Note v-A — PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
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Postscript to 4th edition of the Manual, price 6d.
vi-A As it is impossible to enable the reader to recognize rocks and minerals at sight by aid of verbal descriptions or figures, he will do well to obtain a well-arranged collection of specimens, such as may be procured from Mr. Tennant (149. Strand), teacher of Mineralogy at King's College, London.
vii-A Travels in North America by the Author, vol. ii. chap. 22.
vii-B Ibid. 1842.
viii-A Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1851, vol. vii. p. 250.
ix-A The generally received determination of the age of this rock is probably correct; but as there are no overlying coal-measures and no well-known Devonian fossils in the whitish stone of Elgin, and as I have not personally explored the geology of that district, I cannot speak as confidently as in regard to the age of the Montreal Chelonian.
xii-A H. D. Rogers, Proceedings of Amer. Assoc. of Science, Albany, 1851.
xii-B See Memoir by the Author, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii. p. 240.
xiii-A Würtembergisch. Naturwissen. Jahreshefte, 3 Jahr. Stuttgart, 1847.
xiii-B Nov. Act. Acad. Cæsar. Leopold. Nat. Cur. 1850, p. 902. For figures, see ibid. plate xxi. figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.
xiv-A See Manual, p. 268.
xv-A Manual, p. 289.
xv-B Ibid. p. 268.
xvi-A For Terminology, see Note, p. 223.
xvi-B Quart. Journ. vol. vii. Memoirs, p. 111.
xvii-A Principles, 1st ed. chaps. v. and ix.
xvii-B Ibid. p. 153.
xxi-A Preface to 5th ed. of Studies of University of Cambridge.
xxii-A Principles, 4th ed. 1835, vol. i. p. 231, and vol. i. chap. 9. subsequent ed.
xxii-B In my Anniversary Address, for 1851, to the Geological Society, the reader will find a full discussion of the facts and arguments which bear on the theory of progressive development.—Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. vii.
3-A See Principles of Geology, by the Author, Index, "Nile," "Rivers," &c.
4-A See p. 18.
4-B See Geograph. Journ. vol. iv. p. 64.
11-A The kaolin of China consists of 71·15 parts of silex, 15·86 of alumine, 1·92 of lime, and 6·73 of water (W. Phillips, Mineralogy, p. 33.); but other porcelain clays differ materially, that of Cornwall being composed, according to Boase of nearly equal parts of silica and alumine, with 1 per cent. of magnesia. (Phil. Mag. vol. x. 1837.)
11-B See W. Phillips's Mineralogy, "Alumine."
14-A Consult Index to Principles of Geology, "Stratification," "Currents," "Deltas," "Water," &c.
21-A Siau. Edin. New Phil. Journ. vol. xxxi.; and Darwin, Volc. Islands, p. 134.
28-A See Synoptic Table in Blainville's Malacologie.
29-A Gray, Phil. Trans., 1835, p. 302.
31-A For figures of recent species, see below, p. 183., and figs. of fossils, see p. 228.
32-A See Index of Principles, "Fossilization."
33-A See Principles, Index, "Lym-Fiord."
33-B See below, Chap. XVIII., on the Wealden.
34-A See Principles, Index, "Calcareous Springs," &c.
34-B Ibid. "Travertin," "Coral Reefs," &c.
35-A Report Brit. Ass. 1843, p. 178.
36-A Dr. MacCulloch, Syst. of Geol. vol. i. p. 123.
36-B Princ. of Geol., Index, "Superior Lake."
37-A De la Beche, Geol. Researches, p. 95., and Geol. Observer (1851), p. 686.
41-A Vol. i. p. 399. first series.
41-B Piddington, Asiat. Research. vol. xviii. p. 226.
42-A Jam. Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. 30. p. 246.
43-A Stokes, Geol. Trans., vol. v. p. 212. second series.
43-B Ibid.
46-A In the first three editions of my Principles of Geology, I expressed many doubts as to the validity of the alleged proofs of a gradual rise of land in Sweden; but after visiting that country, in 1834, I retracted these objections, and published a detailed statement of the observations which led me to alter my opinion in the Phil. Trans. 1835, Part I. See also the Principles, 4th and subsequent editions.
46-B See his Journal of a Naturalist in Voyage of the Beagle, and his work on Coral Reefs.
46-C See chapters xxviii. to xxxi. inclusive.
48-A Edin. Trans. vol. vii. pl. 3.
50-A Proceedings of Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 148.
53-A See plan by M. Chevalier, Burat's D'Aubuisson, tom. ii. p. 334.
