Note 14n — INDEX

[1] Vinogradoff, Growth of the Manor, p. 18; Medley, Constitutional History, p. 15.

[2] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 257.

[3] Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, pp. 341 et seq.

[4] Stubbs, Constitutional History, §36.

[5] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 282, says, 'As a rule it was not subject to redivision.'

[6] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 42.

[7] Maitland, op. cit. p. 368.

[8] Anonymous Treatise on Husbandry, Royal Historical Society, pp. xli. and 68. About 1230, Smyth, in his Lives of the Berkeleys, i. 113, says, 'At this time lay all lands in common fields, in one acre or ridge, one man's intermixt with another.'

[9] See below.

[10] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 74. Maitland thinks the two-field system was as common as the three-field, both in early and mediaeval times. Domesday Book and Beyond, p. 366.

[11] Nasse, Agricultural Community of the Middle Ages, p. 5. To-day harvest generally commences about August 1, so that this, like the growth of grapes in mediaeval times, seems to show our climate has grown colder.

[12] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 264.

[13] Maitland, op. cit. p. 17.

[14] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 265.

[15] Maitland, op. cit. pp. 318 et seq.

[16] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 345.

[17] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 339.

[18] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 110

[19] Vinogradoff, op. cit. p. 395.

[20] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, pp. 225 et seq.

[21] Maitland, op. cit. p. 23.

[22] Vinogradoff, op. cit. p. 433.

[23] In Domesday they number 108,500. Maitland, Domesday Book.

[24] Maitland, op. cit..

[25] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 300.

[26] Domesday of S. Paul, p. lxviii.

[27] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 56.

[28] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 166. In some manors free tenants could sell their lands without the lord's licence, in others not.

[29] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 279.

[30] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 285.

[31] Ibid. p. 246; and English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 448. At the end of the eighteenth century, in default of sons, lands in some manors in Shropshire descended to the youngest daughter.—Bishton, General View of the Agriculture of Shropshire, p. 178.

[32] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 456.

[33] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 40.

[34] Ibid.

[35] Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 35.

[36] Fleta, c. 73.

[37] Domesday of S. Paul, xxxv. Fleta, 'an anonymous work drawn up in the thirteenth century to assist landowners in managing their estates' says, the reeve 'shall rise early, and have the ploughs yoked, and then walk in the fields to see that all is right and note if the men be idle, or if they knock off work before the day's task is fully done.'

[38] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 321.

[39] Ibid. p. 324.

[40] Manor of Manydown, Hampshire Record Society, p. 17. Breaking the assize of beer meant selling it without a licence, or of bad quality. The village pound was the consequence of the perpetual straying of animals, and later on the vicar sometimes kept it. See ibid. p. 104.

[41] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 106.

[42] Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 264.

[43] Andrews, Old English Manor, p. 111.

[44] Domesday of S. Paul, p. xxxvii.

[45] Thorold Rogers, Agriculture and Prices, i. 17: Cunningham, Industry and Commerce, i. 55: Neckham, De Natura Rerum, Rolls Series, ch. clxvi. Rogers says there were no plums, but Neckham mentions them. See also Denton, England in the Fifteenth Century, p. 64. Matthew Paris says the severe winter in 1257 destroyed cherries, plums and figs. Chron. Maj., Rolls Series, v. 660.

[46] Woods were used as much for pasture as for cutting timber and underwood. Not only did the pigs feed there on the mast of oak, beech, and chestnut, but goats and horned cattle grazed on the grassy portions.

[47] The illustrations of contemporary MSS. usually show teams in the plough of 2 or 4 oxen, and 4 was probably the team generally used, according to Vinogradoff, op. cit. p. 253. It must, of course, have varied according to the soil. Birch, in his Domesday, p. 219, says he has never found a team of 8 in contemporary illustrations. To-day oxen can be still seen ploughing in teams of two only. However, about a hundred years ago, when oxen were in common use, we find teams of 8, as in Shropshire, for a single-furrow plough, 'so as to work them easily.' Six hours a day was the usual day's work, and when more was required one team was worked in the morning, another in the afternoon.—Victoria County History: Shropshire, Agriculture. Walter of Henley says the team stopped work at three.

[48] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, i. 570.

[49] See the excellent reproductions of the Calendar of the Cott. MSS. in Green's Short History of the English People, illustrated edition, i. 155.

[50] De Natura Rerum, Rolls Series, p, 280.

[51] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 307.

[52] Ibid. p. 312. Perhaps one of the most interesting features of the smaller manors is that they were constantly being swallowed up by the larger.

[53] As some of the common pasture was held in severalty, this may perhaps have been mown in scarce years. Walter of Henley mentions mowing the waste, see below, p. 34.

[54] Maitland, Domesday Book, 436; Board of Agriculture Returns, 1907.

[55] Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 310; Birch, Domesday, p. 183.

[56] Maitland, Domesday Book. 44; Cunningham, Growth of Industry and Commerce, i. 171; Domesday of S. Paul, pp. xliii. and xci.

[57] Cullum, History of Hawsted, p. 181.

[58] Rolls Series, ii. 220. According to this, the price of a bushel of wheat reckoned in modern money was £3 in that year

[59] Ibid. iii. 220.

[60] Holinshed, who is supported by William of Malmesbury in the assertion that in time of scarcity England imported corn. Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj., v. 673.

[61] Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life, p. 79.

[62] Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life, p. 89.

[63] Gilbert Slater, The English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields, p. 8.