade," U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bull. 120, 1913.
38 In 1909 the value of foods canned in the United States amounted to about $300,000,000 (U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 196, 1915).
39 W. D. Bigelow, Amer. Food Jour., XI (1916), 461.
40 Arch. f. Hyg., XLV (1902), 88; ibid., LXIII (1907), 67.
41 See, e.g., Harrington and Richardson, Practical Hygiene, 5th ed., p. 274.
42 Ztschr. f. Hyg., LXXV-LXXVI (1913-14), 55.
43 Bigelow, loc. cit.
44 A. W. Bitting, U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull. 196, 1915.
45 U.S. Dept. of Agric., Report 97, 1913.
46 Folin, Preservatives and Other Chemicals in Foods (Harvard University Press, 1914), p. 32.
47 Folin, op. cit., p. 42.
48 See U.S. Dept. of Agric., Report 94, 1911.
49 Sawyer, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXIII (1914), 1537.
50 Eng. News, LXX (1913), 322.
51 Morse, Report of State Board of Health of Mass., 1899, p. 761.
52 R. H. Creel, Reprint from Public Health Reports, No. 72, Washington, 1912.
53 Health Bull. No. 76, Pennsylvania State Department of Health, December, 1915.
54 Amer. Jour. Public Health, II (1912), 321.
55 Institution Quarterly, III (1912), 18.
56 See also a similar instance reported by Lumsden, Hyg. Lab., U.S. Public Health and Marine Hosp. Service, Bull. 78, p. 165.
57 For a discussion of the oyster question see G. W. Fuller, Jour. of Franklin Institute, August, 1905; N.Y. City Dept. of Health, Monthly Bull., November, 1913, and May, 1915; H. S. Cumming, U.S. Public Health Service, Pub. Health Bull. 74, March, 1916.
58 Lancet, II (1895), 46.
59 Park and Krumwiede, Jour. Med. Research, N.S., XVIII (1910), 363.
60 Ztschr. f. Hyg., XXXV (1900), 265.
61 Centralbl. f. Bakt., I, Orig., LXVI (1912), 194.
62 Fleischvergiftungen u. Paratyphusinfektionen (Jena, 1910).
63 Rept. to Local Govt. Board, N.S. No. 77 (London, 1913).
64 Zeit. f. Hyg., XXII (1896), 53.
65 Brit. Med. Jour., I (1909), 1171.
66 Bernstein and Fish, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXVI (1916), 167.
67 Breslau aerztl. Ztschr., X (1888), 249.
68 Bernstein and Fish, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXVI (1916), 167.
69 Deutsche Viertelj. f. öffentl. Ges., XLV (1913), 58-59.
70 Op. cit., pp. 60-62.
71 Jour. Infect. Dis., XX (1917), 457.
72 Centralbl. f. Bakt., I Orig., LIII (1910), 377.
73 Cor.-Bl. f. schweiz. Aerzte, XLII (1912), 281 and 332.
74 Jour. Hyg., XII (1912), 1.
75 See Sobernheim and Seligmann, Centralbl. f. Bakt., Ref., Beilage, L (1911), 134.
76 Report Med. Officer of Health (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1913).
77 Compiled from Savage, Report of Local Gov't Board, 1913.
78 Mayer, Deutsche Viertelj. f. öffentl. Ges., XLV (1913), 8.
79 It must be noted that origin of the food from a diseased animal was not definitely proved in all the cases cited. Some of these cases should possibly be classed under human contamination (2).
80 Although not directly connected with the question of food poisoning, it is of interest to note that certain diseases of birds have been traced to infection with members of this group of bacteria. In a few cases, as in several epidemics among parrots in Paris and elsewhere, the infection has been communicated to man by contact.
81 Jour. Infect. Dis., XIX (1916), 700.
82 R. Trommsdorff, L. Rajchman, and A. E. Porter, Jour. Hyg., XI (1911), 89.
83 Hygiea, LXXV (1913), 1.
84 Progrès méd., 3d series, XXVI (1910), 25.
85 Ledingham and Arkwright, The Carrier Problem in Infectious Diseases, pp. 152-53.
86 Jour. Hyg., XI (1911), 24.
87 Münch. med. Wchnschr., LIV (1907), 979.
88 See, for example, H. Langer and Thomann, Deutsche med. Wchnschr., XL (1914), 493.
89 Ztschr. f. Infektionsk. ... d. Haustiere, VIII (1910), 237.
90 The consumption of raw sausage made with pig meat is particularly likely to give rise to trichiniasis.
91 Jour. Med. Research, VI (1901), 64.
92 Edelmann, Mohler, and Eichhorn, Meat Hygiene, 1916, p. 182.
93 Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXVII (1916), 1908.
94 Brit. Med. Jour., II (1916), 139.
95 Another species of Claviceps (C. paspali) which attacks the seeds of a wild grass is believed to be responsible for certain outbreaks of poisoning among cattle and horses (Science, XLIII [1916], 894).
96 Barger (Jour. Chem. Soc., XCV [1909], 1123) has shown that parahydroxyphenylethylamine is present in ergot and is in some degree responsible for the physiological action of the drug.
97 Although some of the early outbreaks were traced to the use of sausage, particularly in Württemberg, the proportion of recent botulism poisoning attributed to this food is no greater than of sausage-conveyed infections with the paratyphoid bacillus (chap. vi), and a number of the most completely studied outbreaks of botulism have been traced to ham, beans, and other foods.
98 Deutsche Viertelj. f. öffentl. Ges., XLV (1913), 8.
99 E. Sacquépée, Progrès méd., XXVI (1910), 583.
100 Report to Local Govt. Board on Bacterial Food Poisoning and Food Inspection, N.S. No. 77, 1913, p. 27.
101 Southern Cal. Pract., XXII (1907), 370.
102 Ibid., XXV (1910), 121.
103 Arch. of Int. Med., XIV (1914), 589.
104 Amer. Med., X (1915), 85.
105 Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXI (1913), 2301.
106 Loc. cit.
107 Loc. cit.
108 In the feces of a healthy pig (Kempner and Pollock, Deutsche med. Wchnschr., XXIII [1897], 505).
109 B. botulinus does not develop in media containing over 6 per cent of salt and should not be able to grow in meat properly covered in brine made with 10 per cent of salt (Römer, Centralbl. f. Bakt., XXVII [1900], 857).
110 G. Landmann, Hyg. Rundschau, XIV (1904), 449.
111 Wilbur and Ophüls, Arch. of Int. Med., XIV (1914), 589.
112 Phil. Jour. of Science, IX (1914), B6, p. 515.
113 K. Blunt and C. C. Wang, Jour. Biol. Chem., XXVIII (1916), 125.
114 Jordan and Harris, Jour. Infect. Dis., VI (1909), 401.
115 Ibid.
116 E. B. Vedder, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXVII (1916), 1494.
117 McCollum and Davis, Jour. Biol. Chem., XXIII (1915), 181.
118 Goldberger, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXVI (1916), 471.
119 MacNeal, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXVI (1916), 975; Jobling, Jour. Infect. Dis., XVIII (1916), 501.
120 Gasbarrini, Policlinico, November 14, 1915; abstract, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXV (1915), 2264.
121 Holst and Frölich, Jour. Hyg., VII (1907), 619; Moore and Jackson, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., LXVII (1916), 1931.
122 Jackson and Moody, Jour. Infect. Dis., XIX (1916), 511.