55-A See M. Thurmann's work, "Essai sur les Soulèvemens Jurassiques du Porrentruy, Paris, 1832," with whom I examined part of these mountains in 1835.
57-A I am indebted to the kindness of T. Sopwith, Esq., for three models which I have copied in the above diagrams; but the beginner may find it by no means easy to understand such copies, although, if he were to examine and handle the originals, turning them about in different ways, he would at once comprehend their meaning as well as the import of others far more complicated, which the same engineer has constructed to illustrate faults.
60-A Biographical account of Dr. Hutton.
60-B See above, p. 49. and section.
60-C Playfair, ibid.; see his Works, Edin. 1822, vol. iv. p. 81.
62-A Playfair, Illust. of Hutt. Theory, § 42.
62-B Geol. Trans. second series, vol. v. p. 452.
64-A Conybeare and Phillips, Outlines, &c. p. 376.
64-B Phillips, Geology, Lardner's Cyclop. p. 41.
65-A See the results of the "Geological Survey of Great Britain;" Memoirs, vols. i. and ii., by Sir H. De la Beche, Mr. A. C. Ramsay, and Mr. John Phillips.
67-A Western Islands, vol. ii. p. 93. pl. 31. fig. 4.
69-A See Mammat's Geological Facts, &c. p. 90. and plate.
69-B Conybeare's Report to Brit. Assoc. 1842, p. 381.
70-A Prestwich, Geol. Trans. second series, vol. v. pp. 452. 473.
75-A Section given by Dr. Christie, Edin. New Phil. Journ. No. xxiii., called by mistake the Cave of Mardolce, by the late M. Hoffmann. See account by Mr. S. P. Pratt, F. G. S. Proceedings of Geol. Soc. No. 32. 1833.
78-A I was directed by M. Deshayes to this spot, which I visited in June, 1833.
78-B See Trans. of Geol. Soc., second series, vol. v. plate v.
82-A Trimmer, Proceedings of Geol. Soc. vol. iv. p. 7. 1842.
83-A See Lyell on Sand-pipes, &c., Phil. Mag., third series, vol. xv. p. 257., Oct. 1839.
84-A Principles of Geology, 7th ed. p. 506., 8th ed. 509.
85-A Second Visit to the U. S. vol. ii. chap. 34.
88-A "Ancient Sea Margins," p. 114., by R. Chambers.
91-A See Principles, vol. i. chap. iv.
103-A For tertiary, Sir H. De la Beche has used the term "supracretaceous," a name implying that the strata so called are superior in position to the chalk.
103-B Professor Phillips has adopted these terms: Cainozoic, from καινος, cainos, recent, and ζωον, zoon, animal; Mesozoic, from μεσος, mesos, middle, &c.; Paleozoic, from παλαιος, palaios, ancient, &c.
103-C Professor Phillips has adopted these terms: Cainozoic, from καινος, cainos, recent, and ζωον, zoon, animal; Mesozoic, from μεσος, mesos, middle, &c.; Paleozoic, from παλαιος, palaios, ancient, &c.
103-D Professor Phillips has adopted these terms: Cainozoic, from καινος, cainos, recent, and ζωον, zoon, animal; Mesozoic, from μεσος, mesos, middle, &c.; Paleozoic, from παλαιος, palaios, ancient, &c.
103-E Palæontology is the science which treats of fossil remains, both animal and vegetable. Etym. παλαιος, palaios, ancient, οντα, onta, beings, and λογος, logos, a discourse.
110-A See Princ. of Geol. vol. iii. 1st ed.
112-A See Principles, Index, "Serapis."
113-A Geol. Quart. Journ. vol. ii. Memoirs, p. 15.
114-A Quart. Geol. Journ. 4 Mems. p. 48.
115-A Journal, p. 451.
116-A See Principles, 8th ed. pp. 260-268.
117-A Lyell's Second Visit to the United States, vol. ii. chap. xxxiv.
119-A Princ. of Geol. 3d edition, 1834, vol. iii. p. 414.
120-A Proceedings Geol. Soc. No. 43. p. 222.
122-A Chap. xvi. and the references there given.
122-B Voyage in 1822, p. 233.
123-A T. L. Hayes, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. 1844.
124-A See paper by the author, Phil. Trans. 1835, p. 15.
125-A See above, section, p. 48.
125-B Geol. of Fife, &c. p. 220.
129-A For a full account of the drift of East Norfolk, see a paper by the author, Phil. Mag. No. 104. May, 1840.
130-A Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vii. p. 22.
131-A Forbes, Memoirs of Geol. Survey of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 377.
134-A Geol. Trans. 2d series, vol. vi. p. 135. Mr. Smith of Jordanhill had arrived at similar conclusions as to climate from the shells of the Scotch Pleistocene deposits.
