Note 27n — INDEX
Reading edition
[64] Six Centuries of Work and Wages, p. 39. No one can write on English agriculture without acknowledging a deep debt to his monumental industry, though his opinions are often open to question.
[65] Compare the account of the manors in Huntingdonshire belonging to Romsey Abbey given in Page End of Villeinage in England, pp. 28 et seq.
[66] Davenport, A Norfolk Manor, p. 36; and see Hall, Pipe Roll of Bishopric of Winchester, p. xxv.
[67] Chevage, poll money, paid to the lord.
[68] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 230.
[69] Cunningham, Industry and Commerce, i. 117.
[70] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 307. On the Berkeley estates in 1189-1220 money was so scarce with the tenants that the rents, apparently even where services had been commuted, were commonly paid in oxen.—Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys, i. 101. In the thirteenth century the labour services of the villeins were stricter than in the eleventh. Vinogradoff, op. cit. 298.
[71] Page, End of Villeinage, p. 39.
[72] Thorold Rogers, History of Agriculture and Prices, i. 82.
[73] Hampshire Record Society, i. 64. See Appendix, i.
[74] Hasbach, English Agricultural Labourer, p. 14.
[75] Hallam, Middle Ages, iii. 361
[76] Denton, England in the Fifteenth Century, p. 56.
[77] Cunningham, Industry and Commerce, i. 273.
[78] Cullum, History of Hawsted, 1784 ed., p. 180.
[79] Ballard, Domesday, p. 207.
[80] Walter of Henley, Royal Historical Society, p. 12.
[81] Walter reckons the above food of the horse at 12s. 3d., and of the ox at 3s. 1d.; but both are wrong.
[82] Ibid. p. 15.
[83] Walter of Henley, Royal Historical Society, p. 19.
[84] Walter of Henley, Royal Historical Society, p. 71.
[85] Davenport, A Norfolk Manor, pp. 29 et seq. See also Hall, Pipe Roll of the Bishopric of Winchester, p. xxvi, which gives an average yield of wheat over a large area in 1298-9 at 4.3 bushels per acre.
[86] Walter of Henley, Royal Historical Society, p. 77.
[87] Thorold Rogers, Agriculture and Prices, i. 397; Archaeologia, xviii. 281.
[88] Walter of Henley, pp. 69, 75. In Lancashire, at the end of the thirteenth century, mowing 601/2 acres cost 17s. 71/2d. Victoria County History, Lancashire, Agriculture, and Two Compoti of the Lancashire and Cheshire Manors of Henry de Lacy (Cheetham Society).
[89] Walter of Henley, p. 63.
[90] Crondall, Records, Hampshire Record Society, i. 65.
[91] See Thorold Rogers, various tables in vol. i. of History of Agriculture and Prices. Compare these with the prices on the Berkeley estates from 1281 to 1307, omitting years of scarcity: wheat, 2s. 4d. to 5s.; oxen, 10s. to 12s.; cows, 9s. to 10s.; bacon hogs, 5s.; fat sheep, 1s. 6d. to 2s.; and in the early part of Edward III's reign, wheat, 5s. 4d. to 10s.; oxen, 14s. to 24s. Other prices about the same.—Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys, i. 160.
[92] If it is true, as generally stated, that the mediaeval ox was one-third the size of his modern successor, it is apparent that he was a very dear animal. Cattle at this date suffered from the ravages of wolves.
[93] Crondall, Records, Hampshire Record Society, i. 64.
[94] History of Agriculture and Prices, i. 528.
[95] Seebohm, Transactions of Royal Historical Society, New Series, xvii. 288, says that rent in the fourteenth century was commonly 4d.; the usual average is stated at 6d. an acre.
[96] Domesday of S. Paul, Camden Society, p. li.
[97] History of Agriculture and Prices, i. 26.
[98] Pioneers of Agriculture, p. 13.
[99] Ed. Lamond, Royal Historical Society, p. 19.
[100] Denton, England in the Fifteenth Century, p. 93.