Note 63n — INDEX

[149] Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys, ii. 5. There is no doubt the lease system was growing in the thirteenth century. About 1240 the writ Quare ejecit infra terminum protected the person of a tenant for a term of years, who formerly had been regarded as having no more than a personal right enforceable by an action of covenant. Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 330; but leases for lives and not for years seem the rule at that date.

[150] Cullum, Hawsted, p. 175.

[151] See Domesday of S. Paul, Introduction.

[152] Thorold Rogers, History of Agriculture and Prices, i. 25.

[153] Cullum, Hawsted, p. 195.

[154] Cunningham, Industry and Commerce, i. 586.

[155] Banyd, afflicted with sheep rot.

[156] Eden, State of the Poor, i. 55.

[157] Cullum, Hawsted, p. 182. Another instance of the difference in value between arable and tillage. At the inquisition of the Manor of Great Tey in Essex, 1326, the jury found that 500 acres of arable land was worth 6d. an acre rent, 20 acres of meadow 3s. an acre, and 10 acres of pasture 1s. an acre. Archaeologia, xii. 30.

[158] Medley, Constitutional History, p. 52.

[159] Cunningham, op. cit. i. 328, and 335-6.

[160] Domesday of S. Paul, p. lvii.

[161] Hist. Angl., Rolls Series, i. 455. The other political and social causes of the revolt do not concern us here. The attempt to minimize its agrarian importance is strange in the light of the words and acts above mentioned.

[162] Page, op. cit. p. 77.

[163] Cunningham, Industry and Commerce, i. 402, 534; Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, New Series, xvii. 235. Fitzherbert probably referred more to villein status, which continued longer than villein tenure.

[164] Thorold Rogers, History of Agriculture and Prices, i. 278, 288.

[165] Harrison, Description of Britain, p. 233, says the produce of an acre of saffron was usually worth £20.

[166] Exportation of corn is mentioned in 1181, when a fine was paid to the king for licence to ship corn from Norfolk and Suffolk to Norway.—McPherson, Annals of Commerce, i. 345. As early as the reign of Henry II, Henry of Huntingdon says, German silver came to buy our most precious wool, our milk (no doubt converted into butter and cheese), and our innumerable cattle.—Rolls Series, p. 5. In 1400, the Chronicle of London says the country was saved from dearth by the importation of rye from Prussia.

[167] Hasbach, op. cit.. p. 32.

[168] Lord Berkeley, about 1360, had a ship of his own for exporting wool and corn and bringing back foreign wine and wares.—Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys, i. 365.

[169] Nasse, Agricultural Community of the Middle Ages, p. 66.

[170] Customs in some Surrey manors in the time of Richard II, Archaeologia, xviii. 281.