134-B Proceedings of Geol. Soc. No. 63. p. 119.
135-A Travels in N. America, vol. ii. p. 141.
135-B Ibid. p. 99. chap. xix.
136-A Bulletin Soc. Géol. de France, tom. iv. 2de sér. p. 1121.
138-A See Travels in N. America, vol. i. chap. ii.
140-A Agassiz, Etudes sur les Glaciers.
143-A Archiac, Hist. des Progrès, &c. vol. ii. p. 249.
143-B See Elements of Geology, 2d ed. 1841.
144-A Darwin's Journal, p. 283.
144-B More recently Sir R. Murchison, having revisited the Alps, has declared his opinion that "the great granitic blocks of Mont Blanc were translated to the Jura when the intermediate country was under water."—Paper read to Geol. Soc. London, May 30, 1849.
147-A Morris, Geol. Soc. Proceed., 1849.
147-B Woodward's Geology of Norfolk.
148-A Zool. of Beagle, part 1. pp. 9. 111.
149-A Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 271. Mastodon longirostris, Kaup, see ibid.
152-A I am indebted to Mr. Lonsdale for the details above given respecting the structure of this coral.
155-A Owen, Brit. Foss. Mam. xxvi., and Buckland, Rel. Dil. 19. 24.
155-B See Principles of Geology.
158-A See Principles of Geology, chaps. xli. to xliv.
162-A See paper by E. Charlesworth, Esq.; London and Ed. Phil. Mag. No. xxxviii. p. 81., Aug. 1835.
162-B See Monograph on the Crag Mollusca. Searles Wood, Paleont. Soc. 1848.
163-A In regarding the Suffolk crag, both red and coralline, as older Pliocene instead of Miocene, I am only returning to the classification adopted by me in the Principles and Elements of Geology up to the year 1838.
166-A E. Forbes, Mem. Geol. Survey, Gt. Brit., vol. i. 386.
172-A Proceedings of the Geol. Soc. vol. iv. part 3. 1845, p. 547.
175-A Bulletin des Sci. de la Soc. Philom., May, 1825, p. 74.
176-A Hébert. Bulletin. 1849, vol. vi. 2d series, p. 459.
181-A Scrope, Geology of Central France, p. 15.
183-A See Desmarest's Crustacea, plate 55.
185-A I believe that the British specimen here figured is P. rhombica, Linn.
189-A See Proceedings of Roy. Soc., No. 44. p. 233.
190-A Lyell and Murchison, sur les Dépôts Lacust. Tertiaries du Cantal, &c. Ann. des Sci. Nat. Oct. 1829.
191-A Leyde Magaz. voor Wetensch Konst en Lett., partie v. cahier i. p. 71. Cited by Rozet, Journ. de Géologie, tom. i. p. 43.
191-B M. C. Prevost, Submersions Itératives, &c. Note 23.
192-A Cuvier, Oss. Foss., tom. iii. p. 255.
194-A This species is found both in the Paris and London basins.
197-A Coquilles caractérist. des Terrains, 1831.
197-B Quarterly Geol. Journal, vol. iii. p. 353.
199-A Prestwich, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. iii. p. 386.
199-B Palæont. Soc. Monograph. Rept. pt. ii. p. 61.
202-A For description of Eocene Cephalopoda, see Monograph by F. E. Edwards, Palæontograph. Soc. 1849.
203-A Annals of Nat. Hist. vol. iv. No. 23. Nov. 1839.
206-A Murchison, Quart. Journ. of Geol. Soc. vol. v., and Lyell, vol. vi. 1850. Anniversary Address.
206-B See paper by the author, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iv, p. 12.; and Second Visit to the U. S. vol. ii. p. 59.
206-C Quart. Journ. Geol Soc. vol. vi. p. 32.
207-A See Memoir by R. W. Gibbes, Journ. of Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. i. 1847.
208-A Lyell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1847, vol. iv. p. 15.
209-A M. Alcide d'Orbigny, in his valuable work entitled Paléontologie Française, has adopted new terms for the French subdivisions of the Cretaceous Series, which, so far as they can be made to tally with English equivalents, seem explicable thus:
Danien. Maestricht beds.
Senonien. Upper and lower white chalk, and chalk marl.
Turonien. Part of the chalk marl and the upper greensand, the latter being in his last work (Cours Elémentaire) termed Cénomanien.
Albien. Gault.
Aptien. Upper part of lower greensand.
Neocomien. Lower part of same.
211-A See paper by the author, Trans. of Geol. Soc., vol. v. p. 246., 1840.
