Note 279n — INDEX

[613] Cylindrical pipes came in about 1843, though they had been recommended in 1727 by Switzer.

[614] R.A.S.E. Journal (1s. series), xxii. 260.

[615] R.A.S.E. Journal, 1890, pp. 1 sq.

[616] Ibid., 1894, pp. 205 sq.

[617] McCombie, Cattle and Cattle Breeders, p. 33.

[618] These classes, however, did not comprise all the then known breeds of live stock.

[619] R.A.S.E. Journal, 1892, pp. 479 sq.

[620] At the show at Birmingham In 1898 there were 22 entries of Longhorns; in 1899 a Longhorn Cattle Society was established, and the herd-book resuscitated. More than twenty herds of the breed are now well established.

[621] R.A.S.E. Journal, 1901, p. 24.

[622] Caird, English Agriculture in 1850-1, pp. 252 sq.

[623] Porter, Progress of the Nation, p. 142.

[624] R.A.S.E. Journal, 1901, p. 25.

[625] Ibid. 1896, p. 96.

[626] Ibid. (1s. ser.), vi. 2.

[627] Ibid. (1s. ser.), v. 102.

[628] 1838, 64s. 7d. 1839, 70s. 8d.; 1840, 66s. 4d.; 1841, 64s. 4d.

[629] Tooke, History of Prices, iv. 19.

[630] C. Wren Hoskyns, Agricultural Statistics, p. 5.

[631] The abnormal prices during the Crimean War cannot fairly be taken into account. The home and foreign supplies of wheat and flour from 1839-46 were:—

Home Supplies.Foreign Supplies.

qrs.qrs.

1839-40 4,022,000 1,762,482

1840-1 3,870,648 1,925,241

1841-2 3,626,173 2,985,422

1842-3 5,078,989 2,405,217

1843-4 5,213,454 1,606,912

1844-5 6,664,368 476,190

1845-6 5,699,969 2,732,134

(Tooke, History of Prices, iv. 414.)

1844-5 was a very abundant crop, and the threatened repeal of the Corn Laws induced farmers to send all the corn possible to market.

[632] Tooke, History of Prices, iv. 32.

[633] Cobden's Speech, March 12, 1844.

[634] Tooke, History of Prices, iv. 142.

[635] From evidence collected by Mr. Austin in the southern counties.

[636] Progress of Nation, pp. 137 sq. For the amount imported before that date, see Appendix 2.

[637] Walpole, History of England, iv. 63 sq. Cobden apparently never contemplated such low prices for corn as have prevailed since 1883. In his speech of March 12, 1844, he mentioned 50s. a quarter as a probable price under free trade, and he died before the full effect of foreign competition was felt by the English farmer.

[638] McCulloch, Commercial Dictionary, 1847, p. 274. See below, pp. 325 sq.

[639] Caird, English Agriculture in 1850-1, p. 498.

[640] Ibid. p. 490.

[641] Victoria County History: Warwickshire, ii. 277.

[642] Caird, op. cit., p. 481.

[643] Caird, op. cit. p. 507.

[644] Hasbach, op. cit. pp. 220, 226.

[645] Cobden's Speech, March 12, 1844.

[646] Mr. Pusey, one of the best informed agriculturists of the day, estimated the produce of wheat per acre in 1840 at 26 bushels.—R.A.S.E. Journal, 1890, p. 20.

[647] Caird, English Farming in 1850-1, p. 474.

[648] Progress of the Nation.

[649] Thorold Rogers, History of Agriculture and Prices, v. 29.

[650] Progress of the Nation, pp. 137-9.

[651] Yet as the growth of population overtakes the corn and meat supply, these prophets may in the end prove correct.

[652] The Great Exhibition of 1851 was said to have widely diffused the use of improved implements.—R.A.S.E. Journal, 1856, p. 54.

[653] R.A.S.E. Journal, 1890, p. 34.

[654] R.A.S.E. Journal, 1856, p. 60.

[655] Ibid. 1901, p. 30. See below, p. 343.

[656] Board of Agriculture Returns, 1878, and R.A.S.E. Journal, 1868, p. 239. Young estimated the number of cattle in England in 1770 at 2,852,048, including 684,491 draught cattle.—Eastern Tour, iv. 456.

[657] R.A.S.E. Journal, (2nd ser.), ii. 230.

[658] Ibid. iii. 430.

[659] R.A.S.E. Journal (2nd ser.), ii. 270.

[660] See Autobiography of Joseph Arch.

[661] Ibid. ix. 274.

[662] In many districts, however, his food was better than this.

[663] Hasbach, op. cit., pp. 276-7.

[664] Hasbach, op. cit., pp. 193, et seq. The Gangs Act (30 & 31 Vict. c. 130) had already brought the system under control.