Note 1036 — Chapter VIII · RISE OF ECCLESIASTICAL MARRIAGE: THE CHURCH DEVELOPS AND ADMINISTERS MATRIMONIAL LAW

After centuries of struggle and divergent practice, this was decreed by the Roman council under Nicholas II., 1059; and by the first Lateran council under Calixtus II., 1123: Meyrick, in Dict. Christ. Ant., II, 1100; Hard. Concil., tom. vi, 1052; vii, 1111. "The eastern church has never forbidden marriage before ordination to its presbyters, and has never laid upon them the burden of abstinence from their wives; and there is no doubt that the eastern discipline in this respect was the discipline of the whole of the early church." But eventually, in the East as well as the West, bishops were forbidden to have wives: Meyrick, op. cit., 1098, 1099, where the sources are cited on the whole subject of the rise of celibacy. Cf. Zhishman, Das Eherecht der orient. Kirche, 165 ff., 449 ff.; Lyndwood, Provinciale (ed. 1505), foll. xc-xcv; Lingard, Hist. Anglo-Saxon Church, I, 156 ff.; Kemble, Saxons, II, 439 ff.; Schulte, Der Cölibatszwang, 5 ff.; Recherches phil. et hist. sur le célibat, 147 ff.; Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 59 ff.; Thwing, The Family, 74 ff.; Gage, Woman, Church, and State, 49 ff., 55 ff.; Nisbet, Marriage and Heredity, 44 ff.