211-B Fitton, Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. iv. p. 319.
215-A Proceedings of Geol. Soc., vol. iii. pp. 7, 8., 1842.
216-A Geol. Trans. Second Series, vol. iii. p. 232. plate 31. figs. 3. and 11.
216-B Geol. of U. S. Exploring Exped. p. 252. 1849.
217-A See Chapters X. and XI.
217-B Darwin, p. 549. Kotzebue's First Voyage, vol. iii. p. 155.
217-C Mantell, Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 96.
219-A Dr. Fitton, Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. i. p. 179., ii. p. 55., and iii. p. 289., where comparative sections and a valuable table showing the vertical range of the various fossils of the lower greensand at Atherfield is given.
221-A Archiac, sur la Form. Crétacée du S. O. de la France, Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii.
222-A D'Orbigny's Paléontologie Française, pl. 533.
223-A In this and subsequent remarks on fossil plants I shall often use Dr. Lindley's terms, as most familiar in this country; but as those of M. A. Brongniart are much cited, it may be useful to geologists to give a table explaining the corresponding names of groups so much spoken of in palæontology.
Brongniart. Lindley.
Cryptogamic. { 1. Cryptogamous amphigens, or cellular cryptogamic. Thallogens. Lichens, sea-weeds, fungi.
2. Cryptogamous acrogens. Acrogens. Mosses, equisetums, ferns, lycopodiums—Lepidodendron.
Phanerogamic. { 3. Dicotyledonous gymnosperms. Gymnogens. Conifers and Cycads.
4. Dicot. Angiosperms. Exogens. Compositæ, leguminosæ, umbelliferæ, cruciferæ, heaths, &c. All native European trees except conifers.
5. Monocotyledons. Endogens. Palms, lilies, aloes, rushes, grasses, &c.
223-B A. Brongniart, Veget. Foss. Dict. Univ., p. 111., 1849.
224-A See a paper by the author, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i. p. 55.
225-A Proceed. Geol. Soc. iv. p. 391.
225-B See Forbes, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. i. p. 79.
227-A Dr. Fitton, Geol. Trans. vol. iv. p. 320. Second Series.
230-A Mantell, Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 244.
231-A "On the Dorsetshire Purbecks," by Prof. E. Forbes, Edinb. Brit. Assoc., Aug. 1850.
233-A Mr. Webster first noticed the erect position of the trees and described the Dirt-bed.
233-B Fitton, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv. pp. 220, 221.
233-C See Flinders' Voyage.
233-D Fitton, ibid.
233-E Buckland and De la Beche, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv. p. 16. Mr. Forbes has ascertained that the subjacent rock is a freshwater limestone, and not a portion of the Portland oolite, as was previously imagined.
234-A E. Forbes, ibid.
235-A See Principles of Geol., 8th ed. pp. 260-268.
235-B Ibid. p. 443.
237-A Fitton, Geol. of Hastings, p. 58.; who cites Lander's Travels.
237-B See above, p. 85.; and Second Visit to the U. S. vol. ii. chap. xxxiv.
237-C See the Author's Anniv. Address, Geol. Soc. 1850, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. vi. p. 52.
241-A An account of these cliffs was read by the author to the British Assoc. at Glasgow, Sept. 1840.
241-B Seine-Inferieure, p. 142. and pl. 6. fig. 1.
243-A Botley Hill, near Godstone, in Surrey, was found by trigonometrical measurement to be 880 feet above the level of the sea; and Wrotham Hill, near Maidstone, which appears to be next in height of the North Downs, 795 feet.
243-B My friend Dr. Mantell has kindly drawn up this scale at my request.
244-A Fitton, Geol. of Hastings, p. 55.
244-B Conybeare, Outlines of Geol., p. 81.
245-A Ibid., p. 145.
245-B Geol. of Western Sussex, p. 61.
247-A See illustrations of this theory by Dr. Fitton, Geol. Sketch of Hastings.
248-A Sir E. Murchison, Geol. Sketch of Sussex, &c., Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. ii. p. 98.
248-B See fig. 94. p. 76.
251-A Geol. Soc. Proceed. No. 74. p. 363. 1841, and G. S. Trans. 2 Ser. v. 7.
251-B For farther information, see Mantell's Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 352.
252-A Soulèvemens Jurassiques. Paris, 1832.
253-A See above, p. 82.
257-A See Mantell's Geol. of S. E. of England, p. 32. After re-examining the elephant bed in 1834, I was no longer in doubt of its having been a regular subaqueous deposit. In 1828, Dr. Mantell discovered in the shingle below the chalk-rubble the jawbone of a whale 12 feet long, which must have belonged to an individual from 60 to 70 feet in length, Medals of Creation, p. 825.
