Note 70 — Chapter II
Reading edition
Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, p. 307. On the Berkeley estates in 1189-1220 money was so scarce with the tenants that the rents, apparently even where services had been commuted, were commonly paid in oxen.—Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys, i. 101. In the thirteenth century the labour services of the villeins were stricter than in the eleventh. Vinogradoff, op. cit. 298.