Note 8 — Chapter I · FROM CH’ANG-GAN TO THE SANDY DESERT

(8) During the troubled period of the Tsin dynasty, there were five (usurping) Leang sovereignties in the western part of the empire ({.} {.}). The name Leang remains in the department of Leang-chow in the northern part of Kan-suh. The “southern Leang” arose in 397 under a Tuh-fah Wu-ku, who was succeeded in 399 by a brother, Le-luh-koo; and he again by his brother, the Now-t’an of the text, in 402, who was not yet king therefore when Fâ-Hien and his friends reached his capital. How he is represented as being so may be accounted for in various ways, of which it is not necessary to write.