259-A See Chapters VI. and XIX.
261-A Fitton, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv. pl. 23. fig. 12.
262-A S. P. Pratt, Annals of Nat. Hist., November, 1841.
263-A See Phil. Trans. 1850, p. 393.
263-B P. Scrope, Geol. Proceed., March, 1831.
265-A For a fuller account of these Encrinites, see Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i. p. 429.
266-A Lycett, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. iv. p. 183.
266-B Proceedings Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 414.
267-A See Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise; and Brodie's Fossil Insects, where it is suggested that these elytra may belong to Priomus.
267-B Vol. i. p. 115.
269-A I have given a figure in the Principles of Geology, chap. ix., of another Stonesfield specimen of Amphitherium Prevostii, in which the sockets and roots of the teeth are finely exposed.
269-B A figure of this recent Myrmecobius will be found in the Principles, chap. ix.
270-A Owen's British Fossil Mammals, p. 62.
271-A Ibbetson and Morris, Report of Brit. Ass., 1847, p. 131.
274-A Conyb. and Phil. p. 261.
275-A Agassiz, Pois. Fos. vol. ii. tab. 28, 29.
276-A Bridgewater Treatise, p. 290.
276-B Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles, vol. iii. tab. C. fig. 1.
276-C Ibid. p. 168.
276-D Ibid. p. 187.
277-A Geol. Soc. Proceedings, vol. iii. p. 157. 1839.
277-B Geol. Trans. Second Series, vol. v. p. 511.
278-A Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. i. pl. 49.
278-B Conybeare and De la Beche. Geol. Trans.; and Buckland, Bridgew. Treat., p. 203.
278-C Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 411.
279-A Αμβλυς, amblys, blunt; and ῥυγχος, rhynchus, snout.
280-A Darwin's Journal, chap. xix.
280-B Bridgew. Treat., p. 125.
281-A Geological Researches, p. 334.
281-B Buckland, Bridgew. Treat., p. 307.
281-C Ibid.
281-D See Principles, Index, Lancerote, Graham Island, Calabria.
281-E A History of Fossil Insects, &c. 1845. London.
282-A Tableau des Veg. Fos. 1849, p. 105.
283-A Con. and Phil., p. 166.
283-B Geol. Researches, p. 337.
283-C Burat's D'Aubuisson, tom. ii. p. 456.
285-A See description of the coal-field by the author, and the plants by C. J. F. Bunbury, Esq., Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. iii. p. 281.
286-A Buckland, Bridgew. Treat., vol. ii. p. 38.
287-A Monog. des Bunten Sandsteins.
288-A Tableau des Genres de Veg. Fos., Dict. Univ. 1849.
290-A Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. v.
290-B Buckland, Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. ii. p. 439.; and Murchison and Strickland Geol. Trans., Second Ser., vol. v. p. 347.
295-A Ormerod, Quart. Geol. Journ. 1848, vol. iv. p. 277.
296-A Hugh Miller, First Impressions of England, 1847, pp. 183. 214.
297-A Buist, Trans. of Bombay Geograph. Soc. 1850, vol. ix. p. 38.
297-B Travels in North America, vol. ii. p. 168.
298-A Hitchcock, Mem. of Amer. Acad. New Ser., vol. iii. p. 129.
298-B This specimen is now in Dr. Mantell's museum.
299-A Amer. Journ. of Sci. vol. xlviii. p. 46.
300-A Journal of Voyage of Beagle, &c. 2d edition, p. 89. 1845.
301-A Palæontographical Society, 1848, London.
302-A Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond., Second Series, vol. iii. p. 37.
303-A King's Monograph, pl. 2.
306-A See paper by Messrs. Riley and Stutchbury, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. v. p. 349., plate 29., figures 2. and 5.
306-B Owen, Report on Reptiles, British Assoc., Eleventh Meeting, 1841, p. 197.
307-A Murchison's Russia, vol. ii. pl. A. fig. 3.
308-A Phillips; art. "Geology," Encyc. Britan.
309-A Sedgwick, Geol. Trans., Second Series, vol. iv.; and Phillips, Geol. of Yorksh. part 2.
309-B Memoirs of Geol. Survey, vol. i. p. 195.
315-A The trunk in this case is referred by Mr. Brown to Lepidodendron, but his illustrations seem to show the usual markings assumed by Sigillaria near its base.
316-A For terminology of classification of plants, see above, note, p. 223.
316-B Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. v., Mem., p. 17.
317-A Anniv. Address to Geol. Soc., 1840.
317-B Hawkshaw, Geol. Soc. Proceedings, Nos. 64. and 69.
