Note 1269 — Chapter XI · “THE LABOUR’D OX”

Birch, Domesday Book, pp. 225-6. For contrary view, see J. H. Round, Feudal England, 1909, pp. 35-36. Dr Round argues that not only was the caruca a plough team of eight oxen, but that the number was fixed. Also P. Vinogradoff, Villainage in England, 1892, pp. 252-3. The number of oxen was perhaps partly dependent upon the practice of co-aration, or co-operative ploughing. See G. Slater, in Geogr. Jour., 1907, XXIX. p. 39. P. Vinogradoff, Eng. Society in the Eleventh Century, 1908, pp. 154, 164-5. See also F. Seebohm, Eng. Vill. Community, 1896, pp. 62-5, 74, 85, 123.