318-A Geol. Report on Cornwall, &c. p. 143.
318-B Lindley and Hutton, Foss. Flo. part 6. p. 150.
319-A See papers by Messrs. Beckett and Ick. Proceed. in Geol. Soc., vol. iv. p. 287.
319-B Annales des Mines, 1821.
320-A Principles of Geol., 8th ed., p. 215.
321-A See figures of texture, Witham, Foss. Veget., pl. 3.
321-B See Lyell's Travels in N. America, vol. ii. p. 179.
322-A Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. ii. p. 177.
324-A Geol. Quart. Journ., vol. ii. p. 393.; and vol. vi. p. 115.
325-A Prestwich, Geol. Trans., 2d Series, vol. v. p. 440. Murchison, Silurian System, p. 105.
325-B Silurian System, p. 84.
325-C Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. xiii. Horner, Edin. New Phil. Journ., April, 1836.
325-D Phillips; art. "Geology," Encyc. Metrop., p. 590.
326-A Phillips; art. "Geology," Encyc. Metrop., p. 592.
326-B Memoirs of Geol. Survey, pp. 51. 255, &c.
329-A H. D. Rogers, Trans. Assoc. Amer. Geol., 1840-42, p. 440.
333-A Trans. of Ass. of Amer. Geol., p. 470.
334-A Lyell's Second Visit to the U. S., vol. ii. p. 245. American Journ. of Sci., 2d series, vol. v. p. 17.
335-A Principles of Geol., p. 696.
335-B For changes in climate, see Principles of Geol., chaps. vii. and viii.
335-C Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. vi. p. 330.
336-A Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., lib. 4. p. 62. and liv. 5. p. 88.
337-A Goldfuss, Neue Jenaische Lit. Zeit., 1848; and Von Meyer, Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. iv. p. 51., memoirs.
338-A See Lyell's Second Visit, &c., vol. ii. p. 305.
340-A These impressions, found by Mr. Lea, were imagined to be in a rock as ancient as the old red sandstone; but, according to Mr. H. D. Rogers, they are in the lowest part of the coal formation.
341-A Phillips, Geol. of Yorksh., vol. ii. p. 208.
342-A Phillips, Geol. of Yorksh., pl. 20. fig. 65.
342-B Ibid., pl. 17. fig. 15.
342-C See section, fig. 318. p. 287.
343-A The Old Red Sandstone, by Hugh Miller, 1841.
345-A Old Red Sandstone. Plate 1. fig. 1. Mr. M.'s description of the fish is most graphic and correct.
347-A Camb. Phil. Trans., vol. vi. pl. 8. fig. 2.
349-A See Proceedings of Geol. Soc., and the anniversary speech of Dr. Buckland, P. G. S., for 1841.
349-B Lyell's Second Visit to the United States, vol. ii. p. 277.
350-A Memoir on the Hartz, Palæontographica of Dunker and Von Meyer, part iii.
352-A Murchison, Silurian System, p. 198, 199.
354-A Silurian System, pl. 7. bis. fig. 1. b.
358-A Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. ii. p. 11.; and Memoirs of Geol. Survey, vol. ii. p. 518.
359-A Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. iv. p. 300.
359-B Ibid., 299.
359-C Ibid., 145.
360-A Since this was written, Mr. Logan has discovered chelonian footprints in the lowest fossiliferous beds of the Silurian series, near Montreal, in Canada. Professor Owen inclines to refer them to the genus Emys.—Quart. Journ. G. S., vol. vii. p. lxxvi.
368-A For a description and theory of active volcanos, see Principles of Geology, chaps. xxiv. to xxvii.
374-A G. Rose, Ann. des Mines, tom. viii. p. 32.
374-B Geol. Trans. vol. ii. p. 211. 2d series.
378-A I have been favoured with this drawing by Captain B. Hall.
381-A Cambridge Transactions, vol. i. p. 402.
382-A Cambridge Trans., vol. i. p. 410.
382-B Ibid. vol. ii. p. 175.
382-C Dr. Berger, Geol. Trans., 1st series, vol. iii. p. 172.
382-D Geol. Trans., 1st series, vol. iii. p. 210. and plate 10.
382-E Ibid. p. 201.
383-A Geol. Trans., 1st series, vol. iii. p. 205.
383-B Ibid. p. 213.; and Playfair, Illust. of Hutt. Theory, p. 253.
383-C Geol. Trans., 1st series, vol. iii. p. 206.
383-D Sedgwick, Camb. Trans. vol. ii. p. 37.
383-E Illust. of Hutt. Theory, § 253. and 261. Dr. MacCulloch, Geol. Trans., 1st series, vol. ii. p. 305.
383-F Syst. of Geol. vol. i. p. 206.
384-A Camb. Trans. vol. ii. p. 180.
385-A MacCul. Syst. of Geol. vol. ii. p. 137.
385-B Seale's Geognosy of St. Helena, plate 9.
386-A Fortis. Mém. sur l'Hist. Nat. de l'Italie, tom. i. p. 233. plate 7.
387-A Scrope, Geol. Trans. vol. ii. p. 205. 2d series.
389-A See Princ. of Geol., Index, "Graham Island," "Nyöe," "Conglomerates, volcanic," &c.
390-A MacCulloch, West. Isl., vol. ii. p. 487.
390-B Syst. of Geol., vol. ii. p. 114.
390-C Ibid.
392-A See Principles, chaps. xxiv-xxvii.
393-A See Principles, chaps. xxvi. and xxx.; 8th ed. p. 397-475.
394-A See Principles of Geol. ch. xxiv. (8th ed. p. 355.).
394-B See Lyell on Craters of Denudation, Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. vi. p. 232.
399-A Caldcleugh, Phil. Trans. 1836. p. 27., and Official Documents of Nicaragua.
399-B See Principles, Index, "Skaptar Jokul."
401-A This view of the Isle of Cyclops is from an original drawing by my friend the late Captain Basil Hall, R. N.
404-A Consult the valuable memoir of M. L. A. Necker, Mém. de la Soc. de Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. de Génève, tom. ii. part i. Nov. 1822.
405-A From a drawing of M. Necker, in Mém. above cited.
405-B Phil. Trans., vol. lxx., 1780.
409-A Maclure, Journ. de Phys., vol. lxvi. p. 219., 1808; cited by Daubeny, Description of Volcanos, p. 24.
410-A This view is taken from a sketch which I made on the spot in 1830.
416-A Trans. of Geol. Soc., 2d series, vol. v.
419-A Scrope, Edin. Journ. of Sci., June, 1826, p. 145.
419-B Hibbert, Extinct Volcanos of the Rhine, p. 24.
422-A See the map, p. 179.
423-A Scrope's Central France, p. 98.
423-B See chaps. xxiv., xxv., and xxvi., 7th and 8th editions.
423-C See Quarterly Geol. Journ., vol. ii. p. 77.
425-A For a view of Puy de Tartaret and Mont Dor, see Scrope's Volcanos of Central France.
427-A Scrope's Central France, p. 60., and plate.
428-A Daubeny on Volcanos, p. 14.
428-B Edin. Journ. of Sci., No. iv. N. S. p. 276. Figures of some of these remains are given by M. Bertrand de Doue, Ann. De la Soc. d'Agricult. de Puy, 1828.
429-A Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. i. p. 175.
429-B See Lyell and Murchison, Ann. de Sci. Nat., Oct. 1829.
430-A See Scrope's Central France, p. 21.
430-B Ibid, p. 7.
431-A Boblaye and Virlet, Morea, p. 23.
432-A De la Beche, Geol. Proceedings, No. 41. p. 196.
432-B "The rock," as English readers of Burn's poems may remember, is a Scotch term for distaff.
435-A Murchison, Silurian System, &c. p. 230.
435-B Ibid., p. 272.
435-C Ibid., p. 325.
435-D Chap. XXVII. p. 356.
435-E Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. iv. p. 55.
439-A Bulletin, 2d sèrie, iv. 1304.; and Archiac, Hist. des Progrès de Geol., i. 38.
440-A Boase on Primary Geology, p. 16.
441-A Bulletin, vol. iv., 2d ser., pp. 1318. and 1320.
441-B Syst. of Geol., vol. i. p. 157.
441-C Ibid., p. 158.
442-A Geol. Trans., 1st series, vol. iii. pl. 21.
442-B MacCulloch, Geol. Trans., vol. iii. p. 259.
443-A Capt. B. Hall, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. vii.
444-A MacCulloch, Syst. of Geol., vol. i. p. 58.
444-B Western Islands, pl. 31.
444-C On Geol. of Cornwall, Camb. Trans. vol. i. p. 124.
445-A Phil. Mag. and Annals, No. 27. new series, March, 1829.
445-B Necker, sur la Val. de Valorsine, Mém. de la Soc. de Phys. de Génève, 1828. I visited, in 1832, the spot referred to in fig. 497.
446-A Necker, Proceedings of Geol. Soc., No. 26. p. 392.
446-B See Keilhau's Gæa Norvegica; Christiania, 1838.
450-A Silliman's Journ., No. 69. p. 123.
450-B See "Principles," Index, "Jorullo."
451-A "Principles," Index, "Volcanic Eruptions."
453-A Darwin, pp. 390. 406.; second edition, p. 319.
454-A See map of Europe and explanation, in Principles, book i.
456-A Elie de Beaumont, sur les Montagnes de l'Oisans, &c. Mém. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, tom. v.
456-B See Murchison, Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. ii. part ii. pp. 311-321.
456-C Western Islands, vol. i. p. 330. plate 18., figs. 3, 4.
456-D Von Buch, Annales de Chimie, &c.
457-A Proceedings of Geol. Soc., vol. ii. p. 562.
457-B See the Gæa Norvegica and other works of Keilhau, with whom I examined this country.
459-A Murchison, Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. ii. p. 307.
459-B Geognostische Wanderungen, Leipzig, 1838.
461-A In the above section I have attempted to represent the new discoveries made since 1839, by Mr. Necker and Mr. A. C. Ramsay, in regard to the plutonic formations, 6. a, and 6. b.
463-A For the geology of Arran consult the works of Drs. Hutton and MacCulloch, the Memoirs of Messrs. Von Dechen and Oeynhausen, that of Professor Sedgwick and Sir R. Murchison (Geol. Trans. 2d series), Mr. L. A. Necker's Memoir, read to the Royal Soc. of Edin. 20th April, 1840, and Mr. Ramsay's Geol. of Arran, 1841. I examined myself a large part of Arran in 1836.
469-A Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. iii. p. 480.
469-B The Silurian System of Rocks, as developed in Salop, Hereford, &c., p. 245.
469-C Ibid., p. 246.
470-A Introduction to Geology, chap. iv.
471-A Silurian System of Rocks, &c., p. 246.
471-B Report, Brit. Ass., Cork, 1843, p. 60.
471-C Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. iii. p. 87. 1847.
472-A Geol. Obs. on S. America, 1846, p. 168.
472-B Margaric acid is an oleaginous acid, formed from different animal and vegetable fatty substances. A margarate is a compound of this acid with soda, potash, or some other base, and is so named from its pearly lustre.
472-C Letter to the author, dated Cape of Good Hope, Feb. 20. 1836.
474-A Keilhau, Gæa Norvegica, pp. 61-63.
475-A Geol. Manual, p. 479.
475-B Phil. Trans., 1804.
476-A Poggendorf's Annalen, No. xvi., 2d series, vol. iii.
476-B See Principles, Index, "Carbonated Springs," &c.
476-C Hoffmann's Liparischen Inseln, p. 38. Leipzig, 1832.
477-A See Princ. of Geol.; and Bulletin de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii. p. 230.
477-B See Princ. of Geol.; and Daubeny's Volcanos, p. 167.
477-C Jam. Ed. New Phil. Journ., No. 51. p. 43.
478-A Syst. of Geol., vol. i. p. 210.
478-B Ibid., p. 211.
478-C See above, pp. 327, 333.
479-A See Lyell, Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. i. p. 199.
479-B Dr. Boase, Primary Geology, p. 319.
480-A Geol. Trans., 2d series, vol. ii. p. 227.
480-B Darwin, Volcanic Islands, pp. 69, 70.
480-C Geol. Obs. in S. America, p. 167. See also above, p. 471.
480-D Bulletin, vol. iv. p. 1301.
483-A See notices of Savi, Hoffmann, and others, referred to by Boué, Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. v. p. 317.; and tom. iii. p. xliv.; also Pilla, cited by Murchison, Quart. Geol. Journ., vol. v. p. 266.
487-A See Principles, Index, "Calcareous Springs."
489-A Principles, &c. chap. iv. 8th ed. p. 49.
491-A Geol. Trans. vol. iv. p. 139.; Trans. Roy. Geol. Society Cornwall, vol. ii. p. 90.
492-A Carne, Trans. of Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. iii. p. 238.
492-B Fournet, Etudes sur les Dépots Metalliferes.
493-A Geol. Rep. on Cornwall, p. 340.
493-B Principles, ch. xxvii. 8th ed. p. 422.
496-A See Dr. Daubeny's Volcanos.
496-B Bulletin, iv. p. 1278.
497-A R. W. Fox on Mineral Veins, p. 10.
497-B Ibid. p. 38.
498-A I am indebted to Sir H. De la Beche for this information. See also maps and sections of Irish Survey.
498-B Sir H. De la Beche, MS. notes on Irish Survey.
499-A Report on Geology of Cornwall, p. 310.
501-A See Principles of Geol., Book 3.
501-B See the author's Anniv. Address to the Geol. Soc. 1837. Proceedings of G. S. No. 49. p. 520.